2. Industrial
Revolution?
Revolutions: some violent, others due to
new inventions
Post 1700 Great Britain: Industrial
Revolution
Transformations:
Farming
Towns & cities
Factories
3. Industrial Revolution
Wealth and social organization
Problems:
Factory working conditions
Dirty, crowded, diseased cities
Child labour
Long term problems: exploitation, global
warming, ozone layer
Global Economy: countries linked in
complex trade arrangements
Colonial ties (“mother” country)
4. WHY BRITAIN?
Good labour supply.
Better farming technology.
Middle class passed laws
to increase business.
Surplus of capital ($$$).
Science improved technology.
Transportation networks.
Raw materials.
Iron & coal.
Colonies (Import raw materials)
5. An Agricultural RevolutionAn Agricultural Revolution
Strip farming (inefficient) – moved to enclosure (more
profitable)
Commons:
Divided into private properties
Wealthy obtained the land – could pay the fees
Enclosures hurt poor farmers
Lose place to: graze sheep & cows, collect crucial
supplies
Forced to sell land to the wealthy
Often move to city for work = cities full of
unemployed farmers & families
“The Midlands” (Manchester, Liverpool) grew to
huge cities
7. An Agricultural RevolutionAn Agricultural Revolution
Enclosures changed attitude towards
farming
Business & profit vs. survival
Changes in large-scale farming: new
plants & animals, mechanization
Agricultural Revolution: helped create &
support Industrial Revolution
8. New Breeds
Better animals = more profits
Positives: hardier, less likely to catch
disease
Negative: more expensive (poorer farmers
couldn’t compete)
9. New Crops & Technologies
Farming for profit = more willing to invest $
Many more risks being taken
Inventors:
Jethro Tull
Soil: break up & enrich with manure
“Seed Drill”: protect seeds & uniform rows
Lord “Turnip” Townshend
Crop rotations
10. THE AGRICULTURAL REVOLUTION
NEW CROPS & TECHNOLOGIES
=>
JETHRO TULL’S
Seed Drill - faster,
less waste, plowed,
fewer workers,
planted in rows.Broadcasting
MEDIEVAL
THREE FIELD
SYSTEM
(fallow crop)
=>
IND. REVOLUTION
FOUR FIELD
SYSTEM
(no fallow)
=>Turnip
=> Barley
⇒Grasses
⇒wheat
=>
RESULT - As farming improved population increased and diets
improved. This provided the necessary labour force
needed for the Industrial Revolution to occur.
- France and other nations remained “backward.”
11. ECONOMIC REVOLUTION
Entrepreneurs.
A person who takes risks to runs a
business.
Middle Class - earned $
Only the wealthy could sit in gov’t.
Franchise.
The right to vote.
Only the wealthy & no women.
Two political parties.
Tories - rich landowners.
Whigs - middle class businessmen.
LAISSEZ-FAIRE - Economic policy that discouraged gov’t
regulation. “Let it Be.”
- Often hurt the common labourer => wages, conditions, living
conditions, etc.
The Entrepreneur
The Workers
12. THE TEXTILE INDUSTRY
SPINNING JENNY
Spun the yarn needed
for the Flying Shuttle
FLYING SHUTTLE
Used for weaving cloth.
John
Kay
James Hargreaves
New inventions made inventors a fortune and would completely
change society.
Everything once done by hand was now being
completed mechanically.
13. OTHER INVENTIONS
WATER FRAME
Way to spin yarn
With rollers. Faster than
The Spinning Jenny
Richard
Arkwright
THE MULE
Combined the Water Frame
And the Spinning Jenny
STEAM MACHINE
Originally used to take water
out of the mines.
Samuel Compton
James Watt
14. IRON AND COAL
Abraham Darby - invented a process
to create cast iron.
- Coke is used to create iron.
- Coke comes from coal => coal
mining boomed.
Coal was also used to heat homes.
- working conditions
were harsh.
- wages were low
- many died from
Black Lung.
15. TRANSPORTATION
ROADS
Had to find a way to improve on the
old medieval ‘mud tracks’.
Turnpike system
built roads and charged tolls.
James Macadam -
3 layers of graded stone.
Still used today.
CANALS
By 1800, 4000km of canals had
been built.
RAILWAYS
1829 George & Robert Stevenson used
a steam engine to build ‘The Rocket”
Train = 39 km / hr.
Train became most important means of transportation.
16. THE FACTORY SYSTEM
THE DOMESTIC SYSTEM
- rural & family oriented.
- quality varied.
- income supplemented
lifestyle.
- poorly paid.
- many weavers lowered
prices => supply &
demand.
=>
THE FACTORY SYSTEM
- urban
- faster & cheaper
- consistent quality
- living conditions ???
- poor working conditions
- required large spaces
and power sources.
- poor wages.
- child labour
Factories would give rise to ‘The Factory Acts’ & Unions.
17. Transportation – from MarketTransportation – from Market
to Marketto Market
Transportation of goods crucial
1700 England: poor infrastructure
Transportation Strategies:
Turnpike System: private companies build &
charge tolls
Engineer: James Macadam
Roads would not become muddy
3 layers of graded stone
Much quicker transportation of goods & information
18. Transportation – from MarketTransportation – from Market
to Marketto Market
Canals: networks of narrow artificial channels
Reduced cost of shipping by ¾
Early 19th
C: 4000 km of canals
Railways: most important means of
transportation
Steam engine locomotives
1829: “Rocket” traveled 39 km/hr
Late 1800s: railway lines in Europe & N. America
19. Mechanization and the Factory System
Cottage Industry: products made in
houses
Financed by capitalists
Spinning & weaving → clothiers sold finished
goods
Advantages:
Family & community
Disadvantages:
Poor pay, long hours
Not specialized
“Law of Supply & Demand”: little power
20. The Factory Age
New inventions = lose cottage system
Need factories for power & space
New cities & housing developments
Factories house all stages of
manufacturing
Low wages, poor working conditions
21. Child LabourChild Labour
Industrialization brought injustices for children
Poor:
Education not mandatory: couldn’t read or write
Families needed every member to provide
Labour:
Small size: textiles, mine shafts, chimney cleaner
Exposed to pollution
Deafening noise
Buy poor food
Work overtime shifts
Physical abuse
22. Child LabourChild Labour
Results:
Growth stunted
Bodies deformed
1830s: British government becomes
interested in working conditions
Interviewed child labourers & survivers
23. The Factory ActsThe Factory Acts
Social Reformers try to improve working
conditions
Guilds formed (medieval)
Look after interests of members
Band together: less isolation & more influence
Governments declared them illegal
Parliament controlled by rich & powerful
Laissez-faire: no government regulation
24. The Factory ActsThe Factory Acts
“Factory Acts” eventually written
1802: children couldn’t work >12 hours
straight in cotton mills
1819: illegal to hire child <9 years in textile
industry
No inspectors, other industries not protected
1824: early form of labour unions legalized
Middle & Upper classes: working class
should work as much as possible
Worry of “evil” occupations ex. drinking &
gambling
25. Society & CultureSociety & Culture
Britain: rigid social system
Born into social groups
Upper Class (“Society”): right schools,
churches, etc.
Middle Class/Working Class: grew during
industrial revolution
Father: worked in professions, business person,
military
Lower Middle Class: white collar workers,
teachers below University level
Working Class: worked in trades or factory
26. Women in the Industrial Age
Mostly in cottage industry, but eventually
declined
Options:
Countryside:
Servants, farms
Factories
Changes:
Cash money of own = independence
Middle & upper class = pampered by servants
27. Society & Culture
The Poor
Slums in cities
Streets & sewers not built
Crime & disease common
Not enough “Poor Law” relief for
thousands
Charity often poorly distributed
Workhouses turned to in desperation
1800s: numerical information about
society gathered
28. Society and Culture
Population on the Move
countryside → city
Europe → overseas colonies (ex. Canada)
Promoted by land speculators
The Irish Potato Famine
Potato: staple food
1840s: Irish peasants grew & ate them
1845: Disease = loss of potatoes
hunger
left homelands, move to industrial cities or colonies
29. Society and Culture
The Clearances
In Scotland: Landlords rid of tenants
(“crofters”) to use land for raising sheep
Farms burned to prevent return
Move to industrial cities or colonies