SlideShare uma empresa Scribd logo
1 de 6
Baixar para ler offline
Research Inventy: International Journal of Engineering And Science
Vol.4, Issue 7 (July 2014), PP 06-11
Issn (e): 2278-4721, Issn (p):2319-6483, www.researchinventy.com
6
Phonetic Transcription- A Framework for Phonetic
Representation of Sound Structures
Dr. M Hanumanthappa1
, Rashmi S2
, Jyothi N M3
1
Associate Professor, Department of Computer Science and Applications,
Bangalore University, Bangalore-56.
2
Research Scholar, Department of Computer Science and Applications,
Bangalore University, Bangalore-56.
3
Assistant Professor, Department of MCA, Bapuji Institute of Engineering and Technology, Davangere.
ABSTRACT: Implementing phonetics to Natural language is a Herculean task. The first step for the phonetic
implementation is to generate a phonetic dictionary. Phonetic dictionary is very important as it plays a vital
role in identifying the essential components of the gigantic vocabulary in the speech recognition system of
natural language. Language like English needs phonetic transcriptions because the English spelling does not
tell us how to pronounce it. Pronunciation is very important for communication as it vitalizes rapid transition to
practical concern. There is lot of ongoing research in multilingual speech recognition. Phonetic dictionary is
utmost important for any speech recognition system and hence the key goal of the paper is to build a phonetic
dictionary for English language. The paper aims at building dictionary for identifying the phonetic
transcriptions of International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) and American English alphabets phonetically. The
paper also gives a detailed explanation about the rules of the phonemes.
KEYWORDS: Natural Language Processing (NLP), Phonetics, Acoustic phonetics, Phonemes,
Phonetic transcriptions, WordNet.
I. INTRODUCTION
According to the WordNet the phonetics is defined as a branch of NLP which is concerned with the
speech production and perception and a detailed analysis of acoustics. Acoustic phonetics is a branch of
phonetics which deals with the study of sounds that is made by the vocal organs of the human in order to
produce the sound. The acoustic knowledge is very important to locate the underlying phonetic representation.
Acoustics discusses how the sound travels from speakers’ mouth to listeners’ ears. The challenges of identifying
the language and storing the corresponding sound for phonetic transcription are tedious and tiresome. The
International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) and the acoustic modeling of various phonemes have shown rationally
good improvement for the implementation and understanding of the sound structure. Various approaches such as
Statistical Machine Translation (SMT), language identification system (LID) merges gap between the encoding
and the decoding process by using multi stream approach [1].
Phonemes are the basic building block for the language which is combined with the other phoneme to
build a meaningful unit such as words and morphemes. Phonemes are the individual or group of sound units.
The phonetic codes include syllable code, syllable time and syllable rhythm. The phonemes form the bedrock
for initial and final code form to represent the phonetic structure with sensibility and sub-information of
linguistics in syllable code [2].
Phonetic transcriptions tell us how the word has to be pronounced. These phonetic transcriptions are
written in IPA where each and every English alphabet has its own symbol. For example the IPA based phonetic
transcription for the words such as no is noʊ, and the transcription of do is duː. Though both of these words end
with the same letter they have different sound and the phonetic transcriptions are different. The transcription for
the word alphabet is . Phonetic transcriptions are helpful because there are no convincing
empirical results which help us to sort the pronunciation training [5]. The below table mention some of the
examples for phonetic transcriptions.
main stress
/ˌek.spekˈteɪ.ʃə
n/ expectation
secondary stress /ˌriːˈtell/ retell
syllable division /ˈsɪs.təm/ system
Table-1 phonetic transcriptions
Phonetic Transcription- A Framework for Phonetic Representation of Sound Structures
7
II. LITERATURE SURVEY
It is said that there are around 4000 languages spoken today across the world and most of these
languages have limited linguistic knowledge and speech data/resources are available. Author Akbacak, M et al
have proposed series of speech retrieval algorithms in order to leverage the already existing algorithms. The
algorithms employ confusion-embedded hybrid pronunciation networks, and lattice-based phonetic search
within a proper name retrieval task. Latin-American Spanish are used as the target language. After searching for
queries consisting of Spanish proper names in Spanish Broadcast News data, we demonstrate that retrieval
performance degradations (due to data sparseness during automatic speech recognition (ASR) deployment in the
target language) are compensated by employing English acoustic models [9]. Speech recognition system for
various languages have been studied and developed. Arabic speech recognition system is developed at
Cambridge University by Gales M J F et al [6]. Author has shown a simple scheme for automatically generating
associations among diverse pronunciations for use in training and reducing the phonetic out-of-vocabulary rate.
Author Palanisamy K et al, has developed Tamil pronunciation dictionary by incorporating the visual actions of
the organs for improving communication skills [7]. Phonetic transcriptions by using Speech Assessment Method
Phonetic Alphabet (SAMPA) for Romanian language has been proposed by Domokos, J et al. Development of
phonetic dictionary and also the system architecture is explained in the paper [8].
In the next section various methodologies for building the phonetic dictionary and the associated rules
are discussed.
III. METHODOLOGIES
Today almost all the English dictionaries have audio recordings. So even with this, the need of
phonetic transcriptions is prominent because of the following reasons [3]
 To have a good communication in English first we have learn the pronunciations and English language
is polysemy in nature. So learning the pronunciations through sound is apt in these kinds of situations.
 When we are listening to the pronunciations we might not be sure whether we heard
ʊ or ə, ɒ or ʌ, s or z, etc., this is due to the lack of experience and the quality of the particular sound is poor.
Hence reading phonetic transcriptions will make the phonemes clear as we will see the sound symbols of all the
alphabets in a word
 Dictionaries often show multiple transcriptions but have the same pronunciations so the better way to
find the reasons for this ambiguity would be to study the information about the particular transcriptions.
 The computer which we are using might not have the speakers and hence the audio recording of the
particular sound cannot be heard. Sometimes even if the speakers are available we do not want to disturb the
public with the sound. In these situations transcriptions will greatly help.
Word Stress: A word is combination of syllables. In every word, one or more letters are pronounced
strongly. This is called word stress. The dictionary which is shown in this paper also contains the word stress.
Pronunciation for English language is broadly classified into American and British transcriptions. In American
English, the sound of r is always stressed where as in British English r is not stressed. Example: arm/ father are
pronounced differently in both of the accent.
IPA: International Phonetic Alphabet is the abbreviation for IPA. It defines the standard phonetic
symbol for every alphabet in English language. The IPA symbols are usually written in the Latin symbols. IPA
defines the standard sound representation for oral language. IPA is considered as the standard for linguistics.
However there is also the American phonetic alphabet because of the difficulties faced with IPA such as, it is
tough to type the IPA symbols with the normal keyboard. IPA also increases the error rate by withholding the
awkwardness reading the transcriptions which are hand written.
IV. BUILDING PHONETIC DICTIONARY
Phonetic dictionary is not as simple as it looks because applying sounding mechanisms to make
computer auto detect the word and give the pronunciation is difficult. There are various rules that need to be
followed while building the phonetic transcriptions. The rules are [3]
[1]. Almost all dictionaries use the e symbol for the vowel in bed. The problem with this convention is
that e in the IPA does not stand for the vowel in bed; it stands for a different vowel that is heard, for
example, in the German word Seele. The ―proper‖ symbol for the bed vowel is ɚ (do not confuse with ɛ:).
The same goes for eə vs. ɚə.
Phonetic Transcription- A Framework for Phonetic Representation of Sound Structures
8
[2]. In əʳ and ɛ:ʳ, the ʳ is not pronounced in BrE, unless the sound comes before a vowel (as in
answering, answer it). In AmE, the ʳ is always pronounced, and the sounds are sometimes written
as ə and ɜ.
[3]. In AmE, ɑ: and ɒ are one vowel, so calm and cot have the same vowel. In American transcriptions, hot is
written as hɑ:t.
[4]. About 40% of Americans pronounce ɔ: the same way as ɑ:, so that caught and cot have the same vowel.
See cot-caught merger.
[5]. In American transcriptions, ɔ: is often written as ɒ: (e.g. law = lɒ:), unless it is followed by r, in which
case it remains an ɔ:.
[6]. In British transcriptions, oʊ is usually represented as əʊ. For some BrE speakers, oʊ is more appropriate
(they use a rounded vowel) — for others, the proper symbol is əʊ. For American speakers, oʊ is usually
more accurate.
[7]. In eəʳ ɪəʳ ʊəʳ, the r is not pronounced in BrE, unless the sound comes before a vowel (as in dearest, dear
Ann). In AmE, the r is always pronounced, and the sounds are often written as er ɪr ʊr.
[8]. All dictionaries use the r symbol for the first sound in red. The problem with this convention is that r in
the IPA does not stand for the British or American r; it stands for the ―hard‖ r that is heard, for example,
in the Spanish word rey or Italian vero. The ―proper‖ symbol for the red consonant is ɹ.
[9]. In American English, t is often pronounced as a flap t, which sounds like d or (more accurately) like the
quick, hard r heard e.g. in the Spanish word pero. For example: letter. Some dictionaries use
the t ̬ symbol for the flap t.
Table II describes the English alphabets and the corresponding IPA and American phonetic alphabets. Word
stress is also highlighted.
Table II IPA and phonetic Transcriptions
English Alphabet a b c d e f g h i J k l M n o
IPA/American Phonetic Alphabet ə bi si di I ɚf ǰi/dʒi etʃ/eč aj/ay dʒe/ǰe ke ɚl ɚm ɚn o
Stress Marked across the Alphabets é bí sí dí í ɚ́f ǰí/dʒí étʃ/éč áj/áy dʒé/ǰé ké ɚ́l ɚ́m ɚ́n ó
English Alphabet p Q r s t u v W x Y z
IPA/American Phonetic Alphabet pi kyu/kju ɑr ɚs ti ju/yu vi dəbəlju/dəbəlyu ɚks waj/way zi
Stress Marked across the Alphabets pí kyú/kjú ár ɚ́s tí jú/yú ví də́bəlju/də́bəlyu ɚ́ks wáj/wáy zí
Table III shows the IPA phonetic symbols and its phonetic description. The short cut key defines the letters that
we have to type in order to get the appropriate phonetic symbol.
Alphabet
s
Phoneti
c
symbol
Phonetic
description
for the
symbol Short cut key
Alphabet
s
Phoneti
c
symbol
Phonetic
description
for the
symbol Short cut key
A
ɑ
open back
unrounded
vowel (Ctrl+A) M ɱ
labiodental
nasal (Ctrl+M)
æ
near-open
front
unrounded
vowel (Ctrl+AA)
N
ŋ velar nasal (Ctrl+N)
ɐ
near-open
central vowel (Ctrl+AAA) ɲ palatal nasal (Ctrl+NN)
ɑ̃
nasalized open
back
unrounded
vowel (Ctrl+AAAA) ɴ uvular nasal (Ctrl+NNN)
B
β
voiced bilabial
fricative (Ctrl+B) ɳ
retroflex
nasal (Ctrl+NNNN)
ɓ
voiced bilabial
implosive (Ctrl+BB)
O
ɔ
open-mid
back rounded
vowel (Ctrl+O)
ʙ bilabial trill (Ctrl+BBB) œ
open-mid
front rounded
vowel (Ctrl+OO)
Phonetic Transcription- A Framework for Phonetic Representation of Sound Structures
9
C
ɕ
voiceless
alveo-palatal
fricative (Ctrl+C) ø
close-mid
front rounded
vowel (Ctrl+OOO)
ç
voiceless
palatal
fricative (Ctrl+CC) ɒ
open back
rounded
vowel (Ctrl+OOOO)
D
ð
voiced dental
fricative (Ctrl+D) ɔ̃
nasalized
open-mid
back rounded
vowel (Ctrl+OOOOO)
d͡ ʒ
voiced
postalveolar
affricate (Ctrl+DD) ɶ
open front
rounded
vowel
(Ctrl+OOOOOO
)
ɖ
voiced
retroflex
plosive (Ctrl+DDD) P ɸ
voiceless
bilabial
fricative (Ctrl+P)
ɗ
voiced
alveolar
implosive (Ctrl+DDDD)
R
ɾ alveolar tap (Ctrl+R)
E
ə
mid-central
vowel (Ctrl+E) ʁ
voiced uvular
fricative (Ctrl+RR)
ə
rhotacized
mid-central
vowel (Ctrl+EE) ɹ
alveolar
approximant (Ctrl+RRR)
ɵ
close-mid
central
rounded
vowel (Ctrl+EEE) ɻ
retroflex
approximant (Ctrl+RRRR)
ɘ
close-mid
central
unrounded
vowel (Ctrl+EEEE) ʀ uvular trill (Ctrl+RRRRR)
F
ɚ
open-mid
front
unrounded
vowel (Ctrl+3) ɽ retroflex flap (Ctrl+RRRRRR)
ɛ
open-mid
central
unrounded
vowel (Ctrl+33) ɺ
alveolar
lateral flap
(Ctrl+RRRRRR
R)
ɜ
rhotacized
open-mid
central
unrounded
vowel (Ctrl+333)
S
ʃ
voiceless
postalveolar
fricative (Ctrl+S)
ɚ̃
nasalized
open-mid
front
unrounded
vowel (Ctrl+3333) ʂ
voiceless
retroflex
fricative (Ctrl+SS)
ɝ
open-mid
central
rounded
vowel (Ctrl+33333)
T
Θ
voiceless
dental
fricative (Ctrl+T)
G
ɟ
voiced velar
implosive (Ctrl+G) t͡ ʃ
voiceless
postalveolar
affricate (Ctrl+TT)
ɢ
voiced uvular
plosive (Ctrl+GG) t͡ s
voiceless
alveolar
affricate (Ctrl+TTT)
ʛ
voiced uvular
implosive (Ctrl+GGG) ʈ
voiceless
retroflex
plosive (Ctrl+TTTT)
Phonetic Transcription- A Framework for Phonetic Representation of Sound Structures
10
H
ɥ
labial-palatal
approximant (Ctrl+H)
U
ʊ
near-close
near-back
rounded
vowel (Ctrl+U)
ɦ
voiced glottal
fricative (Ctrl+HH) ʊ̈
near-close
central
rounded
vowel (Ctrl+UU)
ħ
voiceless
pharyngeal
fricative (Ctrl+HHH) ʉ
close central
rounded
vowel (Ctrl+UUU)
ɧ Sje-sound (Ctrl+HHHH)
V
ʌ
open-mid
back
unrounded
vowel (Ctrl+V)
ʜ
voiceless
epiglottal
fricative
(Ctrl+HHHH
H) ʋ
labiodental
approximant (Ctrl+VV)
I
ɪ
near-close
near-front
unrounded
vowel (Ctrl+I) ⱱ
labiodental
flap (Ctrl+VVV)
ɪ̈
near-close
central
unrounded
vowel (Ctrl+II)
W
ʍ
voiceless
labio-velar
approximant (Ctrl+W)
ɨ
close central
unrounded
vowel (Ctrl+III) ɯ
close back
unrounded
vowel (Ctrl+WW)
J
ʝ
voiced palatal
fricative (Ctrl+J) ɰ
velar
approximant (Ctrl+WWW)
ɞ
voiced palatal
plosive (Ctrl+JJ) X χ
voiceless
uvular
fricative (Ctrl+X)
ʄ
voiced palatal
implosive (Ctrl+JJJ)
Y
ʎ
palatal lateral
approximant (Ctrl+Y)
L
ɫ
velarized
alveolar
lateral
approximant (Ctrl+L) ɣ
voiced velar
fricative (Ctrl+YY)
ɬ
voiceless
alveolar
lateral
fricative (Ctrl+LL) ʏ
near-close
near-front
rounded
vowel (Ctrl+YYY)
ʟ
velar lateral
approximant (Ctrl+LLL) ɤ
close-mid
back
unrounded
vowel (Ctrl+YYYY)
ɭ
retroflex
lateral
approximant (Ctrl+LLLL)
Z
ʒ
voiced
postalveolar
fricative (Ctrl+Z)
ɮ
voiced
alveolar
lateral
fricative (Ctrl+LLLLL) ʐ
voiced
retroflex
fricative (Ctrl+ZZ)
ʑ
voiced
alveolo-
palatal
fricative (Ctrl+ZZZ)
Table III Phonemes
Phonetic Transcription- A Framework for Phonetic Representation of Sound Structures
11
V. CONCLUSION
Pronunciation is very important in today’s communication and currently there has been a shift from
linguistic competencies to a broader level of communicative compliances. Effective communication is always
based on the good pronunciation. Pronunciation is reckoned as not just production of the right phonemes. It
forms the foundation for the next level of speech analysis. With adequate pronunciation skill one can fly to a
new horizon by achieving professional responsibility. But with the increasing ambiguities in the natural
language it is difficult to judge the right pronunciation. The goal of this paper was to provide a phonetic
dictionary. This forms the root for the later part of the research work which is to build the interface for
recognizing phonetic structure of sounds generated by the natural language mostly in English. The dictionary
shown in the paper is for Latin-American English alphabets only. It is intentionally kept for these languages in
order to limit the resources. The same rules will form the ground work to recognize the sound of other native
languages such as Kannada, Telugu and others. Various researchers can get benefit from the paper by looking
into the rules and the dictionary for building the sound recognition system. Future scope of the work will be on
developing a tool for phonetic dictionary by applying the rules specified in the paper.
REFERENCES:
[1]. A first speech recognition system for Mandarin-English code-switch conversational speech Ngoc Thang Vu ; Dau-Cheng Lyu ;
Weiner, J. ; Telaar, D. ; Schlippe, T. ; Blaicher, F. ; Eng-Siong Chng ; chultz, T. ; Haizhou Li , Acoustics, Speech and Signal
Processing (ICASSP), 2012 IEEE International Conference on Digital Object Identifier: 10.1109/ICASSP.2012.6289015
Publication Year: 2012 , Page(s): 4889- 4892
[2]. Notice of Retraction A kind of Chinese language Phonetic input output system code, Lu Qiao ; Wan Pu ; Zhang Li ; Zhu Dao-
yong Computer Science and Information Technology (ICCSIT), 2010 3rd IEEE International Conference on Volume:9 Digital
Object Identifier: 10.1109/ICCSIT.2010.5563773 Publication Year: 2010 , Page(s): 508- 511
[3]. Tomasz P. Szynalski, Proceedings of the International Research Conference ―Metamorphoses of the Mind: Out of One’s Mind,
Losing One’s Mind, Lightmindedness, Mindlessness‖ Organized by the Latvian Academy of Culture and Goethe Institut Riga
Riga, 21–23 September 2006 http://www.antimoon.com/how/pronunc-trans.htm
[4]. http://www.antimoon.com/how/pronunc-soundsipa.htm#chart
[5]. Marcus Otlowski, Pronunciation: What Are the Expectations?, The Internet TESL Journal, Vol. IV, No. 1
[6]. Development of a phonetic system for large vocabulary Arabic speech recognition, Gales, M.J.F. ; Cambridge Univ., published
in Automatic Speech Recognition & Understanding, 2007. ASRU. IEEE Workshop on Date of Conference:9-13 Dec. 2007
Page(s):24 – 29 E-ISBN :978-1-4244-1746-9 Print ISBN: 978-1-4244-1746-9 INSPEC Accession Number: 9832782
[7]. Audio visual based pronunciation dictionary for Indian languages. Palanisamy, K. ; Published in:Technology for Education
(T4E), 2010 International Conference on Date of Conference: 1-3 July 2010 Page(s): 82 – 84 E-ISBN : 978-1-4244-7361-8 Print
ISBN:978-1-4244-7362-5 NSPEC Accession Number: 11476081
[8]. 100K+ words, machine-readable, pronunciation dictionary for the Romanian language, Domokos, J. ; Buza, O. ; Toderean, G.
Signal Processing Conference (EUSIPCO) 2012 IEEE Proceedings of the 20th European Date of Conference:27-31 Aug. 2012
Page(s):320 – 324 ISSN :2219-5491 Print ISBN:978-1-4673-068-0 INSPEC Accession Number:13072796
[9]. Spoken Proper Name Retrieval for Limited ResourceLanguages Using Multilingual Hybrid Representations, Akbacak,
M. ; Hansen, J.H.L. Audio, Speech, and Language Processing, IEEE Transactions on Volume: 18 , Issue: 6 Digital Object
Identifier: 10.1109 /TASL .2009 .2035785 Publication Year: 2010 , Page(s): 1486 - 1495

Mais conteúdo relacionado

Mais procurados

Kirchner on phonology
Kirchner on phonologyKirchner on phonology
Kirchner on phonologyHina Honey
 
Introduction to Language and Linguistics 002: Introduction to Phonetics
Introduction to Language and Linguistics 002: Introduction to PhoneticsIntroduction to Language and Linguistics 002: Introduction to Phonetics
Introduction to Language and Linguistics 002: Introduction to PhoneticsMeagan Louie
 
Pronunciation chapter 4
Pronunciation chapter 4Pronunciation chapter 4
Pronunciation chapter 4SARE GROUP
 
LING 100 - Review on Phonological Analysis
LING 100 - Review on Phonological AnalysisLING 100 - Review on Phonological Analysis
LING 100 - Review on Phonological AnalysisMeagan Louie
 
Phonetics, phonology and phonemes
Phonetics, phonology and phonemesPhonetics, phonology and phonemes
Phonetics, phonology and phonemesCecilia Romero
 
On Similarities Between Japanese and Other Languages
On Similarities Between Japanese and Other LanguagesOn Similarities Between Japanese and Other Languages
On Similarities Between Japanese and Other LanguagesGraspingfish
 
English Booster Background and Fame
English Booster Background and FameEnglish Booster Background and Fame
English Booster Background and FameFatima Shah
 
Chapter i, ii, iii
Chapter i, ii, iiiChapter i, ii, iii
Chapter i, ii, iiidianalesmana
 
Phonology of English as compared to Urdu phonology
Phonology of English as compared to Urdu phonologyPhonology of English as compared to Urdu phonology
Phonology of English as compared to Urdu phonologyShagufta Moghal
 
Introduction to Language and Linguistics 001: What do you know when you know ...
Introduction to Language and Linguistics 001: What do you know when you know ...Introduction to Language and Linguistics 001: What do you know when you know ...
Introduction to Language and Linguistics 001: What do you know when you know ...Meagan Louie
 
Transliteration by orthography or phonology for hindi and marathi to english ...
Transliteration by orthography or phonology for hindi and marathi to english ...Transliteration by orthography or phonology for hindi and marathi to english ...
Transliteration by orthography or phonology for hindi and marathi to english ...ijnlc
 
Language Comparison (Korean, Japanese and English)
Language Comparison (Korean, Japanese and English)Language Comparison (Korean, Japanese and English)
Language Comparison (Korean, Japanese and English)MIN KYUNG LEE
 
LING 100 - Morphosyntactic Categories
LING 100 - Morphosyntactic CategoriesLING 100 - Morphosyntactic Categories
LING 100 - Morphosyntactic CategoriesMeagan Louie
 
Aspiration in English
Aspiration in EnglishAspiration in English
Aspiration in EnglishIvan Pinto
 

Mais procurados (19)

Kirchner on phonology
Kirchner on phonologyKirchner on phonology
Kirchner on phonology
 
Introduction to Language and Linguistics 002: Introduction to Phonetics
Introduction to Language and Linguistics 002: Introduction to PhoneticsIntroduction to Language and Linguistics 002: Introduction to Phonetics
Introduction to Language and Linguistics 002: Introduction to Phonetics
 
Pronunciation chapter 4
Pronunciation chapter 4Pronunciation chapter 4
Pronunciation chapter 4
 
Tania ppt
Tania pptTania ppt
Tania ppt
 
Phonetic and phonological transfer
Phonetic and phonological transferPhonetic and phonological transfer
Phonetic and phonological transfer
 
LING 100 - Review on Phonological Analysis
LING 100 - Review on Phonological AnalysisLING 100 - Review on Phonological Analysis
LING 100 - Review on Phonological Analysis
 
Phonetics, phonology and phonemes
Phonetics, phonology and phonemesPhonetics, phonology and phonemes
Phonetics, phonology and phonemes
 
On Similarities Between Japanese and Other Languages
On Similarities Between Japanese and Other LanguagesOn Similarities Between Japanese and Other Languages
On Similarities Between Japanese and Other Languages
 
TERM PAPER-EPENTHESIS
TERM PAPER-EPENTHESISTERM PAPER-EPENTHESIS
TERM PAPER-EPENTHESIS
 
English Booster Background and Fame
English Booster Background and FameEnglish Booster Background and Fame
English Booster Background and Fame
 
Phonology333
Phonology333Phonology333
Phonology333
 
Chapter i, ii, iii
Chapter i, ii, iiiChapter i, ii, iii
Chapter i, ii, iii
 
Phonology of English as compared to Urdu phonology
Phonology of English as compared to Urdu phonologyPhonology of English as compared to Urdu phonology
Phonology of English as compared to Urdu phonology
 
Introduction to Language and Linguistics 001: What do you know when you know ...
Introduction to Language and Linguistics 001: What do you know when you know ...Introduction to Language and Linguistics 001: What do you know when you know ...
Introduction to Language and Linguistics 001: What do you know when you know ...
 
Transliteration by orthography or phonology for hindi and marathi to english ...
Transliteration by orthography or phonology for hindi and marathi to english ...Transliteration by orthography or phonology for hindi and marathi to english ...
Transliteration by orthography or phonology for hindi and marathi to english ...
 
Language Comparison (Korean, Japanese and English)
Language Comparison (Korean, Japanese and English)Language Comparison (Korean, Japanese and English)
Language Comparison (Korean, Japanese and English)
 
LING 100 - Morphosyntactic Categories
LING 100 - Morphosyntactic CategoriesLING 100 - Morphosyntactic Categories
LING 100 - Morphosyntactic Categories
 
Linguistics
LinguisticsLinguistics
Linguistics
 
Aspiration in English
Aspiration in EnglishAspiration in English
Aspiration in English
 

Destaque

Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Science
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and ScienceResearch Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Science
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Scienceinventy
 
F043046054
F043046054F043046054
F043046054inventy
 
TQM: A Quality and Performance Enhancer
TQM: A Quality and Performance EnhancerTQM: A Quality and Performance Enhancer
TQM: A Quality and Performance Enhancerinventy
 
Convergence Theorems for Implicit Iteration Scheme With Errors For A Finite F...
Convergence Theorems for Implicit Iteration Scheme With Errors For A Finite F...Convergence Theorems for Implicit Iteration Scheme With Errors For A Finite F...
Convergence Theorems for Implicit Iteration Scheme With Errors For A Finite F...inventy
 
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Science
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and ScienceResearch Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Science
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Scienceinventy
 
Characteristic comparison of TiO2 thin films with an inorganic and organic pr...
Characteristic comparison of TiO2 thin films with an inorganic and organic pr...Characteristic comparison of TiO2 thin films with an inorganic and organic pr...
Characteristic comparison of TiO2 thin films with an inorganic and organic pr...inventy
 
B043007014
B043007014B043007014
B043007014inventy
 
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Science
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and ScienceResearch Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Science
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Scienceinventy
 
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Science
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and ScienceResearch Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Science
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Scienceinventy
 
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Science
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and ScienceResearch Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Science
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Scienceinventy
 
Alternative Electric Power Plant that Environmental Friendliness at Indonesia
Alternative Electric Power Plant that Environmental Friendliness at IndonesiaAlternative Electric Power Plant that Environmental Friendliness at Indonesia
Alternative Electric Power Plant that Environmental Friendliness at Indonesiainventy
 
I047065076
I047065076I047065076
I047065076inventy
 
C047012020
C047012020C047012020
C047012020inventy
 
Non-vacuum solutions of five dimensional Bianchi type-I spacetime in f (R) th...
Non-vacuum solutions of five dimensional Bianchi type-I spacetime in f (R) th...Non-vacuum solutions of five dimensional Bianchi type-I spacetime in f (R) th...
Non-vacuum solutions of five dimensional Bianchi type-I spacetime in f (R) th...inventy
 
Rigorous Pack Edge Detection Fuzzy System
Rigorous Pack Edge Detection Fuzzy SystemRigorous Pack Edge Detection Fuzzy System
Rigorous Pack Edge Detection Fuzzy Systeminventy
 
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Science
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and ScienceResearch Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Science
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Scienceinventy
 
GENERATION OF POWER THROUGH HYDROGEN – OXYGEN FUEL CELLS
GENERATION OF POWER THROUGH HYDROGEN – OXYGEN FUEL CELLSGENERATION OF POWER THROUGH HYDROGEN – OXYGEN FUEL CELLS
GENERATION OF POWER THROUGH HYDROGEN – OXYGEN FUEL CELLSinventy
 
B04206015
B04206015B04206015
B04206015inventy
 
Removal of Coke during Steam Reforming of Ethanol over La-CoOx Catalyst
Removal of Coke during Steam Reforming of Ethanol over La-CoOx CatalystRemoval of Coke during Steam Reforming of Ethanol over La-CoOx Catalyst
Removal of Coke during Steam Reforming of Ethanol over La-CoOx Catalystinventy
 

Destaque (19)

Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Science
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and ScienceResearch Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Science
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Science
 
F043046054
F043046054F043046054
F043046054
 
TQM: A Quality and Performance Enhancer
TQM: A Quality and Performance EnhancerTQM: A Quality and Performance Enhancer
TQM: A Quality and Performance Enhancer
 
Convergence Theorems for Implicit Iteration Scheme With Errors For A Finite F...
Convergence Theorems for Implicit Iteration Scheme With Errors For A Finite F...Convergence Theorems for Implicit Iteration Scheme With Errors For A Finite F...
Convergence Theorems for Implicit Iteration Scheme With Errors For A Finite F...
 
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Science
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and ScienceResearch Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Science
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Science
 
Characteristic comparison of TiO2 thin films with an inorganic and organic pr...
Characteristic comparison of TiO2 thin films with an inorganic and organic pr...Characteristic comparison of TiO2 thin films with an inorganic and organic pr...
Characteristic comparison of TiO2 thin films with an inorganic and organic pr...
 
B043007014
B043007014B043007014
B043007014
 
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Science
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and ScienceResearch Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Science
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Science
 
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Science
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and ScienceResearch Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Science
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Science
 
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Science
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and ScienceResearch Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Science
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Science
 
Alternative Electric Power Plant that Environmental Friendliness at Indonesia
Alternative Electric Power Plant that Environmental Friendliness at IndonesiaAlternative Electric Power Plant that Environmental Friendliness at Indonesia
Alternative Electric Power Plant that Environmental Friendliness at Indonesia
 
I047065076
I047065076I047065076
I047065076
 
C047012020
C047012020C047012020
C047012020
 
Non-vacuum solutions of five dimensional Bianchi type-I spacetime in f (R) th...
Non-vacuum solutions of five dimensional Bianchi type-I spacetime in f (R) th...Non-vacuum solutions of five dimensional Bianchi type-I spacetime in f (R) th...
Non-vacuum solutions of five dimensional Bianchi type-I spacetime in f (R) th...
 
Rigorous Pack Edge Detection Fuzzy System
Rigorous Pack Edge Detection Fuzzy SystemRigorous Pack Edge Detection Fuzzy System
Rigorous Pack Edge Detection Fuzzy System
 
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Science
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and ScienceResearch Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Science
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Science
 
GENERATION OF POWER THROUGH HYDROGEN – OXYGEN FUEL CELLS
GENERATION OF POWER THROUGH HYDROGEN – OXYGEN FUEL CELLSGENERATION OF POWER THROUGH HYDROGEN – OXYGEN FUEL CELLS
GENERATION OF POWER THROUGH HYDROGEN – OXYGEN FUEL CELLS
 
B04206015
B04206015B04206015
B04206015
 
Removal of Coke during Steam Reforming of Ethanol over La-CoOx Catalyst
Removal of Coke during Steam Reforming of Ethanol over La-CoOx CatalystRemoval of Coke during Steam Reforming of Ethanol over La-CoOx Catalyst
Removal of Coke during Steam Reforming of Ethanol over La-CoOx Catalyst
 

Semelhante a B047006011

Katamba9781405899307 ch2
Katamba9781405899307 ch2Katamba9781405899307 ch2
Katamba9781405899307 ch2sazan abbas
 
What Are The Rules Of Phonology
What Are The Rules Of PhonologyWhat Are The Rules Of Phonology
What Are The Rules Of PhonologyNicole Savoie
 
Chapter 1 phonetics for student 02
Chapter 1 phonetics for student 02Chapter 1 phonetics for student 02
Chapter 1 phonetics for student 02morekung
 
REpresentation of Speech Sound.pptx
REpresentation of Speech Sound.pptxREpresentation of Speech Sound.pptx
REpresentation of Speech Sound.pptxMuhammad Rochman
 
Overview Between Phonetics And Phonology
Overview Between Phonetics And PhonologyOverview Between Phonetics And Phonology
Overview Between Phonetics And PhonologyJen Wilson
 
Elcs lab manual_(r13)_by_raja_rao_pagidipalli2
Elcs lab manual_(r13)_by_raja_rao_pagidipalli2Elcs lab manual_(r13)_by_raja_rao_pagidipalli2
Elcs lab manual_(r13)_by_raja_rao_pagidipalli2Raja Ramesh
 
Main Branches of Linguistics LEPURA.pptx
Main Branches of Linguistics LEPURA.pptxMain Branches of Linguistics LEPURA.pptx
Main Branches of Linguistics LEPURA.pptxCherryLaneLepura1
 
Phonetics consonants and vowels 2011
Phonetics consonants and vowels 2011Phonetics consonants and vowels 2011
Phonetics consonants and vowels 2011desmunddantes
 
Automatic Speech Recognition of Malayalam Language Nasal Class Phonemes
Automatic Speech Recognition of Malayalam Language Nasal Class PhonemesAutomatic Speech Recognition of Malayalam Language Nasal Class Phonemes
Automatic Speech Recognition of Malayalam Language Nasal Class PhonemesEditor IJCATR
 
Phonology Of Grammar And Syntax
Phonology Of Grammar And SyntaxPhonology Of Grammar And Syntax
Phonology Of Grammar And SyntaxLaura Torres
 
Linguistics Terms
Linguistics TermsLinguistics Terms
Linguistics TermsMyno Uddin
 
1. What is the difference between equality and equity and to what .docx
1. What is the difference between equality and equity and to what .docx1. What is the difference between equality and equity and to what .docx
1. What is the difference between equality and equity and to what .docxdurantheseldine
 
Project linguistics - Phonetic Component
Project linguistics - Phonetic ComponentProject linguistics - Phonetic Component
Project linguistics - Phonetic ComponentDiana Orjuela Cujabán
 
(Emerson) Phonetics & Phonology.pptx
(Emerson) Phonetics & Phonology.pptx(Emerson) Phonetics & Phonology.pptx
(Emerson) Phonetics & Phonology.pptxShamsUlFatah
 
Guia Didactica Uno
Guia Didactica UnoGuia Didactica Uno
Guia Didactica UnoUNEFM
 
The sound patterns of language
The sound patterns of languageThe sound patterns of language
The sound patterns of languagehojjat namdaran
 
, Phonological systems are rule-governed; that is, they operat.docx
, Phonological systems are rule-governed; that is, they operat.docx, Phonological systems are rule-governed; that is, they operat.docx
, Phonological systems are rule-governed; that is, they operat.docxdurantheseldine
 
Nurlen Power point Phoneme
Nurlen Power point PhonemeNurlen Power point Phoneme
Nurlen Power point Phonemenurlennurlen30
 

Semelhante a B047006011 (20)

Katamba9781405899307 ch2
Katamba9781405899307 ch2Katamba9781405899307 ch2
Katamba9781405899307 ch2
 
What Are The Rules Of Phonology
What Are The Rules Of PhonologyWhat Are The Rules Of Phonology
What Are The Rules Of Phonology
 
Chapter 1 phonetics for student 02
Chapter 1 phonetics for student 02Chapter 1 phonetics for student 02
Chapter 1 phonetics for student 02
 
REpresentation of Speech Sound.pptx
REpresentation of Speech Sound.pptxREpresentation of Speech Sound.pptx
REpresentation of Speech Sound.pptx
 
Overview Between Phonetics And Phonology
Overview Between Phonetics And PhonologyOverview Between Phonetics And Phonology
Overview Between Phonetics And Phonology
 
Elcs lab manual_(r13)_by_raja_rao_pagidipalli2
Elcs lab manual_(r13)_by_raja_rao_pagidipalli2Elcs lab manual_(r13)_by_raja_rao_pagidipalli2
Elcs lab manual_(r13)_by_raja_rao_pagidipalli2
 
EPENTHESIS TERM PAPERS
EPENTHESIS TERM PAPERSEPENTHESIS TERM PAPERS
EPENTHESIS TERM PAPERS
 
Main Branches of Linguistics LEPURA.pptx
Main Branches of Linguistics LEPURA.pptxMain Branches of Linguistics LEPURA.pptx
Main Branches of Linguistics LEPURA.pptx
 
Phonetics consonants and vowels 2011
Phonetics consonants and vowels 2011Phonetics consonants and vowels 2011
Phonetics consonants and vowels 2011
 
Unit 1
Unit 1Unit 1
Unit 1
 
Automatic Speech Recognition of Malayalam Language Nasal Class Phonemes
Automatic Speech Recognition of Malayalam Language Nasal Class PhonemesAutomatic Speech Recognition of Malayalam Language Nasal Class Phonemes
Automatic Speech Recognition of Malayalam Language Nasal Class Phonemes
 
Phonology Of Grammar And Syntax
Phonology Of Grammar And SyntaxPhonology Of Grammar And Syntax
Phonology Of Grammar And Syntax
 
Linguistics Terms
Linguistics TermsLinguistics Terms
Linguistics Terms
 
1. What is the difference between equality and equity and to what .docx
1. What is the difference between equality and equity and to what .docx1. What is the difference between equality and equity and to what .docx
1. What is the difference between equality and equity and to what .docx
 
Project linguistics - Phonetic Component
Project linguistics - Phonetic ComponentProject linguistics - Phonetic Component
Project linguistics - Phonetic Component
 
(Emerson) Phonetics & Phonology.pptx
(Emerson) Phonetics & Phonology.pptx(Emerson) Phonetics & Phonology.pptx
(Emerson) Phonetics & Phonology.pptx
 
Guia Didactica Uno
Guia Didactica UnoGuia Didactica Uno
Guia Didactica Uno
 
The sound patterns of language
The sound patterns of languageThe sound patterns of language
The sound patterns of language
 
, Phonological systems are rule-governed; that is, they operat.docx
, Phonological systems are rule-governed; that is, they operat.docx, Phonological systems are rule-governed; that is, they operat.docx
, Phonological systems are rule-governed; that is, they operat.docx
 
Nurlen Power point Phoneme
Nurlen Power point PhonemeNurlen Power point Phoneme
Nurlen Power point Phoneme
 

Mais de inventy

Experimental Investigation of a Household Refrigerator Using Evaporative-Cool...
Experimental Investigation of a Household Refrigerator Using Evaporative-Cool...Experimental Investigation of a Household Refrigerator Using Evaporative-Cool...
Experimental Investigation of a Household Refrigerator Using Evaporative-Cool...inventy
 
Copper Strip Corrossion Test in Various Aviation Fuels
Copper Strip Corrossion Test in Various Aviation FuelsCopper Strip Corrossion Test in Various Aviation Fuels
Copper Strip Corrossion Test in Various Aviation Fuelsinventy
 
Additional Conservation Laws for Two-Velocity Hydrodynamics Equations with th...
Additional Conservation Laws for Two-Velocity Hydrodynamics Equations with th...Additional Conservation Laws for Two-Velocity Hydrodynamics Equations with th...
Additional Conservation Laws for Two-Velocity Hydrodynamics Equations with th...inventy
 
Comparative Study of the Quality of Life, Quality of Work Life and Organisati...
Comparative Study of the Quality of Life, Quality of Work Life and Organisati...Comparative Study of the Quality of Life, Quality of Work Life and Organisati...
Comparative Study of the Quality of Life, Quality of Work Life and Organisati...inventy
 
A Study of Automated Decision Making Systems
A Study of Automated Decision Making SystemsA Study of Automated Decision Making Systems
A Study of Automated Decision Making Systemsinventy
 
Crystallization of L-Glutamic Acid: Mechanism of Heterogeneous β -Form Nuclea...
Crystallization of L-Glutamic Acid: Mechanism of Heterogeneous β -Form Nuclea...Crystallization of L-Glutamic Acid: Mechanism of Heterogeneous β -Form Nuclea...
Crystallization of L-Glutamic Acid: Mechanism of Heterogeneous β -Form Nuclea...inventy
 
Evaluation of Damage by the Reliability of the Traction Test on Polymer Test ...
Evaluation of Damage by the Reliability of the Traction Test on Polymer Test ...Evaluation of Damage by the Reliability of the Traction Test on Polymer Test ...
Evaluation of Damage by the Reliability of the Traction Test on Polymer Test ...inventy
 
Application of Kennelly’model of Running Performances to Elite Endurance Runn...
Application of Kennelly’model of Running Performances to Elite Endurance Runn...Application of Kennelly’model of Running Performances to Elite Endurance Runn...
Application of Kennelly’model of Running Performances to Elite Endurance Runn...inventy
 
Development and Application of a Failure Monitoring System by Using the Vibra...
Development and Application of a Failure Monitoring System by Using the Vibra...Development and Application of a Failure Monitoring System by Using the Vibra...
Development and Application of a Failure Monitoring System by Using the Vibra...inventy
 
The Management of Protected Areas in Serengeti Ecosystem: A Case Study of Iko...
The Management of Protected Areas in Serengeti Ecosystem: A Case Study of Iko...The Management of Protected Areas in Serengeti Ecosystem: A Case Study of Iko...
The Management of Protected Areas in Serengeti Ecosystem: A Case Study of Iko...inventy
 
Size distribution and biometric relationships of little tunny Euthynnus allet...
Size distribution and biometric relationships of little tunny Euthynnus allet...Size distribution and biometric relationships of little tunny Euthynnus allet...
Size distribution and biometric relationships of little tunny Euthynnus allet...inventy
 
Removal of Chromium (VI) From Aqueous Solutions Using Discarded Solanum Tuber...
Removal of Chromium (VI) From Aqueous Solutions Using Discarded Solanum Tuber...Removal of Chromium (VI) From Aqueous Solutions Using Discarded Solanum Tuber...
Removal of Chromium (VI) From Aqueous Solutions Using Discarded Solanum Tuber...inventy
 
Effect of Various External and Internal Factors on the Carrier Mobility in n-...
Effect of Various External and Internal Factors on the Carrier Mobility in n-...Effect of Various External and Internal Factors on the Carrier Mobility in n-...
Effect of Various External and Internal Factors on the Carrier Mobility in n-...inventy
 
Transient flow analysis for horizontal axial upper-wind turbine
Transient flow analysis for horizontal axial upper-wind turbineTransient flow analysis for horizontal axial upper-wind turbine
Transient flow analysis for horizontal axial upper-wind turbineinventy
 
Choice of Numerical Integration Method for Wind Time History Analysis of Tall...
Choice of Numerical Integration Method for Wind Time History Analysis of Tall...Choice of Numerical Integration Method for Wind Time History Analysis of Tall...
Choice of Numerical Integration Method for Wind Time History Analysis of Tall...inventy
 
Impacts of Demand Side Management on System Reliability Evaluation
Impacts of Demand Side Management on System Reliability EvaluationImpacts of Demand Side Management on System Reliability Evaluation
Impacts of Demand Side Management on System Reliability Evaluationinventy
 
Reliability Evaluation of Riyadh System Incorporating Renewable Generation
Reliability Evaluation of Riyadh System Incorporating Renewable GenerationReliability Evaluation of Riyadh System Incorporating Renewable Generation
Reliability Evaluation of Riyadh System Incorporating Renewable Generationinventy
 
The effect of reduced pressure acetylene plasma treatment on physical charact...
The effect of reduced pressure acetylene plasma treatment on physical charact...The effect of reduced pressure acetylene plasma treatment on physical charact...
The effect of reduced pressure acetylene plasma treatment on physical charact...inventy
 
Experimental Investigation of Mini Cooler cum Freezer
Experimental Investigation of Mini Cooler cum FreezerExperimental Investigation of Mini Cooler cum Freezer
Experimental Investigation of Mini Cooler cum Freezerinventy
 
Growth and Magnetic properties of MnGeP2 thin films
Growth and Magnetic properties of MnGeP2 thin filmsGrowth and Magnetic properties of MnGeP2 thin films
Growth and Magnetic properties of MnGeP2 thin filmsinventy
 

Mais de inventy (20)

Experimental Investigation of a Household Refrigerator Using Evaporative-Cool...
Experimental Investigation of a Household Refrigerator Using Evaporative-Cool...Experimental Investigation of a Household Refrigerator Using Evaporative-Cool...
Experimental Investigation of a Household Refrigerator Using Evaporative-Cool...
 
Copper Strip Corrossion Test in Various Aviation Fuels
Copper Strip Corrossion Test in Various Aviation FuelsCopper Strip Corrossion Test in Various Aviation Fuels
Copper Strip Corrossion Test in Various Aviation Fuels
 
Additional Conservation Laws for Two-Velocity Hydrodynamics Equations with th...
Additional Conservation Laws for Two-Velocity Hydrodynamics Equations with th...Additional Conservation Laws for Two-Velocity Hydrodynamics Equations with th...
Additional Conservation Laws for Two-Velocity Hydrodynamics Equations with th...
 
Comparative Study of the Quality of Life, Quality of Work Life and Organisati...
Comparative Study of the Quality of Life, Quality of Work Life and Organisati...Comparative Study of the Quality of Life, Quality of Work Life and Organisati...
Comparative Study of the Quality of Life, Quality of Work Life and Organisati...
 
A Study of Automated Decision Making Systems
A Study of Automated Decision Making SystemsA Study of Automated Decision Making Systems
A Study of Automated Decision Making Systems
 
Crystallization of L-Glutamic Acid: Mechanism of Heterogeneous β -Form Nuclea...
Crystallization of L-Glutamic Acid: Mechanism of Heterogeneous β -Form Nuclea...Crystallization of L-Glutamic Acid: Mechanism of Heterogeneous β -Form Nuclea...
Crystallization of L-Glutamic Acid: Mechanism of Heterogeneous β -Form Nuclea...
 
Evaluation of Damage by the Reliability of the Traction Test on Polymer Test ...
Evaluation of Damage by the Reliability of the Traction Test on Polymer Test ...Evaluation of Damage by the Reliability of the Traction Test on Polymer Test ...
Evaluation of Damage by the Reliability of the Traction Test on Polymer Test ...
 
Application of Kennelly’model of Running Performances to Elite Endurance Runn...
Application of Kennelly’model of Running Performances to Elite Endurance Runn...Application of Kennelly’model of Running Performances to Elite Endurance Runn...
Application of Kennelly’model of Running Performances to Elite Endurance Runn...
 
Development and Application of a Failure Monitoring System by Using the Vibra...
Development and Application of a Failure Monitoring System by Using the Vibra...Development and Application of a Failure Monitoring System by Using the Vibra...
Development and Application of a Failure Monitoring System by Using the Vibra...
 
The Management of Protected Areas in Serengeti Ecosystem: A Case Study of Iko...
The Management of Protected Areas in Serengeti Ecosystem: A Case Study of Iko...The Management of Protected Areas in Serengeti Ecosystem: A Case Study of Iko...
The Management of Protected Areas in Serengeti Ecosystem: A Case Study of Iko...
 
Size distribution and biometric relationships of little tunny Euthynnus allet...
Size distribution and biometric relationships of little tunny Euthynnus allet...Size distribution and biometric relationships of little tunny Euthynnus allet...
Size distribution and biometric relationships of little tunny Euthynnus allet...
 
Removal of Chromium (VI) From Aqueous Solutions Using Discarded Solanum Tuber...
Removal of Chromium (VI) From Aqueous Solutions Using Discarded Solanum Tuber...Removal of Chromium (VI) From Aqueous Solutions Using Discarded Solanum Tuber...
Removal of Chromium (VI) From Aqueous Solutions Using Discarded Solanum Tuber...
 
Effect of Various External and Internal Factors on the Carrier Mobility in n-...
Effect of Various External and Internal Factors on the Carrier Mobility in n-...Effect of Various External and Internal Factors on the Carrier Mobility in n-...
Effect of Various External and Internal Factors on the Carrier Mobility in n-...
 
Transient flow analysis for horizontal axial upper-wind turbine
Transient flow analysis for horizontal axial upper-wind turbineTransient flow analysis for horizontal axial upper-wind turbine
Transient flow analysis for horizontal axial upper-wind turbine
 
Choice of Numerical Integration Method for Wind Time History Analysis of Tall...
Choice of Numerical Integration Method for Wind Time History Analysis of Tall...Choice of Numerical Integration Method for Wind Time History Analysis of Tall...
Choice of Numerical Integration Method for Wind Time History Analysis of Tall...
 
Impacts of Demand Side Management on System Reliability Evaluation
Impacts of Demand Side Management on System Reliability EvaluationImpacts of Demand Side Management on System Reliability Evaluation
Impacts of Demand Side Management on System Reliability Evaluation
 
Reliability Evaluation of Riyadh System Incorporating Renewable Generation
Reliability Evaluation of Riyadh System Incorporating Renewable GenerationReliability Evaluation of Riyadh System Incorporating Renewable Generation
Reliability Evaluation of Riyadh System Incorporating Renewable Generation
 
The effect of reduced pressure acetylene plasma treatment on physical charact...
The effect of reduced pressure acetylene plasma treatment on physical charact...The effect of reduced pressure acetylene plasma treatment on physical charact...
The effect of reduced pressure acetylene plasma treatment on physical charact...
 
Experimental Investigation of Mini Cooler cum Freezer
Experimental Investigation of Mini Cooler cum FreezerExperimental Investigation of Mini Cooler cum Freezer
Experimental Investigation of Mini Cooler cum Freezer
 
Growth and Magnetic properties of MnGeP2 thin films
Growth and Magnetic properties of MnGeP2 thin filmsGrowth and Magnetic properties of MnGeP2 thin films
Growth and Magnetic properties of MnGeP2 thin films
 

Último

ChatGPT-and-Generative-AI-Landscape Working of generative ai search
ChatGPT-and-Generative-AI-Landscape Working of generative ai searchChatGPT-and-Generative-AI-Landscape Working of generative ai search
ChatGPT-and-Generative-AI-Landscape Working of generative ai searchrohitcse52
 
SATELITE COMMUNICATION UNIT 1 CEC352 REGULATION 2021 PPT BASICS OF SATELITE ....
SATELITE COMMUNICATION UNIT 1 CEC352 REGULATION 2021 PPT BASICS OF SATELITE ....SATELITE COMMUNICATION UNIT 1 CEC352 REGULATION 2021 PPT BASICS OF SATELITE ....
SATELITE COMMUNICATION UNIT 1 CEC352 REGULATION 2021 PPT BASICS OF SATELITE ....santhyamuthu1
 
A Seminar on Electric Vehicle Software Simulation
A Seminar on Electric Vehicle Software SimulationA Seminar on Electric Vehicle Software Simulation
A Seminar on Electric Vehicle Software SimulationMohsinKhanA
 
Transforming Process Safety Management: Challenges, Benefits, and Transition ...
Transforming Process Safety Management: Challenges, Benefits, and Transition ...Transforming Process Safety Management: Challenges, Benefits, and Transition ...
Transforming Process Safety Management: Challenges, Benefits, and Transition ...soginsider
 
Summer training report on BUILDING CONSTRUCTION for DIPLOMA Students.pdf
Summer training report on BUILDING CONSTRUCTION for DIPLOMA Students.pdfSummer training report on BUILDING CONSTRUCTION for DIPLOMA Students.pdf
Summer training report on BUILDING CONSTRUCTION for DIPLOMA Students.pdfNaveenVerma126
 
Test of Significance of Large Samples for Mean = µ.pptx
Test of Significance of Large Samples for Mean = µ.pptxTest of Significance of Large Samples for Mean = µ.pptx
Test of Significance of Large Samples for Mean = µ.pptxHome
 
How to Write a Good Scientific Paper.pdf
How to Write a Good Scientific Paper.pdfHow to Write a Good Scientific Paper.pdf
How to Write a Good Scientific Paper.pdfRedhwan Qasem Shaddad
 
Modelling Guide for Timber Structures - FPInnovations
Modelling Guide for Timber Structures - FPInnovationsModelling Guide for Timber Structures - FPInnovations
Modelling Guide for Timber Structures - FPInnovationsYusuf Yıldız
 
Graphics Primitives and CG Display Devices
Graphics Primitives and CG Display DevicesGraphics Primitives and CG Display Devices
Graphics Primitives and CG Display DevicesDIPIKA83
 
Strategies of Urban Morphologyfor Improving Outdoor Thermal Comfort and Susta...
Strategies of Urban Morphologyfor Improving Outdoor Thermal Comfort and Susta...Strategies of Urban Morphologyfor Improving Outdoor Thermal Comfort and Susta...
Strategies of Urban Morphologyfor Improving Outdoor Thermal Comfort and Susta...amrabdallah9
 
Landsman converter for power factor improvement
Landsman converter for power factor improvementLandsman converter for power factor improvement
Landsman converter for power factor improvementVijayMuni2
 
Technology Features of Apollo HDD Machine, Its Technical Specification with C...
Technology Features of Apollo HDD Machine, Its Technical Specification with C...Technology Features of Apollo HDD Machine, Its Technical Specification with C...
Technology Features of Apollo HDD Machine, Its Technical Specification with C...Apollo Techno Industries Pvt Ltd
 
The relationship between iot and communication technology
The relationship between iot and communication technologyThe relationship between iot and communication technology
The relationship between iot and communication technologyabdulkadirmukarram03
 
IT3401-WEB ESSENTIALS PRESENTATIONS.pptx
IT3401-WEB ESSENTIALS PRESENTATIONS.pptxIT3401-WEB ESSENTIALS PRESENTATIONS.pptx
IT3401-WEB ESSENTIALS PRESENTATIONS.pptxSAJITHABANUS
 
Clutches and brkesSelect any 3 position random motion out of real world and d...
Clutches and brkesSelect any 3 position random motion out of real world and d...Clutches and brkesSelect any 3 position random motion out of real world and d...
Clutches and brkesSelect any 3 position random motion out of real world and d...sahb78428
 
Design of Clutches and Brakes in Design of Machine Elements.pptx
Design of Clutches and Brakes in Design of Machine Elements.pptxDesign of Clutches and Brakes in Design of Machine Elements.pptx
Design of Clutches and Brakes in Design of Machine Elements.pptxYogeshKumarKJMIT
 
Dev.bg DevOps March 2024 Monitoring & Logging
Dev.bg DevOps March 2024 Monitoring & LoggingDev.bg DevOps March 2024 Monitoring & Logging
Dev.bg DevOps March 2024 Monitoring & LoggingMarian Marinov
 
Renewable Energy & Entrepreneurship Workshop_21Feb2024.pdf
Renewable Energy & Entrepreneurship Workshop_21Feb2024.pdfRenewable Energy & Entrepreneurship Workshop_21Feb2024.pdf
Renewable Energy & Entrepreneurship Workshop_21Feb2024.pdfodunowoeminence2019
 

Último (20)

ChatGPT-and-Generative-AI-Landscape Working of generative ai search
ChatGPT-and-Generative-AI-Landscape Working of generative ai searchChatGPT-and-Generative-AI-Landscape Working of generative ai search
ChatGPT-and-Generative-AI-Landscape Working of generative ai search
 
Lecture 2 .pdf
Lecture 2                           .pdfLecture 2                           .pdf
Lecture 2 .pdf
 
SATELITE COMMUNICATION UNIT 1 CEC352 REGULATION 2021 PPT BASICS OF SATELITE ....
SATELITE COMMUNICATION UNIT 1 CEC352 REGULATION 2021 PPT BASICS OF SATELITE ....SATELITE COMMUNICATION UNIT 1 CEC352 REGULATION 2021 PPT BASICS OF SATELITE ....
SATELITE COMMUNICATION UNIT 1 CEC352 REGULATION 2021 PPT BASICS OF SATELITE ....
 
Présentation IIRB 2024 Marine Cordonnier.pdf
Présentation IIRB 2024 Marine Cordonnier.pdfPrésentation IIRB 2024 Marine Cordonnier.pdf
Présentation IIRB 2024 Marine Cordonnier.pdf
 
A Seminar on Electric Vehicle Software Simulation
A Seminar on Electric Vehicle Software SimulationA Seminar on Electric Vehicle Software Simulation
A Seminar on Electric Vehicle Software Simulation
 
Transforming Process Safety Management: Challenges, Benefits, and Transition ...
Transforming Process Safety Management: Challenges, Benefits, and Transition ...Transforming Process Safety Management: Challenges, Benefits, and Transition ...
Transforming Process Safety Management: Challenges, Benefits, and Transition ...
 
Summer training report on BUILDING CONSTRUCTION for DIPLOMA Students.pdf
Summer training report on BUILDING CONSTRUCTION for DIPLOMA Students.pdfSummer training report on BUILDING CONSTRUCTION for DIPLOMA Students.pdf
Summer training report on BUILDING CONSTRUCTION for DIPLOMA Students.pdf
 
Test of Significance of Large Samples for Mean = µ.pptx
Test of Significance of Large Samples for Mean = µ.pptxTest of Significance of Large Samples for Mean = µ.pptx
Test of Significance of Large Samples for Mean = µ.pptx
 
How to Write a Good Scientific Paper.pdf
How to Write a Good Scientific Paper.pdfHow to Write a Good Scientific Paper.pdf
How to Write a Good Scientific Paper.pdf
 
Modelling Guide for Timber Structures - FPInnovations
Modelling Guide for Timber Structures - FPInnovationsModelling Guide for Timber Structures - FPInnovations
Modelling Guide for Timber Structures - FPInnovations
 
Graphics Primitives and CG Display Devices
Graphics Primitives and CG Display DevicesGraphics Primitives and CG Display Devices
Graphics Primitives and CG Display Devices
 
Strategies of Urban Morphologyfor Improving Outdoor Thermal Comfort and Susta...
Strategies of Urban Morphologyfor Improving Outdoor Thermal Comfort and Susta...Strategies of Urban Morphologyfor Improving Outdoor Thermal Comfort and Susta...
Strategies of Urban Morphologyfor Improving Outdoor Thermal Comfort and Susta...
 
Landsman converter for power factor improvement
Landsman converter for power factor improvementLandsman converter for power factor improvement
Landsman converter for power factor improvement
 
Technology Features of Apollo HDD Machine, Its Technical Specification with C...
Technology Features of Apollo HDD Machine, Its Technical Specification with C...Technology Features of Apollo HDD Machine, Its Technical Specification with C...
Technology Features of Apollo HDD Machine, Its Technical Specification with C...
 
The relationship between iot and communication technology
The relationship between iot and communication technologyThe relationship between iot and communication technology
The relationship between iot and communication technology
 
IT3401-WEB ESSENTIALS PRESENTATIONS.pptx
IT3401-WEB ESSENTIALS PRESENTATIONS.pptxIT3401-WEB ESSENTIALS PRESENTATIONS.pptx
IT3401-WEB ESSENTIALS PRESENTATIONS.pptx
 
Clutches and brkesSelect any 3 position random motion out of real world and d...
Clutches and brkesSelect any 3 position random motion out of real world and d...Clutches and brkesSelect any 3 position random motion out of real world and d...
Clutches and brkesSelect any 3 position random motion out of real world and d...
 
Design of Clutches and Brakes in Design of Machine Elements.pptx
Design of Clutches and Brakes in Design of Machine Elements.pptxDesign of Clutches and Brakes in Design of Machine Elements.pptx
Design of Clutches and Brakes in Design of Machine Elements.pptx
 
Dev.bg DevOps March 2024 Monitoring & Logging
Dev.bg DevOps March 2024 Monitoring & LoggingDev.bg DevOps March 2024 Monitoring & Logging
Dev.bg DevOps March 2024 Monitoring & Logging
 
Renewable Energy & Entrepreneurship Workshop_21Feb2024.pdf
Renewable Energy & Entrepreneurship Workshop_21Feb2024.pdfRenewable Energy & Entrepreneurship Workshop_21Feb2024.pdf
Renewable Energy & Entrepreneurship Workshop_21Feb2024.pdf
 

B047006011

  • 1. Research Inventy: International Journal of Engineering And Science Vol.4, Issue 7 (July 2014), PP 06-11 Issn (e): 2278-4721, Issn (p):2319-6483, www.researchinventy.com 6 Phonetic Transcription- A Framework for Phonetic Representation of Sound Structures Dr. M Hanumanthappa1 , Rashmi S2 , Jyothi N M3 1 Associate Professor, Department of Computer Science and Applications, Bangalore University, Bangalore-56. 2 Research Scholar, Department of Computer Science and Applications, Bangalore University, Bangalore-56. 3 Assistant Professor, Department of MCA, Bapuji Institute of Engineering and Technology, Davangere. ABSTRACT: Implementing phonetics to Natural language is a Herculean task. The first step for the phonetic implementation is to generate a phonetic dictionary. Phonetic dictionary is very important as it plays a vital role in identifying the essential components of the gigantic vocabulary in the speech recognition system of natural language. Language like English needs phonetic transcriptions because the English spelling does not tell us how to pronounce it. Pronunciation is very important for communication as it vitalizes rapid transition to practical concern. There is lot of ongoing research in multilingual speech recognition. Phonetic dictionary is utmost important for any speech recognition system and hence the key goal of the paper is to build a phonetic dictionary for English language. The paper aims at building dictionary for identifying the phonetic transcriptions of International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) and American English alphabets phonetically. The paper also gives a detailed explanation about the rules of the phonemes. KEYWORDS: Natural Language Processing (NLP), Phonetics, Acoustic phonetics, Phonemes, Phonetic transcriptions, WordNet. I. INTRODUCTION According to the WordNet the phonetics is defined as a branch of NLP which is concerned with the speech production and perception and a detailed analysis of acoustics. Acoustic phonetics is a branch of phonetics which deals with the study of sounds that is made by the vocal organs of the human in order to produce the sound. The acoustic knowledge is very important to locate the underlying phonetic representation. Acoustics discusses how the sound travels from speakers’ mouth to listeners’ ears. The challenges of identifying the language and storing the corresponding sound for phonetic transcription are tedious and tiresome. The International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) and the acoustic modeling of various phonemes have shown rationally good improvement for the implementation and understanding of the sound structure. Various approaches such as Statistical Machine Translation (SMT), language identification system (LID) merges gap between the encoding and the decoding process by using multi stream approach [1]. Phonemes are the basic building block for the language which is combined with the other phoneme to build a meaningful unit such as words and morphemes. Phonemes are the individual or group of sound units. The phonetic codes include syllable code, syllable time and syllable rhythm. The phonemes form the bedrock for initial and final code form to represent the phonetic structure with sensibility and sub-information of linguistics in syllable code [2]. Phonetic transcriptions tell us how the word has to be pronounced. These phonetic transcriptions are written in IPA where each and every English alphabet has its own symbol. For example the IPA based phonetic transcription for the words such as no is noʊ, and the transcription of do is duː. Though both of these words end with the same letter they have different sound and the phonetic transcriptions are different. The transcription for the word alphabet is . Phonetic transcriptions are helpful because there are no convincing empirical results which help us to sort the pronunciation training [5]. The below table mention some of the examples for phonetic transcriptions. main stress /ˌek.spekˈteɪ.ʃə n/ expectation secondary stress /ˌriːˈtell/ retell syllable division /ˈsɪs.təm/ system Table-1 phonetic transcriptions
  • 2. Phonetic Transcription- A Framework for Phonetic Representation of Sound Structures 7 II. LITERATURE SURVEY It is said that there are around 4000 languages spoken today across the world and most of these languages have limited linguistic knowledge and speech data/resources are available. Author Akbacak, M et al have proposed series of speech retrieval algorithms in order to leverage the already existing algorithms. The algorithms employ confusion-embedded hybrid pronunciation networks, and lattice-based phonetic search within a proper name retrieval task. Latin-American Spanish are used as the target language. After searching for queries consisting of Spanish proper names in Spanish Broadcast News data, we demonstrate that retrieval performance degradations (due to data sparseness during automatic speech recognition (ASR) deployment in the target language) are compensated by employing English acoustic models [9]. Speech recognition system for various languages have been studied and developed. Arabic speech recognition system is developed at Cambridge University by Gales M J F et al [6]. Author has shown a simple scheme for automatically generating associations among diverse pronunciations for use in training and reducing the phonetic out-of-vocabulary rate. Author Palanisamy K et al, has developed Tamil pronunciation dictionary by incorporating the visual actions of the organs for improving communication skills [7]. Phonetic transcriptions by using Speech Assessment Method Phonetic Alphabet (SAMPA) for Romanian language has been proposed by Domokos, J et al. Development of phonetic dictionary and also the system architecture is explained in the paper [8]. In the next section various methodologies for building the phonetic dictionary and the associated rules are discussed. III. METHODOLOGIES Today almost all the English dictionaries have audio recordings. So even with this, the need of phonetic transcriptions is prominent because of the following reasons [3]  To have a good communication in English first we have learn the pronunciations and English language is polysemy in nature. So learning the pronunciations through sound is apt in these kinds of situations.  When we are listening to the pronunciations we might not be sure whether we heard ʊ or ə, ɒ or ʌ, s or z, etc., this is due to the lack of experience and the quality of the particular sound is poor. Hence reading phonetic transcriptions will make the phonemes clear as we will see the sound symbols of all the alphabets in a word  Dictionaries often show multiple transcriptions but have the same pronunciations so the better way to find the reasons for this ambiguity would be to study the information about the particular transcriptions.  The computer which we are using might not have the speakers and hence the audio recording of the particular sound cannot be heard. Sometimes even if the speakers are available we do not want to disturb the public with the sound. In these situations transcriptions will greatly help. Word Stress: A word is combination of syllables. In every word, one or more letters are pronounced strongly. This is called word stress. The dictionary which is shown in this paper also contains the word stress. Pronunciation for English language is broadly classified into American and British transcriptions. In American English, the sound of r is always stressed where as in British English r is not stressed. Example: arm/ father are pronounced differently in both of the accent. IPA: International Phonetic Alphabet is the abbreviation for IPA. It defines the standard phonetic symbol for every alphabet in English language. The IPA symbols are usually written in the Latin symbols. IPA defines the standard sound representation for oral language. IPA is considered as the standard for linguistics. However there is also the American phonetic alphabet because of the difficulties faced with IPA such as, it is tough to type the IPA symbols with the normal keyboard. IPA also increases the error rate by withholding the awkwardness reading the transcriptions which are hand written. IV. BUILDING PHONETIC DICTIONARY Phonetic dictionary is not as simple as it looks because applying sounding mechanisms to make computer auto detect the word and give the pronunciation is difficult. There are various rules that need to be followed while building the phonetic transcriptions. The rules are [3] [1]. Almost all dictionaries use the e symbol for the vowel in bed. The problem with this convention is that e in the IPA does not stand for the vowel in bed; it stands for a different vowel that is heard, for example, in the German word Seele. The ―proper‖ symbol for the bed vowel is ɚ (do not confuse with ɛ:). The same goes for eə vs. ɚə.
  • 3. Phonetic Transcription- A Framework for Phonetic Representation of Sound Structures 8 [2]. In əʳ and ɛ:ʳ, the ʳ is not pronounced in BrE, unless the sound comes before a vowel (as in answering, answer it). In AmE, the ʳ is always pronounced, and the sounds are sometimes written as ə and ɜ. [3]. In AmE, ɑ: and ɒ are one vowel, so calm and cot have the same vowel. In American transcriptions, hot is written as hɑ:t. [4]. About 40% of Americans pronounce ɔ: the same way as ɑ:, so that caught and cot have the same vowel. See cot-caught merger. [5]. In American transcriptions, ɔ: is often written as ɒ: (e.g. law = lɒ:), unless it is followed by r, in which case it remains an ɔ:. [6]. In British transcriptions, oʊ is usually represented as əʊ. For some BrE speakers, oʊ is more appropriate (they use a rounded vowel) — for others, the proper symbol is əʊ. For American speakers, oʊ is usually more accurate. [7]. In eəʳ ɪəʳ ʊəʳ, the r is not pronounced in BrE, unless the sound comes before a vowel (as in dearest, dear Ann). In AmE, the r is always pronounced, and the sounds are often written as er ɪr ʊr. [8]. All dictionaries use the r symbol for the first sound in red. The problem with this convention is that r in the IPA does not stand for the British or American r; it stands for the ―hard‖ r that is heard, for example, in the Spanish word rey or Italian vero. The ―proper‖ symbol for the red consonant is ɹ. [9]. In American English, t is often pronounced as a flap t, which sounds like d or (more accurately) like the quick, hard r heard e.g. in the Spanish word pero. For example: letter. Some dictionaries use the t ̬ symbol for the flap t. Table II describes the English alphabets and the corresponding IPA and American phonetic alphabets. Word stress is also highlighted. Table II IPA and phonetic Transcriptions English Alphabet a b c d e f g h i J k l M n o IPA/American Phonetic Alphabet ə bi si di I ɚf ǰi/dʒi etʃ/eč aj/ay dʒe/ǰe ke ɚl ɚm ɚn o Stress Marked across the Alphabets é bí sí dí í ɚ́f ǰí/dʒí étʃ/éč áj/áy dʒé/ǰé ké ɚ́l ɚ́m ɚ́n ó English Alphabet p Q r s t u v W x Y z IPA/American Phonetic Alphabet pi kyu/kju ɑr ɚs ti ju/yu vi dəbəlju/dəbəlyu ɚks waj/way zi Stress Marked across the Alphabets pí kyú/kjú ár ɚ́s tí jú/yú ví də́bəlju/də́bəlyu ɚ́ks wáj/wáy zí Table III shows the IPA phonetic symbols and its phonetic description. The short cut key defines the letters that we have to type in order to get the appropriate phonetic symbol. Alphabet s Phoneti c symbol Phonetic description for the symbol Short cut key Alphabet s Phoneti c symbol Phonetic description for the symbol Short cut key A ɑ open back unrounded vowel (Ctrl+A) M ɱ labiodental nasal (Ctrl+M) æ near-open front unrounded vowel (Ctrl+AA) N ŋ velar nasal (Ctrl+N) ɐ near-open central vowel (Ctrl+AAA) ɲ palatal nasal (Ctrl+NN) ɑ̃ nasalized open back unrounded vowel (Ctrl+AAAA) ɴ uvular nasal (Ctrl+NNN) B β voiced bilabial fricative (Ctrl+B) ɳ retroflex nasal (Ctrl+NNNN) ɓ voiced bilabial implosive (Ctrl+BB) O ɔ open-mid back rounded vowel (Ctrl+O) ʙ bilabial trill (Ctrl+BBB) œ open-mid front rounded vowel (Ctrl+OO)
  • 4. Phonetic Transcription- A Framework for Phonetic Representation of Sound Structures 9 C ɕ voiceless alveo-palatal fricative (Ctrl+C) ø close-mid front rounded vowel (Ctrl+OOO) ç voiceless palatal fricative (Ctrl+CC) ɒ open back rounded vowel (Ctrl+OOOO) D ð voiced dental fricative (Ctrl+D) ɔ̃ nasalized open-mid back rounded vowel (Ctrl+OOOOO) d͡ ʒ voiced postalveolar affricate (Ctrl+DD) ɶ open front rounded vowel (Ctrl+OOOOOO ) ɖ voiced retroflex plosive (Ctrl+DDD) P ɸ voiceless bilabial fricative (Ctrl+P) ɗ voiced alveolar implosive (Ctrl+DDDD) R ɾ alveolar tap (Ctrl+R) E ə mid-central vowel (Ctrl+E) ʁ voiced uvular fricative (Ctrl+RR) ə rhotacized mid-central vowel (Ctrl+EE) ɹ alveolar approximant (Ctrl+RRR) ɵ close-mid central rounded vowel (Ctrl+EEE) ɻ retroflex approximant (Ctrl+RRRR) ɘ close-mid central unrounded vowel (Ctrl+EEEE) ʀ uvular trill (Ctrl+RRRRR) F ɚ open-mid front unrounded vowel (Ctrl+3) ɽ retroflex flap (Ctrl+RRRRRR) ɛ open-mid central unrounded vowel (Ctrl+33) ɺ alveolar lateral flap (Ctrl+RRRRRR R) ɜ rhotacized open-mid central unrounded vowel (Ctrl+333) S ʃ voiceless postalveolar fricative (Ctrl+S) ɚ̃ nasalized open-mid front unrounded vowel (Ctrl+3333) ʂ voiceless retroflex fricative (Ctrl+SS) ɝ open-mid central rounded vowel (Ctrl+33333) T Θ voiceless dental fricative (Ctrl+T) G ɟ voiced velar implosive (Ctrl+G) t͡ ʃ voiceless postalveolar affricate (Ctrl+TT) ɢ voiced uvular plosive (Ctrl+GG) t͡ s voiceless alveolar affricate (Ctrl+TTT) ʛ voiced uvular implosive (Ctrl+GGG) ʈ voiceless retroflex plosive (Ctrl+TTTT)
  • 5. Phonetic Transcription- A Framework for Phonetic Representation of Sound Structures 10 H ɥ labial-palatal approximant (Ctrl+H) U ʊ near-close near-back rounded vowel (Ctrl+U) ɦ voiced glottal fricative (Ctrl+HH) ʊ̈ near-close central rounded vowel (Ctrl+UU) ħ voiceless pharyngeal fricative (Ctrl+HHH) ʉ close central rounded vowel (Ctrl+UUU) ɧ Sje-sound (Ctrl+HHHH) V ʌ open-mid back unrounded vowel (Ctrl+V) ʜ voiceless epiglottal fricative (Ctrl+HHHH H) ʋ labiodental approximant (Ctrl+VV) I ɪ near-close near-front unrounded vowel (Ctrl+I) ⱱ labiodental flap (Ctrl+VVV) ɪ̈ near-close central unrounded vowel (Ctrl+II) W ʍ voiceless labio-velar approximant (Ctrl+W) ɨ close central unrounded vowel (Ctrl+III) ɯ close back unrounded vowel (Ctrl+WW) J ʝ voiced palatal fricative (Ctrl+J) ɰ velar approximant (Ctrl+WWW) ɞ voiced palatal plosive (Ctrl+JJ) X χ voiceless uvular fricative (Ctrl+X) ʄ voiced palatal implosive (Ctrl+JJJ) Y ʎ palatal lateral approximant (Ctrl+Y) L ɫ velarized alveolar lateral approximant (Ctrl+L) ɣ voiced velar fricative (Ctrl+YY) ɬ voiceless alveolar lateral fricative (Ctrl+LL) ʏ near-close near-front rounded vowel (Ctrl+YYY) ʟ velar lateral approximant (Ctrl+LLL) ɤ close-mid back unrounded vowel (Ctrl+YYYY) ɭ retroflex lateral approximant (Ctrl+LLLL) Z ʒ voiced postalveolar fricative (Ctrl+Z) ɮ voiced alveolar lateral fricative (Ctrl+LLLLL) ʐ voiced retroflex fricative (Ctrl+ZZ) ʑ voiced alveolo- palatal fricative (Ctrl+ZZZ) Table III Phonemes
  • 6. Phonetic Transcription- A Framework for Phonetic Representation of Sound Structures 11 V. CONCLUSION Pronunciation is very important in today’s communication and currently there has been a shift from linguistic competencies to a broader level of communicative compliances. Effective communication is always based on the good pronunciation. Pronunciation is reckoned as not just production of the right phonemes. It forms the foundation for the next level of speech analysis. With adequate pronunciation skill one can fly to a new horizon by achieving professional responsibility. But with the increasing ambiguities in the natural language it is difficult to judge the right pronunciation. The goal of this paper was to provide a phonetic dictionary. This forms the root for the later part of the research work which is to build the interface for recognizing phonetic structure of sounds generated by the natural language mostly in English. The dictionary shown in the paper is for Latin-American English alphabets only. It is intentionally kept for these languages in order to limit the resources. The same rules will form the ground work to recognize the sound of other native languages such as Kannada, Telugu and others. Various researchers can get benefit from the paper by looking into the rules and the dictionary for building the sound recognition system. Future scope of the work will be on developing a tool for phonetic dictionary by applying the rules specified in the paper. REFERENCES: [1]. A first speech recognition system for Mandarin-English code-switch conversational speech Ngoc Thang Vu ; Dau-Cheng Lyu ; Weiner, J. ; Telaar, D. ; Schlippe, T. ; Blaicher, F. ; Eng-Siong Chng ; chultz, T. ; Haizhou Li , Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing (ICASSP), 2012 IEEE International Conference on Digital Object Identifier: 10.1109/ICASSP.2012.6289015 Publication Year: 2012 , Page(s): 4889- 4892 [2]. Notice of Retraction A kind of Chinese language Phonetic input output system code, Lu Qiao ; Wan Pu ; Zhang Li ; Zhu Dao- yong Computer Science and Information Technology (ICCSIT), 2010 3rd IEEE International Conference on Volume:9 Digital Object Identifier: 10.1109/ICCSIT.2010.5563773 Publication Year: 2010 , Page(s): 508- 511 [3]. Tomasz P. Szynalski, Proceedings of the International Research Conference ―Metamorphoses of the Mind: Out of One’s Mind, Losing One’s Mind, Lightmindedness, Mindlessness‖ Organized by the Latvian Academy of Culture and Goethe Institut Riga Riga, 21–23 September 2006 http://www.antimoon.com/how/pronunc-trans.htm [4]. http://www.antimoon.com/how/pronunc-soundsipa.htm#chart [5]. Marcus Otlowski, Pronunciation: What Are the Expectations?, The Internet TESL Journal, Vol. IV, No. 1 [6]. Development of a phonetic system for large vocabulary Arabic speech recognition, Gales, M.J.F. ; Cambridge Univ., published in Automatic Speech Recognition & Understanding, 2007. ASRU. IEEE Workshop on Date of Conference:9-13 Dec. 2007 Page(s):24 – 29 E-ISBN :978-1-4244-1746-9 Print ISBN: 978-1-4244-1746-9 INSPEC Accession Number: 9832782 [7]. Audio visual based pronunciation dictionary for Indian languages. Palanisamy, K. ; Published in:Technology for Education (T4E), 2010 International Conference on Date of Conference: 1-3 July 2010 Page(s): 82 – 84 E-ISBN : 978-1-4244-7361-8 Print ISBN:978-1-4244-7362-5 NSPEC Accession Number: 11476081 [8]. 100K+ words, machine-readable, pronunciation dictionary for the Romanian language, Domokos, J. ; Buza, O. ; Toderean, G. Signal Processing Conference (EUSIPCO) 2012 IEEE Proceedings of the 20th European Date of Conference:27-31 Aug. 2012 Page(s):320 – 324 ISSN :2219-5491 Print ISBN:978-1-4673-068-0 INSPEC Accession Number:13072796 [9]. Spoken Proper Name Retrieval for Limited ResourceLanguages Using Multilingual Hybrid Representations, Akbacak, M. ; Hansen, J.H.L. Audio, Speech, and Language Processing, IEEE Transactions on Volume: 18 , Issue: 6 Digital Object Identifier: 10.1109 /TASL .2009 .2035785 Publication Year: 2010 , Page(s): 1486 - 1495