IUKWC Workshop Nov16: Developing Hydro-climatic Services for Water Security – Session 7.3 Lobo

2. Making Small-Holder Farming Climate Smart:
Experiences from Rainfed and Semi-Arid
Regions of India
Crispino Lobo, WOTR

3. Support provided to Projects in Somaliland,
Kenya, Tanzania and Malawi .
Organizational Overview
SELF
People impacted > 1.8 million
Watershed Villages 1,992
Project Villages 3,594
States 7
Area covered
> 1.3 million
ha
People trained > 380,000
Personnel >165
Group Personnel >300
AgMet/IT Personnel >20

4. Climate
Change
Market Forces
Fractured Vulnerable Communities
TheContext
Depleted Natural Resources

5. Watershed Based Eco-Systems
Management

6. Stone Bunds
MEASURES -AREA TREATMENTS

7. DRAINAGE TREATMENTS/LAND USE CHANGES

8. Watershed Organisation Trust (WOTR) 8
Components of Watershed Development
• Human Resources and Institutional
Development (community development)
• Soil and Land Management
• Water Harvesting and Management
• Afforestation
• Pasture/ Grassland Development
• Agricultural Development
• Horticulture Development
• Livestock Management
• Pisciculture
• Rural Energy Management
• Livelihood Support Systems

9. FOOD&WATER
Conservation,Management,UseEfficiency Adaptive Sustainable Agriculture
Water Budgeting
Water
Availability
Cropping Pattern
Soil Health and
Environmentally
safe Practices
Water
Conservation
Technologies
Integrated
Water-Nutrient –
Pest
Management
Weather - Based
Crop Advisories
Crop Demos/
Farmer Field
Schools

10. 3. Water Budgeting and Management
• Assess season-wise water availability - surface and
groundwater
• Assess current and projected water demand for domestic,
agriculture, livestock and livelihood purposes
• Match existing water availability with demand
• Choose crops and cropping patterns in line with net water
availability keeping in mind household food security and
market (income) needs
• Introduce water conserving technologies –drip, sprinkler,
etc
• Determine and Introduce sustainable surface and ground
water accessing, management water sharing practices
Water Budgeting and Water Stewardship

11. Water Budgeting for Village

12. 10 important soil parameters :
pH, EC, Organic Carbon, Nitrogen,
Phosphorus, Potassium, Sulphur,
Zinc, Iron and Boron
Soil Testing Lab and Soil Health Card
SOIL HEALTH CARD
Soil Nutrient status
Elements Availability Category
Major Elements
Organic carbon (%) 0.55 Medium
pH 8.3 Slightly alkaline
EC (dSm/m) 0.16 Normal
Nitrogen (kg/ha) 197 low
Phosphorus (kg/ha) 31.2 High
Potassium (kg/ha) 415 Very high
Secondary Elements
Sulphur (ppm) 17.5 Medium
Micro nutrients
Iron (mg/kg) 7.39 Medium
Zinc (mg/kg) 0.5 low
Boron (mg/kg) 0.2 low
Recommendations
Crop
Fertilizer dose (kg/ha)
FYM
(t/ha)
Vermicompost
(t/ha)
Urea SSP Time of application
Rabi
Sorghum
3.5 1.5 25 50 Basal dose
- - 25 - 30 Days After Sowing
Agri. Officer
WOTR, Pune
Farmer Name : Thakaji Namdev Thokal Village :Hivare Korda
Cluster: Parner Tehsil : Parner
District :Ahmednagar Area : 0.20 ha
Date of soil sample collection : 20/04/2016 Gat No. : 2
Survey No. : 125 Soil colour : Medium black
Previous season crop : Green gram Source of irrigation : Well
Next season crop : Rabi Sorghum Type of irrigation : Surface
GPS Coordinates :

13. 13
• Water Efficiency Enhancing Systems
• Farm Ponds
• Shade Nets/ Polyhouses/ New
Technologies
• Farmer Field Schools/ Exposure Visits
• Eco-friendly Farming
On Field Interventions – Learning By Doing

14. Environmentally Friendly Farming

15. Capacity Building, FFS and On-site Technical Support

16. Farmer-Friendly Agro-Meteorology

17. Automated Weather Stations installed in 87 villages
(76 with telemetry links)
Weather information displayed on boards in villages
Training for villagers
Awareness creation amongst villagers
Farmers use the information to plan for agricultural
operations and livestock management
Locale-Specific Meteorological Information

18. The Agro-Met Advisory System: An Overview

19. • Farmer-specific, crop and field specific advisories which
integrate management practices:
- crops and cropping pattern
- cultural practices
- irrigation management
- nutrient management
- pest and diseases management
• Environmentally friendly, promote soil health, reduce costs
and increase productivity
19
Agro-Advisory ProvisioningAgro-Advisory Provisioning

20. • Total farmers benefiting: > 11,000 through
wallpapers and public address system; >
8,200 thro’ SMSs
• All the sections of the community
including marginalized communities are
included
• On average, 30-80% increase in agriculture
productivity
• On an average 40-50% reduction in costs
attributed to onsite advisories, Wallpaper,
SMSs and public announcements.
Impact

21. How the System will work?
IMD Weather
System
7 days Observed
weather
5-day Moderated
Weather forecast
Identify
impacts on
crop
Find matching
crop and
weather data
Process
input
data
Key Crop
Growth Stage
/ Sowing Date
Soil Moisture and
NDVI
Agro-climatic and
Edaphic Zone data
IMD/SAU/AFMU
+ WOTR
Agro Advisory
GOM/AFMU/
SAUs/KVK
Parametrized
Crop Calendar
Details
Automated Agromet
Advisory Generation
System
Feedback
IMD
GOM/AFMU/
SAUs/KVK
Scouts
GOM/AFMU/
KVK Scouts
One Time input
Periodic Input

22. • Indian Meteorological Department (IMD)
• Mahatma Phule Krushi Vidyapeeth (MPKV)
• Vasantrao Naik Marathwada Agriculture
University (VNMKV)
• Central Research Institute for Dryland
Agriculture (CRIDA)
• Dept of Agriculture, Govt. of Maharashtra
22
Agro-Advisory ProvisioningInstitutional Collaborations

23. Vulnerability Assessment, Sensitivity
Analysis, Building Adaptive Responses for
Enhancing Resilience

24. Introduction to
Community Driven Vulnerability
Assessment Tool

25. Resilience Codes of Household Categories
• Codes : 1-Nil (0-10%), 2- Minimum (11-25%), 3- Low (26-45%), 4- Medium (46-
70%) , 5- High ( 71%<)
Village: Chirkone
Village Financial Human Natural Physical Social
Large
landowners
2 3 1 3 2
SMF 2 2 1 2 1
Landless 1 1 1 1 1
Village: Dhonda
Village Financial Human Natural Physical Social
Large
landowners
2 3 2 2 2
SMF 2 2 1 1 1
Landless 1 1 1 1 1

26. Indications and Opportunities
• If you handle large scale projects covering
many villages ….
Districts Village
codes
District 1
Village A 12241
Village B 12332
Village C 13231
District 2
Village A 44213
Village B 34213
Village C 44321
1. Indicates that natural capital is
low in all villages in the area :
helps prioritize investment and
funding needs
2. Since a detailed description of
the capitals is also included,
location specific needs can be
identified and catered to

27. Software Tool
http://codrive.wotr.in/CodrivePD/Forms/HomePage.aspx

28. The WOTR Centre for Resilience Studies (W-CReS)
• Purpose:
To bridge the gap between science, policy and practice and contribute
towards building adaptive and resilience capacities at all levels
• Objectives:
(i) Undertake collaborative and rigorous trans-disciplinary research on
the ground;
(ii) Undertake widespread dissemination of these findings and
knowledge products at the local, national and global levels;
(iii) Build capacities of stakeholders across scales;
(iv) Contribute to building a “community of learning and practice” across
public, private and civil society agencies, at all levels;
(v) Advocate and lead innovations in adaptation and resilience building
policy and practice so that:
(a) an enabling institutional environment is created and;
(b) appropriate and adequately resourced adaptation and resilience
enhancing programs get efficiently implemented at scale.

29. IMPACTS

30. Darewadi - 1996 Darewadi - 1999
Darewadi - 2009
STRATEGIES AND APPROACHES

31. Water Shortages : Fading Memories

32. The Impacts of Watershed Development
Barren land
decreased by 74%
despite a 32%
decline in rainfall.
A study of 15 villages revealed the following:
• Productive wells increased by 29%
• Area under irrigation increased by 233%
• Cropped area increased by 25%
• Agriculture employment went from 4 to 10 months /year locally (150%
increase)
• Distress migration declined by 84%
• Milk production increased by 143%
• Production of Food crops by 65%
• Vegetable production by 64%

33. • Innovations developed under The Indo-German Watershed Development Program
(IGWDP) have been mainstreamed in large-scale WSD programs:
• Capacity Building as a distinct and preparatory phase
• Participatory Net Planning (PNP)
• Involving the Forest Dept. and Securing Permission to treat Forest land
• Involving NGOs and GPs as Resource Agencies and Project Implementers in
developmental programs
• Spread the concept and practice of participatory WSD country-wide through
training and technical support to NGOs and decision makers
• Establishment of the Watershed Development Fund (WDF) –with NABARD - in
1999 which took the IGWDP experience across the country
• Developed a Private-Public-Civil Society Partnership Model (PPCP) for NGREGA
which has been up-scaled up across Maharashtra and now adopted in 250 Blocks
in the country.
• Developed a model for weather-based crop and locale specific agro-advisories
that is being up-scaled across the country by the IMD
• Establishment of the National Adaptation Fund in 2014 – with NABARD -for
enhancing resilience in rural India.
Key Policy and Scale Impacts

34. Thank You!