2. WHAT IS AN EMBEDDED SYSTEM?
Block Diagram of an Embedded System.
WHAT’S A MICROCONTROLLER?
INTERRUPTS
ADDRESSING MODES.
INTRODUCTION 8051 ASSEMBLY PROGRAMMING
INTERFACING OF STEPPER MOTOR BY USING 8051
APPLICATI0N OF EMBEDDED SYSTEM
3. “ An embedded system can be defined as those
control systems which are designed either by
microprocessor or microcontroller for a specific tasks.
”
OR
“ An embedded system is some combination of
computer hardware & software, either fixed in
capability or programmable, that is specifically
designed for a particular kind of application device. ”
5. A microcontroller is a computer-on-a-chip,
or, a single-chip computer. Micro suggests
That the device is small, and controller tells
that the device might be used to control
objects, processes, or events. Another term
to describe a microcontroller is embedded
controller, because the microcontroller and
its support circuits are often built into, or
embedded in, the devices they control.
7. • The 8051 is the first microcontroller of the MCS-51
family introduced by Intel Corporation at the end of the
1970‟s.
• The 8051 architecture contains the following:
o 4K Bytes ROM
o 128 Bytes RAM
o two timer/counters (16 bit)
o A serial port
o 32 input/output port
o Interrupt controller
o 16 bit program counter(PC) and data pointer(DPTR)
o 2 external and 3 internal interrupt sources Oscillator and clock circuits
o 8 bit program status word(PSW)
o 8 bit CPU with registers A and B etc.
8. Definition of „Interrupt:-“Event that disrupts the normal
execution of a program and causes the execution of special
instructions”.
types of interrupt
hardware software
(RST0,….RST7) (TRAP,RST7.5,6.5,5.5,INTR)
VECTORED NONVECTORED
9. An "addressing mode" refers to how you are
addressing a given memory location. In
summary, the addressing modes are as
follows. . . .
Immediate Addressing
Register Addressing
Direct Addressing
Indirect Addressing
10. It was time that hardware-oriented to the core made compromise if they wanted to stay “in the
game”. Namely, unlike other circuits which only need to be connected to other components and
powered in order to be of any use, microcontrollers require to be programmed as well. Fortunately,
they still didn't progress so far in their evolution, so that all microcontroller families “understand”
only one language - machine language. That's a good thing. The bad one is that, even primitive, this
language of zeros and ones can only be understood by microcontrollers and some of the experts
working on its development. In order to bridge this gap between machine and humans, the first
high-level programming language called Assembly language was created.
The main problem of remembering codes recognized as instructions by electronics was solved
therefore, but another one, equally complicated to both us and “them”(microcontrollers) arose. This
problem was also easily solved by means of the program for a PC called assembler and a simple
device called programmer.
This program enables the PC to receive commands in the form of abbreviations and convert them
unerringly into so called “executable file”. The moment of compiling a program into machine
language is crucial as this file, called HEX file, represents a series of binary numbers understandable
to microcontrollers only. The program written in assembly language cannot be executed practically
unless this file is loaded into the microcontroller memory. This is the moment when the last link in
the chain - the programmer - appears on the scene. It is a small device connected to a PC via some of
the ports and has a socket for placing chip in.
11. EDITOR MS-DOS,NOTEPAD
A
PROGRAM
Myfile.asm
ASSEMBLER
PROGRAM
Myfile.lst
Other obj file
Myfile.obj
LINKER
PROGRAM
ABSOLUTE FILE
OH
PROGRAM
Myfile.hex
13. A stepper motor is a widely used device that translates electrical pulses
into mechanical movement
The stepper motor is used for position control in applications such as disk
drivers, dot matrix printers, and robotics, etc.
Every stepper motor has a permanent magnet rotor (also called the shaft)
surrounded by a stator .
The most common stepper motors have four stator windings that are
paired with a center-tapped common.
This type of stepper motor is commonly referred to as a four-phase
stepper motor
The center tap allows a change of current direction in each of two coils
when a winding is grounded, thereby resulting in a polarity change of the
stator.
The stepper motor discussed here has a total of 6 leads, 4 leads
representing the four stator windings ,2 commons for the center tapped
leads.
As the sequence of power is applied to each stator winding, the rotor will
rotate.
16. PRODUCT: RIO 800 1.AUTOMATIC CONTROLLING OF
MP3 PLAYER. CARS
3.Product: NASA'sMars SojournerRover. 4.Product: Sony AiboERS-110 Robotic
Dog.