Transmission media and their types

1. TRANSMISSION MEDIA

2. TRANSMISSION MEDIA
The transmission media is the physical path between
transmitter and receiver in a data transmission system.

3. TRANSMISSION IPMPAIRMENTS
RESISTANCE
CROSS
TALK

4. TRANSMISSION
MEDIA
GUIDED MEDIA
TWISTED PAIR
CO-AXIAL
CABLES OPTIC FIBRES
UNGUIDED MEDIA
INFRARED MICROWAVES BLUTOOTH

5. GUIDED TRANSMISSION MEDIA
The waves are guided along a solid medium
such as
Fiber optic COAXIAL Twisted pair

6. TWISTED PAIR
Made up of pairs of solid copper
Insulating material
The copper core of the cable is usually 22-AWG or 24-
AWG

7. TWISTED PAIR
Information is transmitted by sending electrical current
through the wires.
The twisting tends to decrease the cross-talk interference
between adjacent pairs.
Pairs in the cable depends on the type.

8. TWO TYPES
UTP • Unshielded twisted pair
STP • Shielded twisted pair

9. UTP
UTP) is ordinary telephone wire. UTP costs less
than (STP).

10. UTP
Categories of (UTP)
Category 3 16 MHz 100 ohm unshielded twisted pair
Category 4 20 MHz 100 ohm unshielded twisted pair
Category 5 100 MHz 100 ohm unshielded twisted pair

11. ADVANTAGES
Low cost
Easy installation
Capable of high speeds for LANs.

12. DISADVANTAGES
EMI
effect
100
meter
limit

13. UTP
&
RJ-45

14. STP

15. ADVANTAGES
The biggest difference between UTP and STP is the
reduction of EMI
You can have a higher bandwidths rates, than UTP.

16. DISADVANTAGES
More expensive than UTP and thin coaxial cable.
Installation of STP is also harder than that of UTP.
Also suffers from EMI and attenuation but less than
UTP.

17. APPLICATIONS
Transmit both analog and digital signals
Telephone network, with in building for
LAN

18. COAXIAL CABLE
Plastic like material, used to separate the inner conductor
from the outer the conductor.
The outer conductor is a fine cylindrical mesh made from
copper.
DIAMETER 0.4 to about 1-inch.

19. APPLICATIONS
Television.
Local Area
Networks.
Long distance telephone transmission

20. Characteristics of Coaxial Cable
Coaxial cable is used to transmit both analog and
digital signals
carry higher frequencies and much data rates.
Less interference and cross-talk than twisted pair
For long distance transmission of analog signals,
amplifiers are needed every few kilometers

21. The following are some coaxial cables commonly
used in networking.
50-ohm, RG-8, used for thick Ethernet
50-ohm, RG-58, used for thin Ethernet
75-ohm, RG-62, used for ARCNET

22. Coaxial cables are split and joined using metal
connectors known
as T-Pieces and I-Pieces

23. ADVANTAGES OF COAXIAL CABLE
Inexpensive
much better
resistance to EMI’s
effects.
Much faster than
twisted pair
Easy to wire or
install

24. High cost
Expensive connector
Effective by EMI.

25. OPTICAL FIBER
Transmits light signals
Inner core of glass or plastic that
The outer most layer is the jacket.
This jacket is composed of plastic
50 microns in diameter

26. Principal of Optical-Fiber
The light source, the transmission medium, and the
detector.
Pulse of light indicates 1-bit and the absence of light
indicates a 0-bit.

27. WORKING

28. Applications
Long-haul Trunks: 900 miles in length and offer high
capacity (typically 20,000 to 60,000 voice channels).
Metropolitan Trunks: This type has an average length
of 8 miles and may have as many as 100,000 voice
channels in a trunk group.
Rural-exchange Trunks :Rural-exchange trunks have
circuit length ranging from 25 to 100 miles that link towns
and villages and can support 5,000 voice channels
Local Area Networks: A final important application of
optical fiber is for local area networks.

29. Characteristics of Optical Fiber
It uses light
Data rates from
100 Mbps to 2Gbps
Less errors
Data rate of 3.5 Gbps over a distance of
318 km without repeaters

30. ADVANTAGES
Extreme speed NO! EMI Smaller size
One thousands twisted pairs 1km long weight 8000Kg.
Two fibers have more capacity and weight only 100Kg.

31. DISADVANTAGES
EXPENSIVE !
Hard to install

32. UNGUIDED
TRANSMISSION
MEDIUM

33. INFRARED
Infrared (IR) light is electromagnetic radiation with a
wavelength longer than that of visible light

34. INFRARED
Employed in short-range communication among
computers & personal electronic devices

35. INFRARED devices
LED (Light Emitting Diode)
•wider transmission beam
•suitable for diffuse configuration
•more widely used
LD (Laser Diode)
•have more focused beam
•are more efficient

36. APPLICATIONS
Available in mobiles/computers
Now a days using in few medical fields
In night vision cameras
For climate reading

37. ADVANTAGES
SIMPLE
CCIRHCEUAITP
PORTABLE
HIGHER
SECURITY
NO LISENCE
NEDEED
LOW POWER
CONSUMPTION

38. DISADVANTAGES
SHORT
RANGE
LOW
SPEED
Blocked by common materials
LOW BANDWIDTH

39. BLUETOOTH
Bluetooth is a wireless protocol for exchanging data
over short distances from fixed and mobile devices,
creating personal area networks (PAN)

40. CLASSES
We have 2 classes of Bluetooth
2nd class range of up to 10 m
1st class range of up to 100 feet

41. APPLICATIONS
OBEX (Object Exchange) which allows
transfer of files, contacts, multimedia etc.
Hands-free profiles (HFP)
A2DP AVRC

42. Wi-Fi
It provides short-range wireless high-speed data
connections between mobile data devices
(such as laptops, PDAs or phones)

43. TABLE

44. FEW +POINTS OF Wi-Fi
Wi-Fi is much faster than any data technologies operating
through the cellular network like GPRS, EDGE and even
UMTS and HSDPA.
INDOOR range 30-100 meters
OUTDOOR range ~650 meters

45. HOT-SPOTS
Access Wi-Fi services to access the Internet
Hot spots vary in area of coverage
They are usually public and many charge users by the day
or month. However, some are free

46. Wi-MAX
WiMAX comes from
"Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access“
It's an another way of calling the 802.16e protocol.

47. Wi-MAX
WiMAX provides broadband speeds without the need for
cables
WORLD CITY, REGION & COUNTRY

48. Wi-MAX
WiMAX technology allows for data transfer speeds of up
to 75Mbps

49. MICROWAVES
Microwaves - electromagnetic waves with a frequency
between
1GHz (wavelength 30cm)
12GHz (wavelength 1mm)

50. CATEGORIES
microwaves frequency are further categorized into
frequency bands:
MICROWAVES
L (1-2 GHz)
S (2-4 GHz) C (4-8 GHz)
X (8-12 GHz)

51. MICROWAVES
Microwaves are ideal when large areas need to be covered
and there are no obstacles in the path

52. MICROWAVES
ADVANTAGES
GREATER
TRANSMISSION RATE
GREATER BANDWIDTH
HIGHER SPEED
SHORT
WAVE LENGHT SMALLER ANTENA

53. DAILY LIFE & MICROWAVES
SATELLITE
COMMUNICATION
CELLULAR
COMMUNICATION
BLUETOOTH
Wi-MAX
GPS
GLOBAL POSITIONING

54. RADIO WAVES
Radio is the transmission of signals through free space by
modulation of electromagnetic waves with frequencies
below those of visible light

55. Radio waves travels by means of
oscillating electromagnetic fields
that pass through the air and the
vacuum of space

56. RADIO WAVES
Broadcasting & Uni-casting

57. USES of RADIO WAVES
Radar
Audio
Video
Navigation
Telephony

58. Simple Circuit
Cheap
No Licenses Needed
High Speed/Bandwidth
Covers Large Areas (Penetrates through walls)

59. Limited number of free
frequency bands
Shielding is difficult
Interference with other
electrical devices
Greater Power
Consumption

60. The first rule of any technology used in a
business is that automation applied to an
efficient operation will magnify the
efficiency. The second is that automation
applied to an inefficient operation will
magnify the inefficiency.
THANK YOU!!