Submit Search
Upload
IRJET- The Antibacterial Effect of Dragonfly Larvae Diplocodes Trivialis (Rambur) Haemolymph on the Food Borne Pathogens in Raw Meat
•
0 likes
•
15 views
IRJET Journal
Follow
https://www.irjet.net/archives/V6/i12/IRJET-V6I12426.pdf
Read less
Read more
Engineering
Report
Share
Report
Share
1 of 6
Download now
Download to read offline
Recommended
Novel Approaches in Insecticide Resistance Management (IRM)
Novel Approaches in Insecticide Resistance Management (IRM)
Mr. Suresh R. Jambagi
PRELIMINARY STUDY THE USE OF HERBAL EXTRACTS AGAINST IRIDOVIRUS IN TIGER GROU...
PRELIMINARY STUDY THE USE OF HERBAL EXTRACTS AGAINST IRIDOVIRUS IN TIGER GROU...
KB Haw
Nanotechnology in Insect Pest Control
Nanotechnology in Insect Pest Control
Mr. Suresh R. Jambagi
Antiviral Activity of Lactoferrin against Potato virus x In vitro and In vivo
Antiviral Activity of Lactoferrin against Potato virus x In vitro and In vivo
Agriculture Research Center ARC, Egypt
5 antimicrobial and antistaphylococcal biofilm activity from the sea urchin p...
5 antimicrobial and antistaphylococcal biofilm activity from the sea urchin p...
Alfonso Enrique Islas Rodríguez
Scope of Genetic Engineered Microbes and Parasitoids in Biological Control
Scope of Genetic Engineered Microbes and Parasitoids in Biological Control
Aaliya Afroz
IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR)
IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR)
iosrphr_editor
Effect of the Gayatri Mantra Playing on Microbial Load in Room Air
Effect of the Gayatri Mantra Playing on Microbial Load in Room Air
Bhoj Raj Singh
Recommended
Novel Approaches in Insecticide Resistance Management (IRM)
Novel Approaches in Insecticide Resistance Management (IRM)
Mr. Suresh R. Jambagi
PRELIMINARY STUDY THE USE OF HERBAL EXTRACTS AGAINST IRIDOVIRUS IN TIGER GROU...
PRELIMINARY STUDY THE USE OF HERBAL EXTRACTS AGAINST IRIDOVIRUS IN TIGER GROU...
KB Haw
Nanotechnology in Insect Pest Control
Nanotechnology in Insect Pest Control
Mr. Suresh R. Jambagi
Antiviral Activity of Lactoferrin against Potato virus x In vitro and In vivo
Antiviral Activity of Lactoferrin against Potato virus x In vitro and In vivo
Agriculture Research Center ARC, Egypt
5 antimicrobial and antistaphylococcal biofilm activity from the sea urchin p...
5 antimicrobial and antistaphylococcal biofilm activity from the sea urchin p...
Alfonso Enrique Islas Rodríguez
Scope of Genetic Engineered Microbes and Parasitoids in Biological Control
Scope of Genetic Engineered Microbes and Parasitoids in Biological Control
Aaliya Afroz
IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR)
IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR)
iosrphr_editor
Effect of the Gayatri Mantra Playing on Microbial Load in Room Air
Effect of the Gayatri Mantra Playing on Microbial Load in Room Air
Bhoj Raj Singh
Bruchid beetle ovipositioning mediated defense responses in black gram pods
Bruchid beetle ovipositioning mediated defense responses in black gram pods
Assam Agricultural University
The Effect of Dried Leaves Extract of Hyptis suaveolens on Various Stages of ...
The Effect of Dried Leaves Extract of Hyptis suaveolens on Various Stages of ...
iosrjce
1st Rotation Presentation
1st Rotation Presentation
Stella Kounadi
85202026
85202026
IJRAT
Seb bruce insect-plant interactions
Seb bruce insect-plant interactions
Toby Bruce
Screening of antibacterial and cytotoxic activity of extracts from epidermis ...
Screening of antibacterial and cytotoxic activity of extracts from epidermis ...
eSAT Publishing House
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI)
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI)
inventionjournals
H.bacteriaphora Article
H.bacteriaphora Article
Mary Johnson
Iranian J Vet. Res.
Iranian J Vet. Res.
1611974
Genetic improvement of natural enemies
Genetic improvement of natural enemies
Khanika Pal
Prevalence Study of Infectious Bovine Keratoconjunctivitisin Dairy cattle und...
Prevalence Study of Infectious Bovine Keratoconjunctivitisin Dairy cattle und...
iosrjce
Tetanus toxoid paper
Tetanus toxoid paper
Harshvardhan Modh
Effect of Fungicides on Growth and Development of Spodoptera litura
Effect of Fungicides on Growth and Development of Spodoptera litura
SSR Institute of International Journal of Life Sciences
Effect of temp. on venom of bungarus caeruleus
Effect of temp. on venom of bungarus caeruleus
Anju Rana
International J Poult. Sci.
International J Poult. Sci.
1611974
Antibiotic alternatives in veterinary therapeutics
Antibiotic alternatives in veterinary therapeutics
Bhoj Raj Singh
Aphidophaga13 bruce
Aphidophaga13 bruce
Toby Bruce
Role of Synergists in Resistance Management
Role of Synergists in Resistance Management
Jayantyadav94
Chestnut leaf extracts disarm MRSA - 2015
Chestnut leaf extracts disarm MRSA - 2015
Cassandra Quave
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI)
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI)
inventionjournals
Biochemical Monitoring of Detoxifying Enzyme Levels in Field Population of Mo...
Biochemical Monitoring of Detoxifying Enzyme Levels in Field Population of Mo...
BRNSS Publication Hub
Analyses of Bacterial Community Dynamics Present in Culex quinquefasciatus Co...
Analyses of Bacterial Community Dynamics Present in Culex quinquefasciatus Co...
BRNSS Publication Hub
More Related Content
What's hot
Bruchid beetle ovipositioning mediated defense responses in black gram pods
Bruchid beetle ovipositioning mediated defense responses in black gram pods
Assam Agricultural University
The Effect of Dried Leaves Extract of Hyptis suaveolens on Various Stages of ...
The Effect of Dried Leaves Extract of Hyptis suaveolens on Various Stages of ...
iosrjce
1st Rotation Presentation
1st Rotation Presentation
Stella Kounadi
85202026
85202026
IJRAT
Seb bruce insect-plant interactions
Seb bruce insect-plant interactions
Toby Bruce
Screening of antibacterial and cytotoxic activity of extracts from epidermis ...
Screening of antibacterial and cytotoxic activity of extracts from epidermis ...
eSAT Publishing House
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI)
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI)
inventionjournals
H.bacteriaphora Article
H.bacteriaphora Article
Mary Johnson
Iranian J Vet. Res.
Iranian J Vet. Res.
1611974
Genetic improvement of natural enemies
Genetic improvement of natural enemies
Khanika Pal
Prevalence Study of Infectious Bovine Keratoconjunctivitisin Dairy cattle und...
Prevalence Study of Infectious Bovine Keratoconjunctivitisin Dairy cattle und...
iosrjce
Tetanus toxoid paper
Tetanus toxoid paper
Harshvardhan Modh
Effect of Fungicides on Growth and Development of Spodoptera litura
Effect of Fungicides on Growth and Development of Spodoptera litura
SSR Institute of International Journal of Life Sciences
Effect of temp. on venom of bungarus caeruleus
Effect of temp. on venom of bungarus caeruleus
Anju Rana
International J Poult. Sci.
International J Poult. Sci.
1611974
Antibiotic alternatives in veterinary therapeutics
Antibiotic alternatives in veterinary therapeutics
Bhoj Raj Singh
Aphidophaga13 bruce
Aphidophaga13 bruce
Toby Bruce
Role of Synergists in Resistance Management
Role of Synergists in Resistance Management
Jayantyadav94
Chestnut leaf extracts disarm MRSA - 2015
Chestnut leaf extracts disarm MRSA - 2015
Cassandra Quave
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI)
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI)
inventionjournals
What's hot
(20)
Bruchid beetle ovipositioning mediated defense responses in black gram pods
Bruchid beetle ovipositioning mediated defense responses in black gram pods
The Effect of Dried Leaves Extract of Hyptis suaveolens on Various Stages of ...
The Effect of Dried Leaves Extract of Hyptis suaveolens on Various Stages of ...
1st Rotation Presentation
1st Rotation Presentation
85202026
85202026
Seb bruce insect-plant interactions
Seb bruce insect-plant interactions
Screening of antibacterial and cytotoxic activity of extracts from epidermis ...
Screening of antibacterial and cytotoxic activity of extracts from epidermis ...
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI)
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI)
H.bacteriaphora Article
H.bacteriaphora Article
Iranian J Vet. Res.
Iranian J Vet. Res.
Genetic improvement of natural enemies
Genetic improvement of natural enemies
Prevalence Study of Infectious Bovine Keratoconjunctivitisin Dairy cattle und...
Prevalence Study of Infectious Bovine Keratoconjunctivitisin Dairy cattle und...
Tetanus toxoid paper
Tetanus toxoid paper
Effect of Fungicides on Growth and Development of Spodoptera litura
Effect of Fungicides on Growth and Development of Spodoptera litura
Effect of temp. on venom of bungarus caeruleus
Effect of temp. on venom of bungarus caeruleus
International J Poult. Sci.
International J Poult. Sci.
Antibiotic alternatives in veterinary therapeutics
Antibiotic alternatives in veterinary therapeutics
Aphidophaga13 bruce
Aphidophaga13 bruce
Role of Synergists in Resistance Management
Role of Synergists in Resistance Management
Chestnut leaf extracts disarm MRSA - 2015
Chestnut leaf extracts disarm MRSA - 2015
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI)
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI)
Similar to IRJET- The Antibacterial Effect of Dragonfly Larvae Diplocodes Trivialis (Rambur) Haemolymph on the Food Borne Pathogens in Raw Meat
Biochemical Monitoring of Detoxifying Enzyme Levels in Field Population of Mo...
Biochemical Monitoring of Detoxifying Enzyme Levels in Field Population of Mo...
BRNSS Publication Hub
Analyses of Bacterial Community Dynamics Present in Culex quinquefasciatus Co...
Analyses of Bacterial Community Dynamics Present in Culex quinquefasciatus Co...
BRNSS Publication Hub
Microbiological Investigations of Selected Flies of Public Health Importance ...
Microbiological Investigations of Selected Flies of Public Health Importance ...
iosrjce
Intern J Poult Sci
Intern J Poult Sci
1611974
Antibacterial Resistance in the Muscles of Chicken, Pig and Beef
Antibacterial Resistance in the Muscles of Chicken, Pig and Beef
IJERA Editor
Isolation and Screening of Soil Actinomycetes for Antimicrobial Activity
Isolation and Screening of Soil Actinomycetes for Antimicrobial Activity
OlakunleAjibola
Preliminary evaluation of the larvicidal efficacy of coelomic fluid of Eudril...
Preliminary evaluation of the larvicidal efficacy of coelomic fluid of Eudril...
inventionjournals
QAYOOM .pptx
QAYOOM .pptx
QayoomJamali
J Agri. Sci
J Agri. Sci
1611974
Multidrug Resistance Pattern of Staphylococcus Aureus Isolates in Maiduguri M...
Multidrug Resistance Pattern of Staphylococcus Aureus Isolates in Maiduguri M...
Scientific Review
Multidrug Resistance Pattern of Staphylococcus Aureus Isolates in Maiduguri ...
Multidrug Resistance Pattern of Staphylococcus Aureus Isolates in Maiduguri ...
Scientific Review SR
Detection of Integrons in Multidrug Resistant Wound Isolates
Detection of Integrons in Multidrug Resistant Wound Isolates
ijtsrd
Optimization of antibiotic activity of composites of ethanolic extracts of fl...
Optimization of antibiotic activity of composites of ethanolic extracts of fl...
Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Evaluation of calvatia craniformis mushroom activity in
Evaluation of calvatia craniformis mushroom activity in
Alexander Decker
Presentation 2015 eng s
Presentation 2015 eng s
agrobiotech
Larvicidal activity and Biochemical Effects of Apigenin against Filarial Vect...
Larvicidal activity and Biochemical Effects of Apigenin against Filarial Vect...
SSR Institute of International Journal of Life Sciences
Comparison of Growth and Development of Pleurotus florida against Wastes from...
Comparison of Growth and Development of Pleurotus florida against Wastes from...
Dr. siddhant
A036010105
A036010105
theijes
Microbiological Investigations on Gryllotalpa Africana [Orthoptera: Gryllotal...
Microbiological Investigations on Gryllotalpa Africana [Orthoptera: Gryllotal...
iosrjce
An investigation of the lethality of picralima nitida, family apocynaceae in ...
An investigation of the lethality of picralima nitida, family apocynaceae in ...
Alexander Decker
Similar to IRJET- The Antibacterial Effect of Dragonfly Larvae Diplocodes Trivialis (Rambur) Haemolymph on the Food Borne Pathogens in Raw Meat
(20)
Biochemical Monitoring of Detoxifying Enzyme Levels in Field Population of Mo...
Biochemical Monitoring of Detoxifying Enzyme Levels in Field Population of Mo...
Analyses of Bacterial Community Dynamics Present in Culex quinquefasciatus Co...
Analyses of Bacterial Community Dynamics Present in Culex quinquefasciatus Co...
Microbiological Investigations of Selected Flies of Public Health Importance ...
Microbiological Investigations of Selected Flies of Public Health Importance ...
Intern J Poult Sci
Intern J Poult Sci
Antibacterial Resistance in the Muscles of Chicken, Pig and Beef
Antibacterial Resistance in the Muscles of Chicken, Pig and Beef
Isolation and Screening of Soil Actinomycetes for Antimicrobial Activity
Isolation and Screening of Soil Actinomycetes for Antimicrobial Activity
Preliminary evaluation of the larvicidal efficacy of coelomic fluid of Eudril...
Preliminary evaluation of the larvicidal efficacy of coelomic fluid of Eudril...
QAYOOM .pptx
QAYOOM .pptx
J Agri. Sci
J Agri. Sci
Multidrug Resistance Pattern of Staphylococcus Aureus Isolates in Maiduguri M...
Multidrug Resistance Pattern of Staphylococcus Aureus Isolates in Maiduguri M...
Multidrug Resistance Pattern of Staphylococcus Aureus Isolates in Maiduguri ...
Multidrug Resistance Pattern of Staphylococcus Aureus Isolates in Maiduguri ...
Detection of Integrons in Multidrug Resistant Wound Isolates
Detection of Integrons in Multidrug Resistant Wound Isolates
Optimization of antibiotic activity of composites of ethanolic extracts of fl...
Optimization of antibiotic activity of composites of ethanolic extracts of fl...
Evaluation of calvatia craniformis mushroom activity in
Evaluation of calvatia craniformis mushroom activity in
Presentation 2015 eng s
Presentation 2015 eng s
Larvicidal activity and Biochemical Effects of Apigenin against Filarial Vect...
Larvicidal activity and Biochemical Effects of Apigenin against Filarial Vect...
Comparison of Growth and Development of Pleurotus florida against Wastes from...
Comparison of Growth and Development of Pleurotus florida against Wastes from...
A036010105
A036010105
Microbiological Investigations on Gryllotalpa Africana [Orthoptera: Gryllotal...
Microbiological Investigations on Gryllotalpa Africana [Orthoptera: Gryllotal...
An investigation of the lethality of picralima nitida, family apocynaceae in ...
An investigation of the lethality of picralima nitida, family apocynaceae in ...
More from IRJET Journal
TUNNELING IN HIMALAYAS WITH NATM METHOD: A SPECIAL REFERENCES TO SUNGAL TUNNE...
TUNNELING IN HIMALAYAS WITH NATM METHOD: A SPECIAL REFERENCES TO SUNGAL TUNNE...
IRJET Journal
STUDY THE EFFECT OF RESPONSE REDUCTION FACTOR ON RC FRAMED STRUCTURE
STUDY THE EFFECT OF RESPONSE REDUCTION FACTOR ON RC FRAMED STRUCTURE
IRJET Journal
A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF RCC ELEMENT OF SLAB WITH STARK STEEL (HYSD STEEL) A...
A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF RCC ELEMENT OF SLAB WITH STARK STEEL (HYSD STEEL) A...
IRJET Journal
Effect of Camber and Angles of Attack on Airfoil Characteristics
Effect of Camber and Angles of Attack on Airfoil Characteristics
IRJET Journal
A Review on the Progress and Challenges of Aluminum-Based Metal Matrix Compos...
A Review on the Progress and Challenges of Aluminum-Based Metal Matrix Compos...
IRJET Journal
Dynamic Urban Transit Optimization: A Graph Neural Network Approach for Real-...
Dynamic Urban Transit Optimization: A Graph Neural Network Approach for Real-...
IRJET Journal
Structural Analysis and Design of Multi-Storey Symmetric and Asymmetric Shape...
Structural Analysis and Design of Multi-Storey Symmetric and Asymmetric Shape...
IRJET Journal
A Review of “Seismic Response of RC Structures Having Plan and Vertical Irreg...
A Review of “Seismic Response of RC Structures Having Plan and Vertical Irreg...
IRJET Journal
A REVIEW ON MACHINE LEARNING IN ADAS
A REVIEW ON MACHINE LEARNING IN ADAS
IRJET Journal
Long Term Trend Analysis of Precipitation and Temperature for Asosa district,...
Long Term Trend Analysis of Precipitation and Temperature for Asosa district,...
IRJET Journal
P.E.B. Framed Structure Design and Analysis Using STAAD Pro
P.E.B. Framed Structure Design and Analysis Using STAAD Pro
IRJET Journal
A Review on Innovative Fiber Integration for Enhanced Reinforcement of Concre...
A Review on Innovative Fiber Integration for Enhanced Reinforcement of Concre...
IRJET Journal
Survey Paper on Cloud-Based Secured Healthcare System
Survey Paper on Cloud-Based Secured Healthcare System
IRJET Journal
Review on studies and research on widening of existing concrete bridges
Review on studies and research on widening of existing concrete bridges
IRJET Journal
React based fullstack edtech web application
React based fullstack edtech web application
IRJET Journal
A Comprehensive Review of Integrating IoT and Blockchain Technologies in the ...
A Comprehensive Review of Integrating IoT and Blockchain Technologies in the ...
IRJET Journal
A REVIEW ON THE PERFORMANCE OF COCONUT FIBRE REINFORCED CONCRETE.
A REVIEW ON THE PERFORMANCE OF COCONUT FIBRE REINFORCED CONCRETE.
IRJET Journal
Optimizing Business Management Process Workflows: The Dynamic Influence of Mi...
Optimizing Business Management Process Workflows: The Dynamic Influence of Mi...
IRJET Journal
Multistoried and Multi Bay Steel Building Frame by using Seismic Design
Multistoried and Multi Bay Steel Building Frame by using Seismic Design
IRJET Journal
Cost Optimization of Construction Using Plastic Waste as a Sustainable Constr...
Cost Optimization of Construction Using Plastic Waste as a Sustainable Constr...
IRJET Journal
More from IRJET Journal
(20)
TUNNELING IN HIMALAYAS WITH NATM METHOD: A SPECIAL REFERENCES TO SUNGAL TUNNE...
TUNNELING IN HIMALAYAS WITH NATM METHOD: A SPECIAL REFERENCES TO SUNGAL TUNNE...
STUDY THE EFFECT OF RESPONSE REDUCTION FACTOR ON RC FRAMED STRUCTURE
STUDY THE EFFECT OF RESPONSE REDUCTION FACTOR ON RC FRAMED STRUCTURE
A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF RCC ELEMENT OF SLAB WITH STARK STEEL (HYSD STEEL) A...
A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF RCC ELEMENT OF SLAB WITH STARK STEEL (HYSD STEEL) A...
Effect of Camber and Angles of Attack on Airfoil Characteristics
Effect of Camber and Angles of Attack on Airfoil Characteristics
A Review on the Progress and Challenges of Aluminum-Based Metal Matrix Compos...
A Review on the Progress and Challenges of Aluminum-Based Metal Matrix Compos...
Dynamic Urban Transit Optimization: A Graph Neural Network Approach for Real-...
Dynamic Urban Transit Optimization: A Graph Neural Network Approach for Real-...
Structural Analysis and Design of Multi-Storey Symmetric and Asymmetric Shape...
Structural Analysis and Design of Multi-Storey Symmetric and Asymmetric Shape...
A Review of “Seismic Response of RC Structures Having Plan and Vertical Irreg...
A Review of “Seismic Response of RC Structures Having Plan and Vertical Irreg...
A REVIEW ON MACHINE LEARNING IN ADAS
A REVIEW ON MACHINE LEARNING IN ADAS
Long Term Trend Analysis of Precipitation and Temperature for Asosa district,...
Long Term Trend Analysis of Precipitation and Temperature for Asosa district,...
P.E.B. Framed Structure Design and Analysis Using STAAD Pro
P.E.B. Framed Structure Design and Analysis Using STAAD Pro
A Review on Innovative Fiber Integration for Enhanced Reinforcement of Concre...
A Review on Innovative Fiber Integration for Enhanced Reinforcement of Concre...
Survey Paper on Cloud-Based Secured Healthcare System
Survey Paper on Cloud-Based Secured Healthcare System
Review on studies and research on widening of existing concrete bridges
Review on studies and research on widening of existing concrete bridges
React based fullstack edtech web application
React based fullstack edtech web application
A Comprehensive Review of Integrating IoT and Blockchain Technologies in the ...
A Comprehensive Review of Integrating IoT and Blockchain Technologies in the ...
A REVIEW ON THE PERFORMANCE OF COCONUT FIBRE REINFORCED CONCRETE.
A REVIEW ON THE PERFORMANCE OF COCONUT FIBRE REINFORCED CONCRETE.
Optimizing Business Management Process Workflows: The Dynamic Influence of Mi...
Optimizing Business Management Process Workflows: The Dynamic Influence of Mi...
Multistoried and Multi Bay Steel Building Frame by using Seismic Design
Multistoried and Multi Bay Steel Building Frame by using Seismic Design
Cost Optimization of Construction Using Plastic Waste as a Sustainable Constr...
Cost Optimization of Construction Using Plastic Waste as a Sustainable Constr...
Recently uploaded
home automation using Arduino by Aditya Prasad
home automation using Arduino by Aditya Prasad
aditya806802
Gurgaon ✡️9711147426✨Call In girls Gurgaon Sector 51 escort service
Gurgaon ✡️9711147426✨Call In girls Gurgaon Sector 51 escort service
jennyeacort
Mine Environment II Lab_MI10448MI__________.pptx
Mine Environment II Lab_MI10448MI__________.pptx
Romil Mishra
Earthing details of Electrical Substation
Earthing details of Electrical Substation
stephanwindworld
Indian Dairy Industry Present Status and.ppt
Indian Dairy Industry Present Status and.ppt
Madan Karki
Comparative study of High-rise Building Using ETABS,SAP200 and SAFE., SAFE an...
Comparative study of High-rise Building Using ETABS,SAP200 and SAFE., SAFE an...
Erbil Polytechnic University
Autonomous emergency braking system (aeb) ppt.ppt
Autonomous emergency braking system (aeb) ppt.ppt
bibisarnayak0
US Department of Education FAFSA Week of Action
US Department of Education FAFSA Week of Action
Mebane Rash
welding defects observed during the welding
welding defects observed during the welding
MuhammadUzairLiaqat
Input Output Management in Operating System
Input Output Management in Operating System
Rashmi Bhat
TechTAC® CFD Report Summary: A Comparison of Two Types of Tubing Anchor Catchers
TechTAC® CFD Report Summary: A Comparison of Two Types of Tubing Anchor Catchers
sdickerson1
POWER SYSTEMS-1 Complete notes examples
POWER SYSTEMS-1 Complete notes examples
Dr. Gudipudi Nageswara Rao
11. Properties of Liquid Fuels in Energy Engineering.pdf
11. Properties of Liquid Fuels in Energy Engineering.pdf
HafizMudaserAhmad
Transport layer issues and challenges - Guide
Transport layer issues and challenges - Guide
GOPINATHS437943
IVE Industry Focused Event - Defence Sector 2024
IVE Industry Focused Event - Defence Sector 2024
Mark Billinghurst
DM Pillar Training Manual.ppt will be useful in deploying TPM in project
DM Pillar Training Manual.ppt will be useful in deploying TPM in project
ssuserb6619e
System Simulation and Modelling with types and Event Scheduling
System Simulation and Modelling with types and Event Scheduling
BootNeck1
Energy Awareness training ppt for manufacturing process.pptx
Energy Awareness training ppt for manufacturing process.pptx
siddharthjain2303
National Level Hackathon Participation Certificate.pdf
National Level Hackathon Participation Certificate.pdf
RajuKanojiya4
Past, Present and Future of Generative AI
Past, Present and Future of Generative AI
abhishek36461
Recently uploaded
(20)
home automation using Arduino by Aditya Prasad
home automation using Arduino by Aditya Prasad
Gurgaon ✡️9711147426✨Call In girls Gurgaon Sector 51 escort service
Gurgaon ✡️9711147426✨Call In girls Gurgaon Sector 51 escort service
Mine Environment II Lab_MI10448MI__________.pptx
Mine Environment II Lab_MI10448MI__________.pptx
Earthing details of Electrical Substation
Earthing details of Electrical Substation
Indian Dairy Industry Present Status and.ppt
Indian Dairy Industry Present Status and.ppt
Comparative study of High-rise Building Using ETABS,SAP200 and SAFE., SAFE an...
Comparative study of High-rise Building Using ETABS,SAP200 and SAFE., SAFE an...
Autonomous emergency braking system (aeb) ppt.ppt
Autonomous emergency braking system (aeb) ppt.ppt
US Department of Education FAFSA Week of Action
US Department of Education FAFSA Week of Action
welding defects observed during the welding
welding defects observed during the welding
Input Output Management in Operating System
Input Output Management in Operating System
TechTAC® CFD Report Summary: A Comparison of Two Types of Tubing Anchor Catchers
TechTAC® CFD Report Summary: A Comparison of Two Types of Tubing Anchor Catchers
POWER SYSTEMS-1 Complete notes examples
POWER SYSTEMS-1 Complete notes examples
11. Properties of Liquid Fuels in Energy Engineering.pdf
11. Properties of Liquid Fuels in Energy Engineering.pdf
Transport layer issues and challenges - Guide
Transport layer issues and challenges - Guide
IVE Industry Focused Event - Defence Sector 2024
IVE Industry Focused Event - Defence Sector 2024
DM Pillar Training Manual.ppt will be useful in deploying TPM in project
DM Pillar Training Manual.ppt will be useful in deploying TPM in project
System Simulation and Modelling with types and Event Scheduling
System Simulation and Modelling with types and Event Scheduling
Energy Awareness training ppt for manufacturing process.pptx
Energy Awareness training ppt for manufacturing process.pptx
National Level Hackathon Participation Certificate.pdf
National Level Hackathon Participation Certificate.pdf
Past, Present and Future of Generative AI
Past, Present and Future of Generative AI
IRJET- The Antibacterial Effect of Dragonfly Larvae Diplocodes Trivialis (Rambur) Haemolymph on the Food Borne Pathogens in Raw Meat
1.
International Research Journal
of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056 Volume: 06 Issue: 12 | Dec 2019 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072 © 2019, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 7.34 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page 2784 THE ANTIBACTERIAL EFFECT OF DRAGONFLY LARVAE DIPLOCODES TRIVIALIS (RAMBUR) HAEMOLYMPH ON THE FOOD BORNE PATHOGENS IN RAW MEAT Dr. G. Dhanalakshmi1, Dr. A. Reniprhba2 1Assistant Professor, Department of Zoology, Emerald Heights College for Women Udhagamandalam. Tamil Nadu. India. 2Assocate Professor, Department of Zoology, Chikkaiah Naicker College Erode. Tamil Nadu, India ----------------------------------------------------------------------***--------------------------------------------------------------------- Abstract - In our study, the hemolymph of Dragonfly Larvae Diplocodestrivialis(Rambur) which isconsideredasanalternative resource for antibiotics was tested against three bacterial strains, and it was found that threeoutofsevenstrainswere sensitiveto hemolymph. The sensitive bacterial strains were Sallmonella typhimurium Escherichia coli, Campylobacter jejuni. Our results showed that dragon fly larvae hemolymph had antibacterial effects. This is the first study about antibacterial effects of Diplocodedes trivialis (Rambur) hemolymph. Key Words:: (Hemolymph, Diplocodes trivialis, Antibacterial Agents, Immunity, Bactreial strains and Media, Plate growth-inhibition assay) 1. INTRODUCTION In this context, there is an urgent need for a new generation of antibiotics to complement the panel of drugs that are available to the clinicians and to provide new tools for multi-therapy treatment. One of the major areas of interest for the discoveryand study of new antibiotics was the investigationof antimicrobial peptidesderivedfrominsectimmunedefensereactions.Defense peptides are key factors in innate immunity against bacteria and fungi in vertebrates as well as invertebrates. Particularly, in insects which lack an adaptive immune system, antimicrobial peptides play a crucial role in fighting against invading pathogens. In insects, systemic infection induces the synthesis of combinationsofantibacterial peptidesthataresecretedfrom the immune organs, mainly the fat body, an analogue of the mammalian liver, into the haemolymph, where they reach high concentrations. The antibiotic activities have been either determined in vitro by using peptides directly purified from flies or produced in heterologous systems, or deduced by comparison with homologous peptides isolated in other insect species: Drosomycin and Metchnikowin show antifungal activity (Fehlbaum et al., 1994; Levashina et al., 1995); Cecropins have both antibacterial and antifungal activities (Ekengren and Hultmark,1999);Drosocinand Defensinarepredominantlyactiveagainst Gram-negative and -positive bacteria, respectively (Dimarcq et al., 1994; Charlet, et al., 1999);andAttacinsandDiptericinsare similar to peptides from other insects that show antibacterial activity (Asling, et al., 1995). Insects are known to have both cellular and humoral immune systems which together form a potent defence against invadingbacteria (Kimbrell,1991).While humoral responses mainly involve the production of a variety of antibacterial proteins that are induced or increased in many insects. These antibacterial proteins can be categorized by homology as belonging to one of the several families, namely, the cecropins (Kylsten et al., 1990; Samakovils et al., 1990;1991), attacins (Casteels et al., 1990; Wicker et al., 1990; Sun et al., 1991) and defensins (Lambert et al., 1989; Dimarcq et al., 1990).Studies on these inducible antibacterial proteins in invertebrates seem to be important from the view point of comparative immunology. Due to this reason haemolymph of dragonfly larvae was selected as test tissue to study the antibacterial activity. 2. MATERIALS AND METHODS The final instar larvae of dragonfly Diplocodes trivialis were used as the testanimal andtherawmeatsampleswere usedastest material for microbial analysis. 2.1 Collection and maintenance of experimental larvae The dragonfly larvae were collected manually from their natural breeding places, acclimatized and maintained at the laboratory conditions by following the method outlined by Varadaraj (1978). The larval instars were reared individually in separate plastic containers. As cannibalism is prevalent among thelarvae,they wereplacedindividuallyinplasticcontainersof 5 litre capacity (Fischer, 1961; Corbet, 1962; Prichard, 1964).Threequartersfull ofdechlorinatedtapwaterandan inchsquare
2.
International Research Journal
of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056 Volume: 06 Issue: 12 | Dec 2019 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072 © 2019, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 7.34 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page 2785 of cheese cloth and toothpicks were offered as foothold to the larvae. All the containers were examined regularly to observe whether moulting has taken place. The dragonfly larvae were fed ad libitum with mosquito larvae (Plate. I). Fig -1: Maintenance of experimental larvae 2.2 Identification of larval instars Various larval instars were identified by the morphometry of body length and head width by using the method of Dunkle (1985). The body length of the larvae was measured using a metric ruler from the proximal edge of the tip of the head to the dorsal tip of the Epiproct. The head width was measured across the widest part of the eyes using ocular micrometer fitted to a dissection microscope. The final instar larva with body length of 20 mm and head width of8mm(Plate.II)wereselectedforthe present investigation. 2.3. Meat sample preparation Twenty-five grams of collected meat samples were weighed and transferred to sterile flasks containing 10 mlof phosphate buffer saline (PBS). Samples were homogenized using a meat grinder under aseptic conditionsandwasinoculatedin different selective media such as Nutrient agar (MSA), (EMB) E.coli, MacConkey,Cetramideagar, SSagar,Karmail agarandChromogenic media for E.coli, S.typhimurium, Campylobacter and Enterococcus respectively. 2.4. Antibiotics used for the assay Cotrimoxazole, Centriaxone, Nitrofurantoin, Ciprofloxain, Chloramphenicol, Ampicillin, Tetracyline, Ceftaziamie,Gentamicin, Nalidixic acid. All discs were purchased from Hi-Media, India. 2.5. Media used for the assay The Muller Hinton Agar was prepared and sterilized at 121°C and used to inoculate the isolates then incubated at 37°C for 24 hrs.
3.
International Research Journal
of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056 Volume: 06 Issue: 12 | Dec 2019 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072 © 2019, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 7.34 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page 2786 2.6. Insect immunization and haemolymph collection Insect immunization was performed by injecting final instar larvae of Diplocodes trivialis with 10 μl of approximately 1x106 (cells/ml) viable, log phase bacteria dissolved in membrane-filteredsalineusinga thin-needledmicrosyringe.Bacterial strains were used for immunization separately or in combinations. Haemolymph was sampled add containing few crystals of phenylthiourea to prevent melanization. Usually, 10 ml of haemolymph was collected,fromabout 15to20larvae(irrespective of sex), by piercing abdoman with a fine, sterile needle. Haemolymph was centrifuged for 15 min at 1,800 rpm, then the cell- free haemolymph was aliquoted (100 μl to 1 ml each), and stored at -20 °C for a week until investigated. The same procedures were applied to the control group except it was injected with saline without bacteria. 2.7. Antibacterial activity haemolymph Hemolymph antibacterial assay was carried outusingagardiffusionmethod.The20mlmeltedLuria agarmedia (LA.pH:7)was placed in the petri dishes (100 mm diameter), then the medium surface was impregnated with the 24-hour-grownstrains(1.5 × 106 cells per ml). Twenty microliter hemolymph was poured in the wells of the plate and then the media culture was incubated at 37°C for 24 hours. The formation of inhibition zone (thelack ofgrowth)representedtheantibacterial hemolymph effect in the medium. Antibacterial assay was conducted on resistant bacteria with number of antibiotics resistance and virulence factors producing isolates. 2.8. Statistical analysis Statisical Package for the Social sciences (Spss,2003) was used to analyse the data using descriptive analysis such as mean, standard deviation, frequencies, percentage, chisquare, and one way ANOVA and presented using Tables, Bar, and Pie charts. 3. RESULTS The antibiotic resistance of S.typhimurium in different meat samples against the selectedantibioticswasshownin Table 1.and Fig.1. It revealed that GS7 isolate of goat meat was found to be highly resistant (70 %) towards majority of the antibiotics. The zone of inhibition was 8, 13, 12, 14, 11, and 10 mm against Cotrimaxazole, Centriaxone, Nitrofurantoin, Ciprofloxain, Chloramphenicol, and Ampicillin respectively. The next resistant isolate was CS1 of chicken meat sample (60 %), it was resistant against Cotrimoxazole (20mm), Nitrofurantoin (11mm), Ciprofloxain (NI), Chloramphenicol (12mm), Ampicillin (NI), Tetracycline (NI) and Gentamicin (12 mm). Most of the S.typhimurium isolates (CS2, CS5, GS6, FS8,FS9,CS10and FS11)were found to be resistant against five antibiotics and found to be statistically significant. The least resistant sensitive isolateswere GS3 and FS4 (30%). In general S.typhimurium was sensitive to Cotrimaxazole and Gentamicin subsequently S.typhimurium was highly resistant to Centriaxone, Nitrofurantoin, Ciprofloxain, Chloramphenicol, Ampicillin andTetracycline.Haemolymphwas more or less equally effective to the effect of antibiotics but haemolymph was moderately effective against S.typhimuriumand inhibit the growth of S.typhimurium. Table 1. Antibacterial activity of various antibiotics and larval haemolymph of D.trivialis against S.typhimurium S. N o. Isolat es name Zone of Inhibition (mm) COT CTR NIT CIP C AMP TE CAZ GEN NA % HL 1. CS1 20 S 19 I 11R NIR- 12R NIR NI-R 15I 12R 15S 60 18 2. CS2 23S 13R 09R 18 I 13I NIR 09R 16I 08R 24I 50 13 3. GS3 23S 20I NIR 20S 14I NIR NI-R 16I 16S 20S 23 17 4. FS4 20S 20I NIR 20S 11R NIR 19S 19S 15S 12S 30 17 5. CS5 20S 22S 17S 13R 11R 12R 12R 20S 17S 12R 50 NI 6. GS6 22S 13R 09R 18I 14I NIR NI-R 16I 12R 15I 50 15 7. GS7 08R 13R 12R 14R 11R NI-R 10R 20S 20S 24S 70 NI 8. FS8 21S 23S 18S 24S 10R NI-R 12R 10R 16S 12R 50 18 9. FS9 23S 11R 12R 18I 14I NI-R 12R 16I 10R 15I 50 18 10. CS10 08R 12R 10R 12R 15I 18S 18S 20S 18S NI-R 50 18 11. FS11 09R 10R 12R 14R 14I 20S 22S 20S 18S 12R 50 15
4.
International Research Journal
of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056 Volume: 06 Issue: 12 | Dec 2019 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072 © 2019, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 7.34 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page 2787 Mean S.D 17.916 .27 16.004 .80 10.005 .73 15.556 .28 12.641 .69 4.558 .00 10.367 .75 17.093 .11 14.733 .74 14.64 6.68 13.556. 89 2 value 17.875* 29.333* 30.250* 31.167* 18.562 11.344 29.333* 13.750 31.625* 15.81 2 ANOVA 0.900 5.454 0.308 0.016 0.366 0.318 0.798 2.323 1.061 2.565 COT - Cotrimoxazole, CTR - Centriaxone, NIT - Nitrofurantoin, CIP - Ciprofloxian, C - Chloramphenicol, AMP - Ampicillin, TE - Tetracycline, CAZ - Ceftazidime, GEN -Gentamicin, NA - Nalidixic acid, HL-Haemolymph,NI-No inhibition. S - Sensitive, R - Resistance, I - Intermediate * - Significant at 2 0.05; - Not significant - Significant at 0.05 (F); - Not significant 0.00 2.00 4.00 6.00 8.00 10.00 12.00 14.00 16.00 18.00 COT*HL CTR*HL NIT*HL CIP*HL C*HL AMP*HL TE*HL CAZ*HL GEN*HL NA*HL ZoneofInhibition(mm) (meanof11observation Antibiotics Vs Haemolymph Chart -1: Antibacterial activity of various antibiotics and larval haemolymph of D.trivialis against S.typhimurium Chart.2 the antibiotic resistance of E.coli in fish meat was the maximum (90 %) in FE12 and FE13 isolates. The isolates were resistant to most of the antibiotics viz Centriaxone, Ciprofloxain, Chloramphenicol, Ampicillin, and Tetracycline. All the E.coli isolates were sensitive to Nalidixic acid except GE5 and all were highly resistant to Ampicillin. When compared to goat meat and fish meat, the chicken meat isolates were found to be least resistanttoantibiotics. Theantibioticeffectofhaemolymph was equal to the effect of antibiotics. Haemolymph effectively kills the E.coli and found to be statistically significant. 0.00 2.00 4.00 6.00 8.00 10.00 12.00 14.00 16.00 18.00 20.00 COT*HLCTR*HLNIT*HLCIP*HL C*HL AMP*HLTE*HLCAZ*HLGEN*HLNA*HL ZoneofInhibition(mm) (meanof13observation Antibiotics Vs Haemolymph Chart -2: Antibacterial activity of various antibiotics and larval haemolymph of D.trivialisagainst E.coli
5.
International Research Journal
of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056 Volume: 06 Issue: 12 | Dec 2019 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072 © 2019, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 7.34 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page 2788 Table 3 and charts reflected the antibiotic resistance of C.jejuni which was observed only in few isolates GCa1, CCa2 and CCa3 and not in fish meat sample. C.jejuni showed moderate resistance towards antibiotics. The only goat meat isolate(GCa1)was resistant against Co-trimoxazole, Centriaxone, Nitrofurantoin, Ciprofloxain, and Chloramphenicol but it was sensitive to Ampicillin, Tetracycline, Ceftazidime, Gentamicin and Nalidixic acid. The other two isolates of chicken meat (CCa2 and CCa3) were sensitive to Co-trimoxazole, Centriaxone, Nitrofurantoin,Ciprofloxain,Ampicillin andGentamicin but it was resistant to Chloramphenicol, Tetracycline, Ceftazidime and Nalidixicacid.Thepathogenofchickenmeatwasfoundtobecomparatively sensitive than the goat meat pathogens.Haemolymph inhibited the growth of C.jejunieffectivelywhencomparedto antibiotics. It was highly effective no Ampicillin, Gentamicin and Cefteriaxon on effects. Chart. 3. Antibacterial activity of various antibiotics and larval haemolymph of D.trivialis against C.jejuni 4. DISCUSSION The antimicrobial proteins present in insects, may be a good choice to replace bacteria resistant chemical compounds .Since these insects are normally present in all habitats, they are exposed to many invasive andharmful microbesinthenature.Inthe past century, researches concluded that insectimmunesystemisabletocopewithinvadingmicrobes(Seraj etal.,2003;Boman et al., 1993 and Hoffman et al., 1993). So far, about 50 antibacterial molecules are isolated from the insects bystimulatingtheir immune system. (Hultmark, 1993).Insect haemolymph was known to provoke the immune response. Hence several studies have been conducted in this area. By stimulating the immune system of bee’s (Apis spp.) haemolymph (Kitel et al., 2013),sand fly’s (Phlebotomus duboscqi) parasite-immunized haemolymph (Boulanger, et al., 2004), the greater wax moth’s (Galleria mellonella) P.aeruginosa–injected haemolymph (Andrejko et al., 2011) american cockroach’s fungus injected haemolymph (James,2012), the antibacterial activity was studied with the reports on apidaecian, defensin, cecropin, lectin like peptides which had the inhibitory effect on susceptible bacterial pathogens. It has been observed that in various insect species, when bacteria (E.coli) injected into the haemocoel elicit the synthesisofnumberofpeptidesandproteinswhichareactive againstthe pathogenic bacteria and are secreted into the haemolymph (Gillespie et al., 1997). In the present work, some features of humoral immune response of Diplocodes trivialis are reported. The presence of antibacterial activity against both the gram positive and gram negative bacteria in the haemolymph of Dilpocodes trivialis larvae was observed. These data are in agreement with the study made by Nimm et al., (1997) reporting the presence of antibacterial activity in the haemolymph of sand flies Lulzomyia longipalpis after bacterial challenge. Nevertheless in our study we observed the presence of antibacterial activity in laboratory reared dragonfly larvae after experimental immunization with microbes. CONCLUSION The main idea of research is to study the antimicrobial activity against various bacterial isolates from different raw meat samples. From the present study it was concluded that three bacterial isolates. viz., S.typhimurium, E.coli, and C.jejuni were isolated from the raw chicken meat, goat meat, and fish meat. From this research it was found that Diplocodes trivialis has the ability to produce proteins to inhibit the growth of food borne pathogens in meat. Further work has to be done to improve the purification step so that the peptides can act higher than that of conventional antibiotics.
6.
International Research Journal
of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056 Volume: 06 Issue: 12 | Dec 2019 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072 © 2019, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 7.34 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page 2789 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT The authors have acknowledged the research environment and research facilities provided by College for Chikkaiah Naicker College Erode. Tamil Nadu, India. REFERENCES [1]Boman,H.G.,Faye,I,Gudmundsson,G.H.,Lee,J.Y.,andLidholm,D.A.Cell-free immunity in Cecropia. A model system forantibacterial proteins, Eur. J. Biochem., 201, 1991:23- 31. [2] Chadwick, J.S., Aston, W.P., and Gupta, A.P. Immunology of insects and other arthropods.: 1991, 347–370. [3] Dimarcq, J., Hoffmann, D., Meister, M., Bulet, P., Lanot, R., Reichhart, J., and Hoffmann, J. Eur. J. Biochem. 221,1994,201–209. [4] Dimarcq, J.L., Zachary, D., Hoffmann, J.A., Hoffmann, D., and Reichhart, J.M. Insect immunity: Expression of the two major inducible antibacterial peptides, defensin and diptericin, in Phormia terranovae. EMBO J., 9: 1990, 2507-2515 [5] Fehlbaum, P., Bulet, P., Michaut, L., Lagueux, M., Broekaert, W.F., Hetru,C., and Hoffmann, J.A. Insect immunity.Septicinjury of Drosophila induces the synthesis of a potent antifungal peptide with sequence homology to plant antifungal peptides.J.Biol. Chem., 269: 1994, 33159–33163. [6]Hoffmann, J.A., Kafatos, F.C., Janeway,C.A., and Ezekowitz,R.A.B.Phylogeneticperspectivesininnateimmunity,Science., 284: 1999,1313–1318. [7] Hultmark, D., Engstrom, A., Andersson, K., Steiner, H., Bennich,H., and Boman, H.G. Insect immunity. Attacins, a family of antibacterial proteins from Hyalophora cecropia. EMBO J.; 2(4): 1983, 571–6. [8] Kimbrell,D.A. Insect antibacterial proteins: Not just for insects and against bacteria. Bio Eassays., 13: 1991 , 657-663. [9] Klysten,P., Samakovils,C., and Hultmark,D. The cecropin locusinDrosphila:Acompactgeneclusterinvolvedintheresponse to infection .EMBO.J., 9: 1990, 217-225. [10] Lambert,J., Keppi, E., Dimarcq,J.L., Wicker, C., Reichhart, J.M., Dunbar, B., Lepage,P., van Dorsselaer, D.A., Hoffmann, J., Fothergill, J., and Hoffmann, D. Insect immunity: isolation from immune blood of the dipteran Phormiaterranoraeoftwoinsect antibacterial peptides with sequence similarity to rabbit lung macrophage bactericidal peptides, Proc. Natl Acad.Sci. USA., 86: 1989, 262-266. [11] Levashina,E.A., Ohresser, S., Bulet, P., Reichhart,J.-M., Hetru, C., and Hoffmann, J. A. Eur.J.Biochem., 233, 1995 : 694–700. [12] Asling, B., Dushay, M., and Hultmark, D. Insect Biochem. Mol. Biol., 25:1995, 511–518. [13] Casteels, P., Ampe, C., Riviere, L., Van Damme, J., Elicone, C., Fleming,M., Jacobs, F., and Tempst, P. Isolation and characterization of abaecin, a major antibacterial response peptide in the honeybee (Apis mellfera), Eur.J.Biochem.,1990,187. BIOGRAPHIES Dr. G. Dhanalakshmi Assistant Professor, Department of Zoology, Emerald Heights College for Women. Udhagamandalam. Tamil Nadu. India. Dr. A. Reniprhba Assocate Professor, Department of Zoology, Chikkaiah Naicker College Erode. Tamil Nadu, India Photo
Download now