The relative position of Brazil in regards to a possible SDG on Social Protection By Pedro Lara de Arruda www.ipc-undp.org pedro.arruda@ipc-undp.org

1. Delhi, 28/04/2014
The relative position of
Brazil in regards to a
possible SDG on Social
Protection
By Pedro Lara de
Arruda
 www.ipc-undp.org
 pedro.arruda@ipc-
undp.org

2. BRAZIL’S RELATIVE SITUATION
REGARDING ILO’S CONVENTION N.102
• 9 GUARANTEES RELATED TO SOCIAL SECURITY AND
HEALTHCARE
1. Medical care;
2. Sickness benefit;
3. Unemployment benefit;
4. Old age benefit;
5. Employment injury benefit;
6. Family benefit;
7. Maternity benefit;
8. Invalidity benefit;
9. Survivor’s benefit.

3. SOCIAL SECURITY IN BRAZIL: nearly 90% coverage between
contributive (50% of the retired elderly) and non-contributive
(36.3% of the retired elderly) systems.
• Contributive and semi-contributive (INSS –
MPAS; RMV)
• IINSS: 55 million taxpayers and has over 30
million benefits currently being paid
1. Insured Employee with working-contract
(urban or rural) ;
2. Insured Worker without working-contract
(urban or rural affiliation through means of
unions and/or government institutions);
3. Domestic Worker;
4. Individual Contributor (since 1999 this
category started including
entrepreneurs, self-employed and / or
persons who eventually engage in any gainful
activity);
5. Insured Optional
6. Special Insured (smallholding
farmers, traditional communities, indigenous
peoples and Maroons), as well as their
dependents.
• Special insured persons account for 1/3 of
• RMV: Being substituted by BPC since 1996
• Non-contributive (BPC)
• 3.6 million insured persons, being 1.9 million
people with disabilities and 1.7 million
elderly;
• Private Funds: Regulated by PREVIC (firms
and syndicates) and SUSEP (open market
insurances)

4. HEALTHCARE IN BRAZIL: Virtually provided by the Unified
Health System (SUS) and complemented by special policies +
private market (25% of the population)
• Policies of the 1990’s:
• Regulation and quality control of
private health insurance;
• Legalization and promotion of
generic drugs;
• Creation of family medicine
programs like the PSF (Programme
for Family Health).
• Policies of the 2000’s:
• Implementation and expansion of
coverage of popular pharmacies
(people’s pharmacies)
• Programme for the Enhancement of
the Primary Care Professional
(PROVAB)
– In 2013 it sought to attract
13,000 professionals for more
deprived areas. Only 45% of the
2,868 municipalities came to get
at least one physician
• Programa Mais Médicos (More
Physicians Programme)
– Until April 2014 the initial target
of 13,200 new doctors had
already been met, benefiting of
over 4000 municipalities, 32
indigenous districts and a total
of 45.6 million persons

5. BRAZIL’S RELATIVE SITUATION REGARDING
THE SPF-I
Health Services Water and
Sanitation
Housing
Education Food Other Social Services as defined
by national priorities (including
life and asset saving)
Children SUS
PBF
MM
PROVAB
PSF
FARMÁCIA
POPULAR
MCMV
CISTERNAS
Social Tariff for
Electricity
Light to All
Popular
Telephone
PBF – Brasil
Carinhoso
PNAE
PETI
PBF
PAA
PNAE
PBF – Brasil Carinhoso
Active-
age
group
PBF –
Variável
Jovem
PBF
PAA
Bolsa Verde
PRONATEC
PROJOVEM
PPI
Pronaf Jovem
ProUni
PSC
Prog. Integração Vocacional
Ens. Médio
PBF – Variável Jovem + BSM
Older
Persons
+ Carteira do
Idoso
PBF
PAA
Bolsa Verde
BPC
INSS – Special Insured
RMV
PBF

6. The Bolsa Família Programme (PBF)
• Description: CCT Programme
• Stakeholders: MDS; Municipalities;
Caixa Econômica Federal.
• Budget: R$23.5billion at the end of
2013 (0,46% of Brazil’s GDP).
• Coverage: 13,8 million families
(around 55 million persons / 27,5%
of the total population)
• Adm. Costs: 12,6% of its budget
(2006)
• Most Recent Modifications:
– Brasil Sem Miséria (BSM): basis
benefit (R$70.00) for persons
with income of up to R$70.00
p/m.
– Brasil Carinhoso (BC): variable
benefit (R$32.00) for up to 5
children
– Youth Variable (BVJ): variable
benefit (R$38.00) for up to 2
teenagers
• Periodical Monitoring through the Matrix
of Social Indicators (MIS)
• Last Impact Evaluation Study from 2009
• 10 year anniversary collection of articles
(2013)
– Effects on income security, poverty
and inequality reduction:
• 12% to 21% of the recent
reduction of Brazil’s Gini is due
to the PBF;
• 22 million lifted up from
extreme poverty
• 72,4% of the beneficiaries of PBF
were living in extreme poverty
prior to their enrollment, while
other 20,5% were living in
poverty and 7,1% were living
with low-income
– Most progressive Brazilian social
programme
– R$1.00 invested on PBF generates
R$1,73 for the GDP

7. The Single Registry (“CadÚnico”)
• A database with socio-economic
information of individuals and families
living in poverty and vulnerability, which
is the main tool for the design and
implementation of public policies for
that population at all levels
• The PBF was fundamental for its
consolidation, but its role goes beyond:
– Bolsa Verde;
– Minha Casa Minha Vida;
– Social Tariff for Electricity;
– Popular telephone;
– Programme for the Eradication of
Child Labor (PETI);
– Senior Citizen Card;
– Water for All Programme;
– PROJOVEM;
– Special pension benefit for
"housewives";
– Emergency Assistance for drought.
– Certain Municipal Programmes
• Institutional history:
• “Cleansing” of the database to expand
in 2005
• Specific identification tool for
indigenous communities, maroons and
homeless (2008)
• Launching of version 7.0: real-time
online updating of info + connectivity
among municipalities (2009)

8. Health-related Social Programmes:
mostly the PBF through its conditionalites
• Frequency of medical visits for
kids, pregnant and lactating
women (pre and post natal follow
ups);
• Follow up of the nutritional status
of children and the compliance
with the vaccination schedule for
children.
• 99.2% of children met the
vaccination schedule, and 80% of
them had their nutritional status
assessed (2009)
• 8.6 million beneficiary families
receive monitoring in health (3.2
million still uncovered through)
• 5.1 million kids, 13.8 million
women and nearly 165,000
pregnant women
• Pregnant women covered by the
PBF receive in average 1,6 extra
days of pre-natal care
• Wenting up from 81% in 2005 to
95% in 2009.
• Weight at birth is higher for
beneficiaries of the PBF (3.26 kb
> 2.22kg)
• Less underweight rates among
beneficiaries of the PBF (5.5% <
6.3%)
• More newborns of beneficiaries
receive exclusively milk for the
first 6 months (61% > 51%)
• From 17% to 12% reduction on
U5MR

9. Water, Sanitation and Housing-related Social
Programmes
• Minha Casa Minha Vida (MCMV):
part of the PAC-2
• Description: Distribution of 2
million housing units between 2010
and 2014:
• 60% to families with a monthly
income of no more than
R$1,395.00
• 40% to families with monthly
income of up to R$5,000.00.
• Stakeholders: Ministry of Cities +
municipalities + private sector
• Budget: For the period 2010-2014
the programme have a budget of
R$ 71.7 billion
• Promotes the improvement of the
instruments of control of both rural
and urban properties
• Social Tariff of Electricity: Fee
Waiver for BPC beneficiaries and
persons with income smaller than
50% the Minimum Wage
• Light to All Program (Programa
Luz Para Todos – LPT): expansion
and universalization of the
electric grid
• Carteira do Idoso Programme
(Elderly Ticket): Allows for total
(100%) or parcial (50%) public
transportation fee waiver on
behalf of elderly.
• Cisterns:
– P1MC
– P1+2
– Agua Doce Programme

10. Education-related Social Programmes
• Programme for Eradication of the
Infant Labour (PETI): creates
awareness about existing
programmes and social benefits (like
the PBF) that poor families can
receive if their kids go to school
instead of working
• National School Feeding Programme
(PNAE): provides hot meal to all
students of public schools (except for
university students)
– At least 30% of the food purchased
from smalholding farms
– Budget of R$3.5 billion, to benefit 43
million basic education students and
young adults (2014).
• PBF Conditionalities on education:
– Minimum 85% / 75% attendance to
classes (adolescents aged 6 to 15 years
old / youth aged 16 to 17 years old)
– Parents participation in school
meetings
– Good performance of the pupils.
Propensity Score Matching analysis
findings
• School progression: 6 p.p. of
advantage
• Conclusion and approval rates:
catches up on gap at the early levels
and inverts it by time of secondary
education
– The catch up is faster in the
Northeastern Region (poorest of
Brazil).
• Dropout rates: always smaller for
beneficiaries of the PBF (1,5%-4,4%
< 1,8%-4,8%)

11. Food Security related Social Programmes:
the Food Acquisition Programme (PAA);
and the National School Feeding
Programme (PNAE)
• The National School Feeding Programme (PNAE)
• The Food Acquisition Programme (PAA) provides
farmers with the appropriate channels to sell their
agricultural yields to public institutions at the local level
for minimum guaranteed prices
– 3 million tons of food have been purchased from more than
200,000 different family farmers
– The total budget of the programme has increased from R$143
million in 2003 to over R$ 1.4 billion in 2013

12. Other Social Services. Mostly programmes of
guaranteed minimum income; either through cash
transfers or through the promotion of jobs
• BPC
• INSS Special Insured
• PBF
• Bolsa Verde: Grants R$300.00 for
poor rural families living
sustainably in areas of
environmental preservation.
• PRONATEC: Training Grants; Superior
Education Loans; Subsidy of Private
Vocational Courses; Fee Waiver of the
S System; etc.
– Goal: To promote investment of at
least R$24 billion before the end
of 2014, to create 5.6 million
vacancies for short training
courses aimed at professionals
and 2.4 million vacancies for
technical training courses for high
school students
• Projovem
(urban, rural, worker, adolescent): set
to promote reintegration into school
and the provision of vocational
training
– More than 1 million beneficiaries
from 2008 to 2009.

13. • Programme for Productive Inclusion, Citizen Empowerment and
Training for Income Generation for Rural Youth (PPI): Set to promote
access to assets for agrarian and non-agrarian activities
• Young Pronaf (Pronaf Jovem): it enables credit with a three-year grace
period, repayment periods of up to ten years, and interest rates of 1%
per year for farmers aged 16 to 29 years with the conditionality that
they enroll in certain training courses offered by the government
– 24,717 participants in 2010.
• ProUni Programme: it provides full and partial scholarships to sponsor
private higher education (university level) for low-income students and
teachers of public schools who do not have college degrees.
– 704,600 scholarships from 2005 to 2010
• Citizen Soldier Project (Projeto Soldado Cidadão - PSC): Provides
vocational trained for conscripted youth
• Programme for Integration of Vocational Training with High School
Education: promotes vocational education in regular schools
• Youth Variable of the PBF
Other Social Services. Mostly programmes of
guaranteed minimum income; either through cash
transfers or through the promotion of jobs

14. Concluding remarks
Overall observations
• Programmes are overall very progressive, relatively cheap and sustainable
• Brazil has interesting initiatives to profit from what is left of its
demographic bonus -which is single in history and is being underutilized
due to the 2008 crisis
• Brazilian model of central-municipality relationship is very functional for
both: incentives paid to the municipality; and political gains of municipal
authorities
• The Single Registry as a model to be scaled up?
– The Central-Municipality relationship + the Single Registry allow for very
disaggregated studies, ex: Municipal Atlas; Municipal HDI; Municipal follow up of
the MDGs
• There is a lack of micro-credit and workforce initiatives

15. Recommendations
• Research must be more disaggregated to include some not yet contemplated
vulnerable groups identified by the SPF (persons with HIV and Immigrants) and
others identified by the Brazilian government itself (land reform settled
persons; tribes; maroons, traditional communities)
– The Brazilian specific vulnerable groups should be made global vulnerable
groups since they exist throughout the Global South
• Government must run nationwide Impact Evaluation Studies at least on: PBF
(again); MCMV; PRONATEC
– Importance of monitoring the Mais Médicos Programme
• Necessity to include a bigger supply-side approach on social-infrastructure
progress
– Risk of endorsing vicious cycle (speculation, etc) while intending to promote
mitigation of the habitational deficit
– By other side, however, this programme alone can be a one off measure to
break intergenerational poverty transmission (houses worth in average U$
30,000.00)
Concluding remarks

16. THANK YOU!
Please forward any emails and coments to
pedro.arruda@ipc-undp.org
www.ipc-undp.org