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J. Bio. & Env. Sci. 2021
1 | Shahzad et al.
RESEARCH PAPER OPEN ACCESS
A preliminary study of Ichthyofauna of Garhi Usmani Khel
stream and Meherdy stream at Dargai District Malakand,
Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Pakistan
Muhammad Shahzad1
, Manzoor Ahmad*1,2
, Ayesha Kausar1
, Muhammad Ibrahim1
,
Ibad Ur Rahman1
, Bakht Zada1
1
Department of Zoology, University of Peshawar, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
2
Fisheries and Aquaculture Lab, Department of Animal Sciences, Quaid-I-Azam University,
Islamabad, Pakistan
Article published on March 20, 2021
Key words: Malakand, River Swat, Fish fauna, Cyprinidae, Channidae
Abstract
Based on the importance and crucial role in biosphere, studying fish is a debatable issue. Among animal
research its study is as prominent as bright day light. Biodiversity refers to the number of different species
living in an ecosystem. The current study was carried out from May 2016 to August 2016 to find out
Ichthyofauna of Garhi Usmani Khel Stream and Meherdy Stream at Dargai District Malakand, Khyber
Pakhtunkhwa Pakistan. The fish specimens were then identified by studying various morphometric
measurements and meristic counts. This study included eight species; Barilius pakistanicus, Puntius chola,
Channa punctata, Channa gachua, Acanthocobitis botia, Crossocheilus diplocheilus, Mastacembelus
armatus and Ompok pabda belonging to four orders (Cypriniformes, Channiformes, Mastacembeliformes,
Siluriformes) and five Families (Cyprinidae, Channidae, Nemacheilidaeidae, Mastacembelidae, Siluridae).
Cyprinidae was the most dominant family comprised of three species; Barilius pakistanicus, Puntius chola
and Crossocheilus diplocheilus. The family Channidae included two species i.e. Channa punctate and
Channa gachua while Nemacheilidaeidae, Mastacembelidae and Siluridae were represented by only one
species each, Acanthocobitis botia, Mastacembelus armatus and Ompok pabda respectively. It was
concluded that Ompok pabda is strictly endangered in River Swat and especially in Garhi Usmani Khel
Stream and Meherdy Stream. It is strongly recommended to conserve this species (Ompok pabda).
*Corresponding Author: Manzoor Ahmad  manzoorahmad1323@gmail.com
Journal of Biodiversity and Environmental Sciences (JBES)
ISSN: 2220-6663 (Print) 2222-3045 (Online)
Vol. 18, No. 3, p. 1-7, 2021
http://www.innspub.net
J. Bio. & Env. Sci. 2021
2 | Shahzad et al.
Introduction
Fish are one of the largest groups of Phylum
vertebrata and can be found in almost every part of
aquatic life. It is the most abundant and ancient class
of vertebrate (Jayaram, 1999). There are
approximately 28,000 living species of fish are
known. Moreover, 27,000 species belong to
Osteichthyes, 108 to Agnathans and 970 to
Chondrichthyes (Ali and Narejo, 2009). Fish shows
much more diversity in their body morphology and
physiology due to their habit and habitat. Biodiversity
refers to the number of different species living in an
ecosystem (Lipinski, 2003).
Based on the importance and crucial role in
biosphere, studying fish is a debatable issue. Among
animal research its study is as prominent as bright
day light. Fish play key role in the economic (Ahmad
and Hasan, 2011), nutritional and medicinal aspects
of a country (Ullah and Ahmad, 2014). Fish are vital
for economy because they have been constantly using
as a food resource in the diet of many people. It
provides proteinaceous meat as a food and a variety
of by products like fish oil, fish rye, fish meal, etc
(Akhtar et al., 2015). Hundreds and thousands of
people are employed in fisheries sector throughout
the world (Nagabhshan and Hosetti, 2010). According
to Delgado et al. (2003), aquaculture provides more
than 30% of fish production for consumption in
developing countries. Fish is much more medicinally
important because fish oil is used medicinally
(Khawaja et al., 2012). Fish oil are effective in
pregnancy and its complications (Dunsten et al.,
2004; Olsen et al., 2000), heart transplant surgery
(Holm et al., 2001), etc. Beside a source of food,
medicine and economic value it also plays a critical
role in the second trophic level of the aquatic life
(Dubey et al., 2012).
Throughout the world especially in Pakistan, fish
fauna has been extensively studied. Identification of
various fish species is mainly carried out while taking
different Morphometric measurements. These
morphometric measurements are highly variable
from species to species.
These may be constant and variable. Mostly, the
constant ratios are used for identification purposes.
However, various biotic and abiotic factors may cause
changes in various parts of the body (Muhammad et
al., 2014).
Large numbers of studies have been performed on
Ichthyofauna from various freshwater bodies of
Pakistan. However, the current study is the
preliminary study on Ichthyodiversity of Garhi
Usmani Khel Stream and Meherdy Stream at District
Malakand, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Pakistan. Therefore,
this study was performed with the aim to find the
diversity of fish species Garhi Usmani Khel Stream
and Meherdy Stream at Malakand District.
Materials and methods
Sampling Area
District Malakand is located at the Longitude and
Latitude of 34.5030° North and 71.9046° East
respectively. It is geo-strategically more important as
it plays a role of connection point for Bajaur, Swat,
Lower Dir and Buner. Moreover, the Malakand pass
connects Mardan to Swat and Dir. The two Streams
(Garhi Usmani Khel Stream and Meherdy Stream)
located in District Malakand, are the tributaries of
River Swat.
Sampling and Data Analysis
Fish collection was performed from different
locations of both the Streams. Sampling was done
from May to August 2016. Various types of nets,
scoop nets, hooks and mesh cloth were used. The
samples were fixed in 10% formalin and then
preserved in 70% alcohol so that to protect the
samples from insect pest and oxidation. The samples
were labelled giving serial number, name of locality,
name of collector, date of collection, etc. The fish
specimens were then identified by studying various
morphometric measurements and meristic counts
(Table 3) with the help of ruler and Vernier calliper.
The sample’s identification was made while using
various taxonomic and identification keys, Fishes of
the Punjab (Mirza and Sandhu, 2007), Freshwater
fishes of the Indian Regions (Jayaram, 1999) and
Inland fishes of the India and adjacent countries
(Talwar and Jhingran, 1991).
J. Bio. & Env. Sci. 2021
3 | Shahzad et al.
Results
During the present study, a total of 338 fish
specimens were collected comprising of eight species
including; Barilius pakistanicus, Puntius chola,
Channa punctata, Channa gachua, Acanthocobitis
botia, Crossocheilus diplocheilus, Mastacembelus
armatus and Ompok pabda.
These species belonging to four Orders
(Cypriniformes, Channiformes,
Mastacembeliformes, Siluriformes), five families
(Cyprinidae, Channidae, Nemacheilidaeidae,
Mastacembelidae, Siluridae) and seven genera
(Barilius, Crossocheilus, Puntius, Acanthocobitis,
Channa, Mastacembelus, Ompok) (Table 1).
Table 1. Reported Fish species of Ghari Usmani Khel and Meherdy Streams at Dargai, Malakand.
SN Order Family Genus Species
1
Cypriniformes
Cyprinidae
Barilius Barilius pakistanicus
2 Crossocheilus Crossocheilus diplocheilus
3 Puntius Puntius chola
4 Nemacheilidae Acanthocobitis Acanthocobitis botia
5
Channiformes Channidae Channa
Chana punctate
6 Channa gachua
7 Mastacembeliformes Mastacembelidae Mastacembelus Mastacembelus armatus
8 Siluriformes Siluridae Ompok Ompok pabda
Table 2. Monthwise distribution of collected Fish specimens.
Species May June July August Total
Barilius pakistanicus 22 19 23 25 89
Crossocheilus diplocheilus 3 2 7 15 27
Puntius chola 29 24 32 30 115
Acanthocobitis botia 3 5 8 13 29
Channa punctate 3 5 8 7 23
Channa gachua 2 5 4 3 14
Mastacembelus armatus 8 7 9 16 40
Ompok pabda 0 0 0 1 1
Total 70 67 91 110 338
Table 3. Morphometric measurements (cm) of reported Fish species.
Species T. L F. L S. L Sn. L H. L E. D Pr. L Ps. L Pr. VL Ps. VL Cp. L
B.pakistanicus 9.4 8.3 7.9 0.5 1.8 0.5 4.4 5.0 3.7 5.7 1.4
P.chola 9.8 9 7.8 0.7 2.4 0.4 3.9 5.5 3.3 6.1 1.2
C.puctata 15.2 …. 12.7 0.9 4.6 0.5 5.1 0.6 5.2 3.7 0.8
C.gachua 10.4 …. 8.9 0.6 2.2 0.4 3.4 0.4 3.4 2.8 0.6
A.botia 6.4 …. 5.2 0.6 0.9 0.2 2.4 2.8 2.9 3.1 0.6
C.diplocheilus 8.7 7.9 7.2 0.6 1.6 0.3 3.3 4.2 3.8 4.5 0.7
Ompok pabda 14 …. 12.5 0.7 3 0.4 3.6 11.4 5.5 1.7 ….
M.armatus 32 …. 28 1.1 2.8 0.4 14.5 …. …. …. ….
T.L = Total Length, F.L = Forked Length, S.L = Standard Length, Sn. L = Snout Length, H.L = Head Length, E.D
= Eye Diameter, Pr. L = Pre-dorsal Length, Ps. L = Post-dorsal Length, Pr. VL = Pre-pelvic Length, Ps. VL= Post-
pelvic Length, Cp. L = Caudal peduncle length
J. Bio. & Env. Sci. 2021
4 | Shahzad et al.
Fig. 1. Monthwise collection of the total fish specimens from May-August 2016.
Fig. 2. Monthwise percentage abundance of total reported fish species from May-August 2016.
Fig. 3. Orderwise diversity of the total collected fish specimens.
Fig. 4. Familywise diversity of the total collected fish specimens.
Fig. 5. Genuswise diversity of the total collected fish specimens.
Fig. 6. Relative abundance of the total reported fish species from both Garhi Usmani Khel Stream and Meherdy
Stream.
J. Bio. & Env. Sci. 2021
5 | Shahzad et al.
Fig. 7. Monthwise relative abundance of all the fish specimens of total reported species from May-August 2016.
Discussion
No research work has been done on Garhi Usmani
Khel Stream and Meherdy Stream; the current study
was the preliminary study. Few research surveys have
been carried out on other water bodies in the nearby
district’s Rivers especially River Swat. As the above
streams are the tributaries of River Swat, we will
mostly compare our study with those studies that are
carried out on River Swat.
A total of eight species were reported from Garhi
Usmani khel Stream and Meherdy Stream. All these
species belonging to four orders and five families.
Cyprinidae was the richest family represented by
three species. Moreover, August was the richest
month represented by total collection of 110 fish
specimens. Among the reported species, Puntius
chola was the most abundant species with a total
number of 115 specimens while Ompok pabda was
the poorest with one specimen only (Table 2).
In the current study, five edible species i.e. Barilius
pakistanicus, Channa punctata, Channa gachua,
Crossocheilus diplocheilus and Mastacembelus
armatus were included from both the streams which
are locally being used as a food. Hasan et al. (2013)
studied Ichthyofauna of River Swat and collected 17
edible species i.e. Carassius auratus, Tor macrolepis,
Labeo diplostomus, Channa gachua, C. punctatus,
Oncorhynchus mykiss, Cyprinus carpio, Salmo
trutta fario, Crossocheilus diplocheilus, Racoma
labiata, Schizothorax plagiostomus, Clupisoma
garua, C. naziri, Mystus bleekeri, Eutropiichthys
vacho, Barilius pakistanicus and Mastacembelus
armatus. By comparing, only five edible species i.e.
Barilius pakistanicus, Channa gachua, C. punctatus,
Crossocheilus diplocheilus and Mastacembelus
armatus were common in both studies. Similarly,
Ompok pabda was absent in their study. However,
only seven species were common to both studies as
they identified fifty species while all other species
were missing in our study. The reason might be the
wide range of the site of collection as they collected
fish sample in the area from Swat to Charsadda.
Moreover, a river has more vegetation, large variety of
food, large amount of water, habitats etc as compared
to streams. Therefore, their study included wide
range of species diversity.
J. Bio. & Env. Sci. 2021
6 | Shahzad et al.
Yousafzai et al. (2013) also conducted a study on fish
fauna of River Swat at Charsadda and reported 38
species. By comparing both the studies, only six species
were common i.e. Barilius pakistanicus, Puntius chola,
Channa punctata, Channa gachua, Crossocheilus
diplocheilus and Mastacembelus armatus. In addition,
Ompok pabda was missing in their study. Similarly,
Ishaq et al. (2014) worked on ichthyofauna of River
Swat from Madyan to Chakdara and collected 18
species. Only five species; Barilius pakistanicus,
Channa punctata, Channa gachua, Crossocheilus
diplocheilus and Mastacembelus armatus. The is a
great difference between the temperature range of
Madyan (District Swat) and District Malakand as the
former has low temperature which may be the reason
that led to variation in the diversity.
Muhammad et al. (2014) reported eleven species from
River Panjkora. This river joins the River Swat at Totakan,
District Malakand. Comparing both works, only three
species are common i.e. Barilius pakistanicus,
Chrossocheilus diplocheilus and Channa puntatus.
Conclusions and recommendations
Based on our results and discussion, it is concluded
that Acanthocobitis botia is totally absent in almost
all of the above described studies while Ompok pabda
has never been reported recently as discussed above.
Moreover, only one specimen of Ompok pabda was
collected during the current study. This species is
strictly endangered in River Swat and especially in
Garhi Usmani Khel Stream and Meherdy Stream. It is
strongly recommended to conserve this species
(Ompok pabda). The species diversity of the concern
streams can only be saved by proper monitoring of
water quality parameters and fish fauna. Fishing
during breeding season and non-marketable size
should strictly be avoided. Adding new stocks of fish
can improve the diversity of these streams.
References
Akhtar N, Saeed K, Khan S, Rafiq N. 2015.
Exploring the Icthyofaunal Diversity of River
Chagharzi District Buner, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
Pakistan. World 7(4), 228-36.
Ali SS, Narejo NT. 2009. Fundamentals of
Ichthyology. First edition, Department of freshwater
biology and Fisheries, University of Sindh, Jamshoro,
Sindh, Pakistan.
Delgado CL, Wada N, Rosegrant MW, Meyer
S, Ahmad, M. 2003. Outbook of fish to 2020:
Global Demand. Report of the International Food
Policy Research Institute.
Dubey AK, Shukla SK, Verma H. 2012. Ichthyo-
Diversity of Banisagar Dam at Chhatarpur, Madhya
Pradesh, India. International Journal of Fisheries and
Aquatic Sciences 2, 157-61.
Dunstan JA, Mori TA, Barden A, Beilin LJ,
Holt PG, Calder PC, Taylor AL, Prescott SL.
2004. Effects of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid
supplementation in pregnancy on maternal and fetal
erythrocyte fatty acid composition. European Journal
of Clinical Nutrition 58(3), 429-37.
Hasan Z, Ahmad I, Yousuf M, Rehman L,
Khan J. 2013. Fish Biodiversity of River Swat.
Pakistan Journal of Zoology 45(1), 283-289.
Holm T, Andreassen AK, Aukrust P, Andersen
K, Geiran OR, Kjekshus J, Simonsen S,
Gullestad L. 2001. Omega-3 fatty acids improve
blood pressure control and preserve renal function in
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Ishaq M, Khan S, Khan J, Akhtar N, Saeed K.
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Jayaram KC. 1999. Freshwater Fishes of the Indian
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Khawaja O, Gaziano JM, Djoussé L. 2012. A
meta-analysis of omega-3 fatty acids and incidence of
atrial fibrillation. Journal of the American College of
Nutrition 31(1), 4-13.
Lipinski S, Tweed. 2003. Environmental Science.
Scott Foresman, Addison Wesley New York.
Mirza MR, Sandhu IA. 2007. Fishes of the Punjab.
Polymer Publications Lahore.
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Pakhtunkhwa Pakistan. Journal of Biodiversity and
Environmental Sciences 5(1), 362-8.
Nagabhushan CM, Hosetti BB. 2010. Diversity of
ichthyo-fauna in relation to physico-chemical
characters of Tungabhadra Reservoir, Hospet.
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Olsen SF, Secher NJ, Tabor A, Weber T,
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A preliminary study of Ichthyofauna of Garhi Usmani Khel stream and Meherdy stream at Dargai District Malakand, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Pakistan|Jbes vol-18-no-3-p-1-7

  • 1. J. Bio. & Env. Sci. 2021 1 | Shahzad et al. RESEARCH PAPER OPEN ACCESS A preliminary study of Ichthyofauna of Garhi Usmani Khel stream and Meherdy stream at Dargai District Malakand, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Pakistan Muhammad Shahzad1 , Manzoor Ahmad*1,2 , Ayesha Kausar1 , Muhammad Ibrahim1 , Ibad Ur Rahman1 , Bakht Zada1 1 Department of Zoology, University of Peshawar, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan 2 Fisheries and Aquaculture Lab, Department of Animal Sciences, Quaid-I-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan Article published on March 20, 2021 Key words: Malakand, River Swat, Fish fauna, Cyprinidae, Channidae Abstract Based on the importance and crucial role in biosphere, studying fish is a debatable issue. Among animal research its study is as prominent as bright day light. Biodiversity refers to the number of different species living in an ecosystem. The current study was carried out from May 2016 to August 2016 to find out Ichthyofauna of Garhi Usmani Khel Stream and Meherdy Stream at Dargai District Malakand, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Pakistan. The fish specimens were then identified by studying various morphometric measurements and meristic counts. This study included eight species; Barilius pakistanicus, Puntius chola, Channa punctata, Channa gachua, Acanthocobitis botia, Crossocheilus diplocheilus, Mastacembelus armatus and Ompok pabda belonging to four orders (Cypriniformes, Channiformes, Mastacembeliformes, Siluriformes) and five Families (Cyprinidae, Channidae, Nemacheilidaeidae, Mastacembelidae, Siluridae). Cyprinidae was the most dominant family comprised of three species; Barilius pakistanicus, Puntius chola and Crossocheilus diplocheilus. The family Channidae included two species i.e. Channa punctate and Channa gachua while Nemacheilidaeidae, Mastacembelidae and Siluridae were represented by only one species each, Acanthocobitis botia, Mastacembelus armatus and Ompok pabda respectively. It was concluded that Ompok pabda is strictly endangered in River Swat and especially in Garhi Usmani Khel Stream and Meherdy Stream. It is strongly recommended to conserve this species (Ompok pabda). *Corresponding Author: Manzoor Ahmad  manzoorahmad1323@gmail.com Journal of Biodiversity and Environmental Sciences (JBES) ISSN: 2220-6663 (Print) 2222-3045 (Online) Vol. 18, No. 3, p. 1-7, 2021 http://www.innspub.net
  • 2. J. Bio. & Env. Sci. 2021 2 | Shahzad et al. Introduction Fish are one of the largest groups of Phylum vertebrata and can be found in almost every part of aquatic life. It is the most abundant and ancient class of vertebrate (Jayaram, 1999). There are approximately 28,000 living species of fish are known. Moreover, 27,000 species belong to Osteichthyes, 108 to Agnathans and 970 to Chondrichthyes (Ali and Narejo, 2009). Fish shows much more diversity in their body morphology and physiology due to their habit and habitat. Biodiversity refers to the number of different species living in an ecosystem (Lipinski, 2003). Based on the importance and crucial role in biosphere, studying fish is a debatable issue. Among animal research its study is as prominent as bright day light. Fish play key role in the economic (Ahmad and Hasan, 2011), nutritional and medicinal aspects of a country (Ullah and Ahmad, 2014). Fish are vital for economy because they have been constantly using as a food resource in the diet of many people. It provides proteinaceous meat as a food and a variety of by products like fish oil, fish rye, fish meal, etc (Akhtar et al., 2015). Hundreds and thousands of people are employed in fisheries sector throughout the world (Nagabhshan and Hosetti, 2010). According to Delgado et al. (2003), aquaculture provides more than 30% of fish production for consumption in developing countries. Fish is much more medicinally important because fish oil is used medicinally (Khawaja et al., 2012). Fish oil are effective in pregnancy and its complications (Dunsten et al., 2004; Olsen et al., 2000), heart transplant surgery (Holm et al., 2001), etc. Beside a source of food, medicine and economic value it also plays a critical role in the second trophic level of the aquatic life (Dubey et al., 2012). Throughout the world especially in Pakistan, fish fauna has been extensively studied. Identification of various fish species is mainly carried out while taking different Morphometric measurements. These morphometric measurements are highly variable from species to species. These may be constant and variable. Mostly, the constant ratios are used for identification purposes. However, various biotic and abiotic factors may cause changes in various parts of the body (Muhammad et al., 2014). Large numbers of studies have been performed on Ichthyofauna from various freshwater bodies of Pakistan. However, the current study is the preliminary study on Ichthyodiversity of Garhi Usmani Khel Stream and Meherdy Stream at District Malakand, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Pakistan. Therefore, this study was performed with the aim to find the diversity of fish species Garhi Usmani Khel Stream and Meherdy Stream at Malakand District. Materials and methods Sampling Area District Malakand is located at the Longitude and Latitude of 34.5030° North and 71.9046° East respectively. It is geo-strategically more important as it plays a role of connection point for Bajaur, Swat, Lower Dir and Buner. Moreover, the Malakand pass connects Mardan to Swat and Dir. The two Streams (Garhi Usmani Khel Stream and Meherdy Stream) located in District Malakand, are the tributaries of River Swat. Sampling and Data Analysis Fish collection was performed from different locations of both the Streams. Sampling was done from May to August 2016. Various types of nets, scoop nets, hooks and mesh cloth were used. The samples were fixed in 10% formalin and then preserved in 70% alcohol so that to protect the samples from insect pest and oxidation. The samples were labelled giving serial number, name of locality, name of collector, date of collection, etc. The fish specimens were then identified by studying various morphometric measurements and meristic counts (Table 3) with the help of ruler and Vernier calliper. The sample’s identification was made while using various taxonomic and identification keys, Fishes of the Punjab (Mirza and Sandhu, 2007), Freshwater fishes of the Indian Regions (Jayaram, 1999) and Inland fishes of the India and adjacent countries (Talwar and Jhingran, 1991).
  • 3. J. Bio. & Env. Sci. 2021 3 | Shahzad et al. Results During the present study, a total of 338 fish specimens were collected comprising of eight species including; Barilius pakistanicus, Puntius chola, Channa punctata, Channa gachua, Acanthocobitis botia, Crossocheilus diplocheilus, Mastacembelus armatus and Ompok pabda. These species belonging to four Orders (Cypriniformes, Channiformes, Mastacembeliformes, Siluriformes), five families (Cyprinidae, Channidae, Nemacheilidaeidae, Mastacembelidae, Siluridae) and seven genera (Barilius, Crossocheilus, Puntius, Acanthocobitis, Channa, Mastacembelus, Ompok) (Table 1). Table 1. Reported Fish species of Ghari Usmani Khel and Meherdy Streams at Dargai, Malakand. SN Order Family Genus Species 1 Cypriniformes Cyprinidae Barilius Barilius pakistanicus 2 Crossocheilus Crossocheilus diplocheilus 3 Puntius Puntius chola 4 Nemacheilidae Acanthocobitis Acanthocobitis botia 5 Channiformes Channidae Channa Chana punctate 6 Channa gachua 7 Mastacembeliformes Mastacembelidae Mastacembelus Mastacembelus armatus 8 Siluriformes Siluridae Ompok Ompok pabda Table 2. Monthwise distribution of collected Fish specimens. Species May June July August Total Barilius pakistanicus 22 19 23 25 89 Crossocheilus diplocheilus 3 2 7 15 27 Puntius chola 29 24 32 30 115 Acanthocobitis botia 3 5 8 13 29 Channa punctate 3 5 8 7 23 Channa gachua 2 5 4 3 14 Mastacembelus armatus 8 7 9 16 40 Ompok pabda 0 0 0 1 1 Total 70 67 91 110 338 Table 3. Morphometric measurements (cm) of reported Fish species. Species T. L F. L S. L Sn. L H. L E. D Pr. L Ps. L Pr. VL Ps. VL Cp. L B.pakistanicus 9.4 8.3 7.9 0.5 1.8 0.5 4.4 5.0 3.7 5.7 1.4 P.chola 9.8 9 7.8 0.7 2.4 0.4 3.9 5.5 3.3 6.1 1.2 C.puctata 15.2 …. 12.7 0.9 4.6 0.5 5.1 0.6 5.2 3.7 0.8 C.gachua 10.4 …. 8.9 0.6 2.2 0.4 3.4 0.4 3.4 2.8 0.6 A.botia 6.4 …. 5.2 0.6 0.9 0.2 2.4 2.8 2.9 3.1 0.6 C.diplocheilus 8.7 7.9 7.2 0.6 1.6 0.3 3.3 4.2 3.8 4.5 0.7 Ompok pabda 14 …. 12.5 0.7 3 0.4 3.6 11.4 5.5 1.7 …. M.armatus 32 …. 28 1.1 2.8 0.4 14.5 …. …. …. …. T.L = Total Length, F.L = Forked Length, S.L = Standard Length, Sn. L = Snout Length, H.L = Head Length, E.D = Eye Diameter, Pr. L = Pre-dorsal Length, Ps. L = Post-dorsal Length, Pr. VL = Pre-pelvic Length, Ps. VL= Post- pelvic Length, Cp. L = Caudal peduncle length
  • 4. J. Bio. & Env. Sci. 2021 4 | Shahzad et al. Fig. 1. Monthwise collection of the total fish specimens from May-August 2016. Fig. 2. Monthwise percentage abundance of total reported fish species from May-August 2016. Fig. 3. Orderwise diversity of the total collected fish specimens. Fig. 4. Familywise diversity of the total collected fish specimens. Fig. 5. Genuswise diversity of the total collected fish specimens. Fig. 6. Relative abundance of the total reported fish species from both Garhi Usmani Khel Stream and Meherdy Stream.
  • 5. J. Bio. & Env. Sci. 2021 5 | Shahzad et al. Fig. 7. Monthwise relative abundance of all the fish specimens of total reported species from May-August 2016. Discussion No research work has been done on Garhi Usmani Khel Stream and Meherdy Stream; the current study was the preliminary study. Few research surveys have been carried out on other water bodies in the nearby district’s Rivers especially River Swat. As the above streams are the tributaries of River Swat, we will mostly compare our study with those studies that are carried out on River Swat. A total of eight species were reported from Garhi Usmani khel Stream and Meherdy Stream. All these species belonging to four orders and five families. Cyprinidae was the richest family represented by three species. Moreover, August was the richest month represented by total collection of 110 fish specimens. Among the reported species, Puntius chola was the most abundant species with a total number of 115 specimens while Ompok pabda was the poorest with one specimen only (Table 2). In the current study, five edible species i.e. Barilius pakistanicus, Channa punctata, Channa gachua, Crossocheilus diplocheilus and Mastacembelus armatus were included from both the streams which are locally being used as a food. Hasan et al. (2013) studied Ichthyofauna of River Swat and collected 17 edible species i.e. Carassius auratus, Tor macrolepis, Labeo diplostomus, Channa gachua, C. punctatus, Oncorhynchus mykiss, Cyprinus carpio, Salmo trutta fario, Crossocheilus diplocheilus, Racoma labiata, Schizothorax plagiostomus, Clupisoma garua, C. naziri, Mystus bleekeri, Eutropiichthys vacho, Barilius pakistanicus and Mastacembelus armatus. By comparing, only five edible species i.e. Barilius pakistanicus, Channa gachua, C. punctatus, Crossocheilus diplocheilus and Mastacembelus armatus were common in both studies. Similarly, Ompok pabda was absent in their study. However, only seven species were common to both studies as they identified fifty species while all other species were missing in our study. The reason might be the wide range of the site of collection as they collected fish sample in the area from Swat to Charsadda. Moreover, a river has more vegetation, large variety of food, large amount of water, habitats etc as compared to streams. Therefore, their study included wide range of species diversity.
  • 6. J. Bio. & Env. Sci. 2021 6 | Shahzad et al. Yousafzai et al. (2013) also conducted a study on fish fauna of River Swat at Charsadda and reported 38 species. By comparing both the studies, only six species were common i.e. Barilius pakistanicus, Puntius chola, Channa punctata, Channa gachua, Crossocheilus diplocheilus and Mastacembelus armatus. In addition, Ompok pabda was missing in their study. Similarly, Ishaq et al. (2014) worked on ichthyofauna of River Swat from Madyan to Chakdara and collected 18 species. Only five species; Barilius pakistanicus, Channa punctata, Channa gachua, Crossocheilus diplocheilus and Mastacembelus armatus. The is a great difference between the temperature range of Madyan (District Swat) and District Malakand as the former has low temperature which may be the reason that led to variation in the diversity. Muhammad et al. (2014) reported eleven species from River Panjkora. This river joins the River Swat at Totakan, District Malakand. Comparing both works, only three species are common i.e. Barilius pakistanicus, Chrossocheilus diplocheilus and Channa puntatus. Conclusions and recommendations Based on our results and discussion, it is concluded that Acanthocobitis botia is totally absent in almost all of the above described studies while Ompok pabda has never been reported recently as discussed above. Moreover, only one specimen of Ompok pabda was collected during the current study. This species is strictly endangered in River Swat and especially in Garhi Usmani Khel Stream and Meherdy Stream. It is strongly recommended to conserve this species (Ompok pabda). The species diversity of the concern streams can only be saved by proper monitoring of water quality parameters and fish fauna. Fishing during breeding season and non-marketable size should strictly be avoided. Adding new stocks of fish can improve the diversity of these streams. References Akhtar N, Saeed K, Khan S, Rafiq N. 2015. Exploring the Icthyofaunal Diversity of River Chagharzi District Buner, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Pakistan. World 7(4), 228-36. Ali SS, Narejo NT. 2009. Fundamentals of Ichthyology. First edition, Department of freshwater biology and Fisheries, University of Sindh, Jamshoro, Sindh, Pakistan. Delgado CL, Wada N, Rosegrant MW, Meyer S, Ahmad, M. 2003. Outbook of fish to 2020: Global Demand. Report of the International Food Policy Research Institute. Dubey AK, Shukla SK, Verma H. 2012. Ichthyo- Diversity of Banisagar Dam at Chhatarpur, Madhya Pradesh, India. International Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 2, 157-61. Dunstan JA, Mori TA, Barden A, Beilin LJ, Holt PG, Calder PC, Taylor AL, Prescott SL. 2004. Effects of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid supplementation in pregnancy on maternal and fetal erythrocyte fatty acid composition. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition 58(3), 429-37. Hasan Z, Ahmad I, Yousuf M, Rehman L, Khan J. 2013. Fish Biodiversity of River Swat. Pakistan Journal of Zoology 45(1), 283-289. Holm T, Andreassen AK, Aukrust P, Andersen K, Geiran OR, Kjekshus J, Simonsen S, Gullestad L. 2001. Omega-3 fatty acids improve blood pressure control and preserve renal function in hypertensive heart transplant recipients. European heart journal 22(5), 428-36. Ishaq M, Khan S, Khan J, Akhtar N, Saeed K. 2014. Study on Ichthyofaunal biodiversity of River Swat. World Journal of Fish and Marine Sciences 6(4), 313-8. Jayaram KC. 1999. Freshwater Fishes of the Indian Region. Narendra Publishing House, Dehli, India. Khan MA, Hasan Z. 2011. A preliminary survey of Fish fauna of Changhoz Dam, Karak, KPK, Pakistan. World Journal of Fish and marine sciences 3(5), 376-8.
  • 7. J. Bio. & Env. Sci. 2021 7 | Shahzad et al. Khawaja O, Gaziano JM, Djoussé L. 2012. A meta-analysis of omega-3 fatty acids and incidence of atrial fibrillation. Journal of the American College of Nutrition 31(1), 4-13. Lipinski S, Tweed. 2003. Environmental Science. Scott Foresman, Addison Wesley New York. Mirza MR, Sandhu IA. 2007. Fishes of the Punjab. Polymer Publications Lahore. Muhammad I, Hasan Z, Ullah S, Ullah W, Ullah H. 2014. A preliminary survey of fish fauna of River Panjkora at District Upper Dir, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Pakistan. Journal of Biodiversity and Environmental Sciences 5(1), 362-8. Nagabhushan CM, Hosetti BB. 2010. Diversity of ichthyo-fauna in relation to physico-chemical characters of Tungabhadra Reservoir, Hospet. Wetlands, biodiversity and climate change pp.1-9. Olsen SF, Secher NJ, Tabor A, Weber T, Walker JJ, Gluud C. 2000. Randomised clinical trials of fish oil supplementation in high risk pregnancies. BJOG: An International Journal of Obstetrics & Gynaecology 107(3), 382-95. Talwar PK, Jhingran AGK. 1991. Inland fishes of India and adjacent countries. Oxford and IBH publishing Co. Pvt. Ltd, New Delhi. Ullah S, Ahmad T. 2014. Nutritional and Medicinal Importance of Fish: A Mini Review. Review of Progress. Accepted for Publication. Yousafzai AM, Khan W, Hasan Z. 2013. Fresh records on water quality and ichthyodiversity of River Swat at Charsadda, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. Pakistan Journal of Zoology 45(6).