In this release, we present several findings related to the economy. Underpinning the specific findings is the general reality that three-quarters of all Kenyan households (75%) report a total family income of Shs. 25,000 or less, with more than half of these households (44%) earning between nothing and only Shs. 10,000 (a figure which increases to 46% if those who declined/were unable to answer this question are excluded). In addition, as is seen in several of the specific findings show below, such extensive poverty takes a clear regional dimension. For example, the proportion of those in the Shs. 10,000 and below category is 56% at the Coast compared to 56% in Nairobi, more than twice. At the same time, these income-group findings over all three Ipsos surveys since May, 2014 show no statistical change, reflecting both the static nature of income-distribution in Kenya, and the reliability of Ipsos’ survey methodology.

1. © 2012 Ipsos. All rights reserved. Contains Ipsos' Confidential and Proprietary information and
may not be disclosed or reproduced without the prior written consent of Ipsos.
SPEC Barometer
Press Release: General Media
Prepared by: Ipsos
Release date: 25th April 2015

2.  Most serious problem facing Kenya today
 Proportion stating that:
 They or someone in the household ever go to sleep hungry
 Everyone in the household gets enough to eat
 They experienced famine in their locality in the past year
 They expect that there will be famine in the coming year
 Poverty:
 Prevalence of poverty in the locality
 Measures to reduce poverty in the locality
 Fuel Prices
 Awareness of drop in fuel prices
 Impact of drop in fuel prices
 Change in household’s economic position over the last 3 months
 Kenya’s direction:
 Country moving in the right/wrong direction
 Main reasons given for saying that Kenya is headed in the right/wrong direction
2
Contents

3. 3
Methodology

4. Methodology
4
Dates of polling 28th March - 7th April 2015
Sample Size 1,964
Sampling methodology
Random, Multi-stage stratified using PPS
(proportionate to population size)
Universe
Data collection
methodology
Sampling error
Face-to-Face interviews at the household level
Poll funding Ipsos Limited
Kenyan adults, aged 18 and above living
in Urban and Rural areas
+/-2.2% with a 95% confidence level
(Note: Higher error-margins for sub-samples)

5. Statistical Significance: Respondent Numbers and Error-Margins
for: Entire Sample, Before 2nd April , 2nd April and After 2nd April
1,964
1,364
193
4522.20%
2.60%
6.40%
4.60%
0.00%
1.00%
2.00%
3.00%
4.00%
5.00%
6.00%
7.00%
8.00%
9.00%
10.00%
0
500
1,000
1,500
2,000
Total Before 2nd April 2nd April After 2nd April
Sample Size Error-Margin
5

6. Sample Structure Statistics
6
Region
Sample Frame statistics
(April 2015)
*Weighted data
%
Population Census as at 2009
Adults (18 years +)
%
Central 257 13 2,548,038 13
Coast 173 9 1,711,549 9
Eastern 293 15 2,907,293 15
Nairobi 206 10 2,042,770 10
North Eastern 94* 5 929,158 5
Nyanza 257 13 2,547,980 13
Rift Valley 484 25 4,795,482 25
Western 200 10 1,980,090 10
TOTAL 1,964 100 19,462,360 100

7. Quality Control Measures
 For at least 20% of the interviews, a supervisor is present throughout
 Field managers visit at least 15% of the respondents in the sample at their
households to confirm the interviews (i.e. back-checking).
 After the interview data are electronically transmitted to the Ipsos Server: an
independent team then makes random phone calls to 40% of the
respondents to confirm that the interviews were conducted with the said
respondents (i.e., telephonic back-checks).
 Mobile Data Collection Platform captures GPS location (latitudes and
longitudes) of interviews conducted to verify the locations of the
interviewers in the field alongside allowing silent recording.
 Logical data checks are made on selected questionnaire entries to ensure
conformity to the sample’s statistical parameters.
7
Ipsos employs quality control measures to ensure the highest
possible integrity of obtained results/data

8. 8
Respondents’
Demographic Profile:

9. 28%
2%
30%
8%
11%
9%
10%
1%
1%
9%
22%
28%
23%
4%
4%
2%
5%
1%
2%
Catholic
Catholic Charismatic
Mainstream Protestant (ACK,…
SDA
Evangelical
Other Christian
Muslim
Refused To Answer/None
No religion
Public Sector wages/salary
Private sector wages /salary
Gains from self employment/…
Agriculture (own/household farm)
Livestock
Given money by others
Pension from previous employment
Other
Don’t Know
Refused To Answer
Demographic Profile
10%
9%
13%
25%
5%
15%
13%
10%
51%
49%
28%
29%
18%
25%
37%
63%
100%
Nairobi
Coast
Nyanza
Rift Valley
North Eastern
Eastern
Central
Western
Female
Male
18 - 24
25 - 34
35 - 44
45+
Urban
Rural
Kenyans
9
Region
Gender
Age
Setting
Religion
Nationality
Source of Household Income
Base: All Respondents (n=1,964)

10. Demographic Profile
4%
14%
19%
14%
26%
8%
7%
3%
3%
1%
42%
33%
11%
4%
1%
1%
0%
2%
7%
No formal education
Some primary education
Primary education completed
Some secondary education
Secondary education completed
Some middle level college (not…
Completed mid-level college (Not…
Some University education
University education completed
Post Graduate (Masters, MBA, PhD)
Less than 10,000
10,001 – 25,000
25,001 – 40,000
40,001 – 55,000
55,001 – 75,000
75,001 – 100,000
100,001 and above
Has No income
RTA/DK
10
Level of Education
Monthly Household Income (ALL
members of the Household)
Base: All Respondents (n=1,964)

11. Demographic Profile
41%
18%
11%
10%
7%
5%
5%
2%
1%
Self-Employed
Unemployed
Employed in the private sector
Peasant/herder (own farm/pasture)
Casual labour
Employed in the public sector
Student
Retired
Other
11
Employment Status
Base: All Respondents (n=1,964)

12. 12
Additional
Demographic Profiles

13. Estimated Monthly Household Income (By Total)
13
Less than Shs.
10,000, 44%
Shs. 10,000-25,000,
33%
Shs. 25,000-40,000,
11%
Shs. 40,000 and
More, 6%
DK/RTA, 7%
Base: All Respondents (n=1,964)

14. Estimated Monthly Household Income
(By All Those Who Gave Estimates)
14
Less than Shs.
10,000, 46%
Shs. 10,000-
25,000, 36%
Shs. 25,000-
40,000, 12%
Shs. 40,000 and
More, 6%
Estimate (2012) % Kenyans
Living in Poverty = 43%
Source: CIA Fact Book
(Base: n = 1,833, excluding those who
refused or stated that they do not know)

15. Estimated Monthly Household Income = Shs. 10,000 and Below
(By Total, Region)
15
44%
56%
50%
46%
44%
42% 41% 40%
24%
Total Coast Rift Valley Western Eastern Nyanza Central North
Eastern
Nairobi
Base: All Respondents (n=1,964)

16. Estimated Monthly Household Income – Time Series
16
44%
33%
11%
4% 2% 7%
41%
33%
10%
4% 3%
9%
47%
31%
9% 4% 3%
5%
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
0 to 10,000 10,001 –
25,000
25,001 –
40,000
40,001 –
55,000
55,001 and
above
RTA/DK
(n=1,964), April 2015 % (n=2,005), November 2014
% (n=2,021), August 2014

17. Main Source of Household Income (By Total)
17
Public Sector
wages/salary, 9%
Private sector wages
/salary, 22%
Gains from self
employment/
Business
owner/trader, 28%
Agriculture
(own/household
farm), 23%
Livestock, 4%
Given money by
others, 4%
Pension from
previous employment,
2%
Other, 5%
Don’t Know, 1% Refused To Answer,
2%
Base: All Respondents (n=1,964)

18. 18
Economic Issues

19. “What would you say is the most serious problem facing Kenya
today?” Single Response (By Total)
26%
19%
16%
11%
11%
5%
3%
3%
2%
1%
1%
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50%
High cost of living/inflation
Corruption
Unemployment
Insecurity (5%)/Terrorism (6%)
Hunger/Drought
Poverty/Rich-Poor gap
Poor leadership
Crime
Tribalism/Ethnic Tensions
Lack of proper education
None
19
Base: All Respondents, (n=1,964)

20. “Generally, what would you say is the most serious problem facing
Kenya today?” (By Total, Supporters of Main Political Parties/Coalitions)
Problem
Total
(1,964)
Jubilee Supporters
(n=867)
CORD Supporters
(n=623)
%
Difference
High cost of
living/inflation 26% 23% 32% +9%
Unemployment 16% 16% 16% 0%
Insecurity/Terrorism 11% 11% 10% -1%
Hunger/Drought 11% 10% 9% -1%
Corruption 19% 22% 18% -4%
Crime 3% 3% 3% 0%
Poverty/Rich-Poor Gap 5% 5% 6% +1%
Poor Leadership 3% 3% 3% 0%
Tribalism 2% 2% 2% 0%
Poor Infrastructure 0% 1% 0% -1%
None 1% 1% 1% 0%
20

21. “What would you say is the most serious problem facing Kenya
today?” – Trend Analysis (Top 3 mentions, Single Response)
57%
68% 69% 70%
45%
39%
54%
56%
50%
38%
33% 33%
7%
26%
19%
8% 7% 9%
19%
13%
21%
14%
19%
13%
15% 16%
5%
16%
2% 1% 2%
3%
4%
12%
7%
10% 8%
20%
13%
18%
67%
14%
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
High cost of living Unemployment Crime/Insecurity/Terrorism
21
Apr-11 Jun-11 Oct-11 Dec-11 Mar-12 Nov-12 Jun-13 Nov-13 Jan-14 Apr-14 Sep-14 Nov-14 Dec-14 Mar-15
*12.05% *14.49% *18.91% *18.93% *15.61% *3.25% *4.91% *7.36% 7.21%* 6.41% 8.36% 6.09% 6.02% 6.31%
*Inflation:
Source -
KNBS

22. “What would you say is the most serious problem facing Kenya
today?” – Trend Analysis for Corruption, Single Mention
6%
10%
3%
7%
13%
14%
4%
7% 8%
10% 8% 8%
6%
19%
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
Corruption
22
Jubilee GovernmentGrand Coalition Government

23. “Does anyone in your household ever go to sleep hungry?” /
“Does everyone in your household always get enough to eat?”
By Total, Region
23Base: All Respondents (n=1,964)
38%
61%
50% 49%
43%
35%
33% 32%
16%
43%
45%
52%
41%
39%
43% 44%
49%
33%
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
Total
(n=1,964)
Coast
(n=173)
Nyanza
(n=257)
North
Eastern
(n=94)
Eastern
(n=293)
Western
(n=200)
Rift Valley
(484)
Nairobi
(n=206)
Central
(n=257)
1st Question: "YES" 2nd Question: "NO"

24. Any Past Experience/Expectations of Local Famine: by Total, Region
24Base: All Respondents (n=1,964)
58%
78%
74%
67%
64%
62%
49% 48%
36%
48%
54%
67%
55%
49%
41%
48%
44%
26%
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
Total
(n=1,964)
Eastern
(n=293)
Nyanza
(n=257)
Coast
(n=173)
North
Eastern
(n=94)
Western
(n=200)
Rift Valley
(n=494)
Nairobi
(n=206)
Central
(n=257)
In The Last One Year In The Next 12 Months
% Saying “YES”

25. “Is there any poverty in your locality?”: by Total, Region
25Base: All Respondents (n=1,964)
78%
91%
89%
87%
84%
76% 76%
60%
56%
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
Total
(n=1,964)
Nyanza
(n=257)
Coast
(n=173)
Western
(n=200)
Eastern
(n=293)
Nairobi
(n=206)
Rift Valley
(n=484)
North
Eastern
(n=94)
Central
(n=257)
% Saying “YES”

26. “What are main things that could be done to reduce poverty in your
locality?” by Total
52%
36%
27%
20%
12%
7%
6%
4%
4%
3%
1%
0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%
Employment opportunities
Agriculture/livestock
Infrastructure (roads, water, electricity)
Education
Governance (anti-corruption, policies, good
leadership, constitutional implementation etc.)
Security
Human health
Reduce the cost of living
Donation by Government/NGO to the needy
Family planning
Youth/women empowerment
26
Base: Those stating that there is poverty
in their locality (n=1,533)

27. Poverty and Famine
78%
58%
48%
43%
38%
0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%
% saying that there is poverty in their
area/locality
% saying that people in their locality
have suffered from famine in the past
one year (58%)
% saying that they think there will be
famine in their locality within the next
12 months
% saying that they or everyone in their
family don't get enough food to eat
every day
% saying they or someone in their
household ever goes to sleep at night
hungry (for the lack of food)
27Base: All Respondents (n=1,964)

28. Awareness of Change in the Prices of Kerosene, Petrol and Diesel
28
YES, 80%
NO, 18%
RTA,
1%
DK, 2%
Base: All Respondents (n=1,964)
Reduction
61%
Reduction
and then
slight
increase
37%
Same/Other
response
3%
Base: Those saying that they are aware of
changes in the price of kerosene, petrol or
diesel (n=1,569)
“In the last few months, are you aware of any
changes in the price of Kerosene
Petrol/Diesel?”
“In the last few months, are you aware of any
changes in the price of Kerosene
Petrol/Diesel?”

29. 29
YES, 51%
NO, 48%
DK, 2%
Base: Those saying that the drop in the price
of kerosene, petrol or diesel has changed their
life in any way (n=782)
Reported Impact of Change in the Prices of Kerosene, Petrol and
Diesel
“Has this reduction in the price of
kerosene/petrol changed your life in any
way?”
“In what way(s)?”
Base: Those saying that they are aware of
changes in the price of kerosene, petrol or
diesel (n=1,569)
65%
49%
0% 20%40%60%80%100%
Saving more
Able to spend more
on other things

30. Change in Household Condition Over the Last 3 Months:
by Total, Supporters of the Main Political Parties/Coalitions
30Base: All Respondents (n=1,964)
22%
15%
27%
48%
57%
44%
29%
27%
29%
1% 1% 1%
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
Total (n=1,964) CORD Supporters (n=623) Jubilee Supporters (n=867)
Improved Worsened Stayed the same Not sure

31. “During the last three months, have the general economic
conditions for you and your family…?” – Trend Analysis
31
16%
20%
17% 19% 21%
26% 22%
49%
60%
56%
59%
52%
41%
48%
34%
19%
26%
21%
26% 31% 29%
1% 1% 1% 1% 1% 2% 1%
June 2013 Nov. 2013 Feb. 2014 May 2014 Sept. 2014 Nov. 2014 Apr. 2015
Improved Worsened Stayed the same Not Sure/NR

32. “In your opinion, are things in Kenya generally going in the right or
the wrong direction?” (By Total, Political Party/Coalition Alignment)
32
29%
52%
12%
7%
13%
74%
8%
5%
41%
35%
14%
9%
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
Right Direction Wrong Direction Neither Right Nor
Wrong Direction
Not Sure
Total (n=1,964) CORD Supporters (n=622) Jubilee Supporters (n=867)

33. “On the whole, thinking about Kenya today, are things generally
going in the right or wrong direction?” – Trend Analysis
33
29% 30%
26%
29%
32%
29%
64% 62% 60% 58%
52% 52%
7% 7%
13% 14% 16% 19%
Nov. 2013 Feb. 2014 May 2014 Sept. 2014 Nov. 2014 Apr. 2015
Right Direction Wrong Direction Neither Right Nor Wrong/Not Sure

34. Reasons for saying the Country is headed in the right or wrong
direction
34
41%
18%
11%
8%
6%
5%
2%
2%
2%
1%
1%
3%
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50%
Improved economy (cost of living,
employment opportunities etc.)
Infrastructure
Good leadership
Fighting corruption
Improving education services
Tackling insecurity/crime/terrorism
Hunger/drought interventions
Health services
Implementing the Constitution
Good relations with development
partners
Reduced ethnic tensions
No specific reason
61%
19%
8%
8%
2%
1%
1%
1%
0% 20% 40% 60% 80%100%
Economic issues (High
cost of living,
unemployment etc.)
Increase in corruption
cases
Insecurity/Crime/Terroris
m failures
Poor leadership
Poor/Lack of interventions
on hunger/drought
Infrastructure
Tribalism/Ethnic tensions
Violation of human Rights
Base: Those saying that the country is headed in right
direction (n=565)
Base: Those saying that the country is headed in
wrong direction (n=990)
Wrong DirectionRight Direction

35. For further information contact:
Dr Tom Wolf
Research Analyst
tpwolf1944@gmail.com
Victor Rateng
Project Manager - Opinion Polls
victor.rateng@ipsos.com
Website: www.ipsos.co.ke
Follow us on twitter: @IpsosKe
35