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3. • The full name of James Joyce (2 February 1882 – 13 January
1941) is James Augustine Aloysius Joyce.
• He is an early 20th century Irish novelist and poet.
• Joyce is one of the pioneers of ‘stream of consciousness’
technique in novel and a new type of poetry called ‘Prose
Poem’.
• He is one of the most influential writers in the modernist
avant-garde of the early 20th century also.
• He used the style of ‘the examination of big events through
small happenings in everyday lives’.
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4. • Joyce was a polyglot. While serving as a teacher of English in Italy
around 1904, he learned Italian.
• It was one of 17 languages he could speak, a list that included
Arabic, Sanskrit, and Greek.
• In 1914 he published his first book, Dubliners, a collection of 15
short stories.
• In 1916,he published his second book ‘A Portrait of the artist as a
young man’.
• The publication history was not pleasing to Joyce. No English
publisher wanted to publish it.
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6. • However, Ezra Pound, the noted American poet came to his help
and got the book published by an American Publishing House.
• The book was originally published as a newspaper serial and its title
was ‘Stephen Dedalous’ after the name of its hero.
• At the advice of Ezra Pound, Joyce changed the title to ‘A Portrait of
the artist as a young man’.
• It was not a commercial success. But it definitely created a
permanent place for Joyce.
• Ezra Pound praised its style and voice.
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7. Style of narration:-
• The style of narration of the novel is called ‘Stream of consciousness
technique’.
• Another stylistic technique for which Joyce is noted is the epiphany.
An epiphany reveals a moment in which a character makes a
sudden, profound realization—whether prompted by an external
object or a voice from within—that creates a change in his or her
perception of the world. Joyce uses epiphany most notably in
Dubliners, but A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man is full of
these sudden moments of spiritual revelation as well.
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8. Icarus was the son of Daedalus, the
highly respected and talented
Athenian artisan. Both of them were
imprisoned in the labyrinth. To
come out Daedalus managed two big
wings and attached them to their
shoulders with wax. He taught the
art of flying like birds to Icarus, but
told him not to go closure to the Sun
as the sunlight would melt the wax.
Defying Daedalus’s warning,
adventurous Icarus started flying
and had gone very close to the Sun.
Wax melted and Icarus had to
embrace death. This was the first
flight of man.
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9. Genre:-
The novel is called a Künstlerroman meaning "artist's novel" in German.
It is a narrative about an artist's growth to maturity.
• In general, this type of novels are called ‘fictional autobiography’ or a
Bildungsroman.
• More accurately it may be classified as a specific subgenre of
Bildungsroman where a novel, tends to depict the conflicts of a sensitive
youth against the values of a middle and upper class society of his or her
time.
• Joyce traces the religious and intellectual awakening of young Stephen
Dedalus, a fictional alter ego of Joyce himself and an allusion to Daedalus,
the consummate craftsman of Greek Mythology.
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10. • Point of view · Although most of A Portrait of the Artist as a
Young Man is in the third person, the point of view is
Stephen's: as Stephen develops as a person, the language and
perspective of the narration develop with him. We see everything in
the manner in which he thinks and feels it. At the very end of the
novel, there is a brief section in which the story is told through
Stephen's diary entries. This section is in the first person.
• Narrator: The narrator is anonymous.
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11. Opener:-
• The opening sentence of ‘A portrait of the artist as a
young man’ is considered one of the most memorable
openers in English novel. It reads--‘Once upon a time
and a very good time it was there was a moocow coming
down along the road and this moocow that was coming
down along the road met a nicens little boy named baby
tuckoo...’
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12. • Plot/Story:-
• ‘A portrait of the artist as a young man’ takes place in Ireland at the turn
of the century. Young Stephen Dedalus comes from an Irish Catholic
family; he is the oldest of ten children, and his father is financially
inept. Throughout the novel, the Dedalus family makes a series of
moves into increasingly dilapidated homes as their fortunes dwindle.
His mother is a devout Catholic. When Stephen is young, he and the
other Dedalus children are tutored by the governess Dante, a fanatically
Catholic woman. Their Uncle Charles also lives with the family. The
book opens with stream of consciousness narrative filtered through a
child's perspective; there is sensual imagery, and words approximating
baby talk. We leap forward in time to see young Stephen beginning
boarding school at Clongowes. [Link: www.gradesaver.com]
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13. • He is very young, terribly homesick, un-athletic and socially
awkward. He is an easy target for bullies, and one day he is pushed
into a cesspool. He becomes ill from the filthy water, but he
remembers what his father told him and doesn't tell on the boy.
That Christmas, he eats at the adult table for the first time. A
terrible argument erupts over politics, with John Casey and
Stephen's father on one side and Dante on the other. Later that year,
Stephen is unjustly hit by a prefect. He complains to the rector,
winning the praises of his peers. . [Link: www.gradesaver.com]
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14. • Stephen is forced to withdraw from Clongowes because of his family's
poverty. The family moves to Blackrock, where Stephen takes long
walks with Uncle Charles and goes on imaginary adventures with boys
from around the neighbourhood. When Stephen is a bit older, the
family moves to Dublin, once again because of financial difficulties. He
meets a girl named Emma Clere, who is to be the object of his adoration
right up until the end of the book. His father, with a bit of charm,
manages to get Stephen back into private school. He is to go to
Belvedere College, another institution run by the Jesuits. .
• [Link: www.gradesaver.com]
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15. • Stephen comes into his own at Belvedere, a reluctant leader and a success at acting
and essay writing. Despite his position of leadership, he often feels quite isolated. He
continues to be a sensitive and imaginative young man, acting in school plays and
winning essay contests. He is also increasingly obsessed with sex; his fantasies grow
more and more lurid. Finally, one night he goes with a prostitute. It is his first sexual
experience.
• Going with prostitutes becomes a habit. Stephen enters a period of spiritual
confession. He considers his behavior sinful, but he feels oddly indifferent towards it.
He cannot seem to stop going to prostitutes, nor does he want to stop. But during the
annual spiritual retreat at Belvedere, he hears three fire sermons on the torments of
hell. Stephen is terrified, and he repents of his old behavior. He becomes almost
fanatically religious. .
• [Link: www.gradesaver.com]
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16. • After a time, this feeling passes. He becomes increasingly frustrated
by Catholic doctrine. When a rector suggests that he consider
becoming a priest, Stephen realizes that it is not the life for him.
One day, while walking on the beach, he sees a beautiful girl. Her
beauty hits him with the force of spiritual revelation, and he no
longer feels ashamed of admiring the body. He will live life to the
fullest.
• The next time we see Stephen, he is a student at university.
University has provided valuable structure and new ideas to
Stephen: in particular, he has had time to think about the works of
Aquinas and Aristotle on the subject of beauty.
[Link: www.gradesaver.com]
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17. • Stephen has developed his own theory of aesthetics. He is
increasingly preoccupied with beauty and art. Although he has
no shortage of friends, he feels isolated. He has come to
regard Ireland as a trap, and he realizes that he must escape
the constraints of nation, family, and religion. He can only do
that abroad. Stephen imagines his escape as something
parallel to the flight of Dedalus, he escaped from his prison
with wings crafted by his own genius. The book ends with
Stephen leaving Ireland to pursue the life of a writer.
[Link: www.gradesaver.com]
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18. • Q.1.How is Stephen influenced by his Irish nationality?
• Ans. Stephen has a conflicted relationship to his Irish nationality,
largely because of the fact that his family and friends have conflicting
political views about Ireland and its independence. On one hand,
Stephen's governess, Dante, is proud of the church and disdainful of
Irish leaders like Parnell. On the other hand, Mr. Dedalus and John
Casey see Parnell as the only hope for a free Ireland. Stephen's friends
also stand on opposing sides of the question. Influenced by these
divergent opinions, Stephen, though eager to leave Ireland by the end of
the novel, is also inextricably tied to it. He feels that Ireland has always
been at the mercy of other nations, just as he has always been bound by
outside influences. When Stephen leaves, it is to forge the conscience of
the Irish race—a project that, ironically, he feels he can accomplish only
by leaving his native island behind. [Link: www.sparknotes.com]
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19. • Q.2. Discuss Joyce's use of religious imagery and language. Why are Father Arnall's
three sermons so successful in overcoming Stephen's religious doubt?
• Ans. Father Arnall's sermons touch Stephen at his core because they resonate with
both Stephen's cultural background and his preoccupation with aesthetics. At the
time when Father Arnall delivers his sermons, Stephen is struggling with the exact
issues the priest addresses: the overwhelming strength of sinful emotions and the
fear of being punished for them. When Father Arnall speaks, he validates and
solidifies Stephen's vague concerns about morality and heavenly punishment. The
cultural context in which Stephen has been raised creates an intolerable tension
between his desire for various freedoms and his desire to meet the moral
requirements placed upon him.
• Additionally, Stephen, who is closely attentive to the sensory world around him, particularly
connects with Father Arnall's vivid portraits of the sensory experience of being in hell. In addition
to focusing on spiritual tortures, the priest describes the raw pain and grotesqueness of hell,
painting a moral and religious punishment in emotional and aesthetic terms. As Stephen is just
awakening to the power of such emotions and aesthetics, Father Arnall's sermons have a particular
resonance for him. Stephen's conversion to devout religiousness is, however, only temporary. The
same tools father Arnall uses to such great effect in his sermons soon convert Stephen from a
would-be priest of religion to a confirmed priest of art. [Link: www.sparknotes.com]
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20. • Q.3.What role does Stephen's burgeoning sexuality play in his development as a
character? How does his Catholic morality complicate his experience of sexuality?
• Ans. Stephen's early life is dominated by moral restrictions embedded in the society
and family environment surrounding him, and his coming-of-age process involves
confronting and dismantling these restrictions. Stephen grows up enthralled by the
hierarchies and rituals of school and church, a structure in which his growing
adolescent lust is not acknowledged or validated. His newfound sexuality is so alien,
in fact, that he initially fails to recognize it, and it is not until he falls into the arms of
the prostitute that he realizes what he has been longing for. The encounter with the
prostitute awakens Stephen to a side of his character that has until then been hidden.
The encounter symbolizes not only his awakening sexuality, but more generally, his
awakening to the power of emotion and art. It also illustrates his extremely polarized
conception of women: on the one hand are prostitutes with whom he can express his
feelings of sexual desire, and on the other are revered, distant, near saintly figures
such as Emma, whom he loves from afar but can never approach.
• [Link: www.sparknotes.com]
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21. • Q.5.Compare and contrast Stephen's perception of art with his perception
of religion, family, school, or country. What makes art such an appealing
escape for Stephen?
• Ans. For Stephen, art offers an escape from the constraints of religion,
family, school, and country. Constrained by his surroundings and even his
own self-imposed restraints, he looks to art as an independent, abstract
realm where he can create a world that suits him. Stephen's obsession with
aesthetic theory indicates that, for him, art is an abstract idea. Unlike the
abstractions of religion, however, the abstractions of art are tied to the
emotions with which Stephen struggles. In his love poem "To E— C—," for
instance, he finds an outlet both for his aesthetic leanings and for the
emotions that he is too restrained—or afraid—to express.
• Link: www.sparknotes.com]
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22. • Q.6.Why does Stephen turn down the offer to become a Jesuit?
• Ans. Religion is Stephen's life up until the point when he is offered the possibility of
entering the Jesuit order. After confessing his sins, he has tried to purify himself, and his
superiors notice this remarkable devotion. It would seem that an offer to join the Jesuits is
the perfect culmination of a life that, aside from occasional lapses such as liaisons with
prostitutes, has been destined for religion. Stephen, however, rejects the Jesuit offer as
soon as it is made. Joyce suggests that Stephen clings to religion not because it is his
calling, but merely as a source of stability within his turbulent life. He uses religion in an
attempt to erect a barrier against the emotions that rage within him. Furthermore, Stephen
has a strong aesthetic objection to the idea of being a priest, an objection that is
emphasized by the washed-out character of the priest who offers him the position. Even if
the religious life appeals to Stephen on a religious or abstract level, the idea of walking,
dressing, talking, and living like a priest is aesthetically unpleasant. At this point in the
novel, Stephen's aesthetic inclinations have become so strong that he almost inevitably
rejects anything that contradicts these aesthetic values.
Linl: www.sparknotes.com]
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23. Facts to know:-
• 1.James Joyce was born in nineteenth century Ireland
• 2 Joyce was an important pioneer of the narrative technique
known as stream of consciousness
• 3. The name "Dedalus" makes allusion to the mythological
figure who flew too close to the sun and drowned in the ocean
• 4. James Joyce was raised in a family that was deeply Catholic
• 5. In 1922, James Joyce published a book that some hail as
the greatest masterpiece of twentieth century English
literature. That book was Ulysses
• 6. When describing the opening of this novel, one is most
likely to talk about Sensual imagery and stream of
consciousness
• 7. Stephen's father is financially inept
• 8. Stephen is the oldest of roughly ten children
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24. • 9. As a young boy, Stephen attends the Jesuit school of Clongowes.
• 10. As a young boy, Stephen is unathletic and shy.
• 11. Two traits that the child Stephen has that he will keep for the rest
of his life are his imagination and sensitivity.
• 12. At Clongowes, Stephen is picked on by a bully named Wells.
• 13. One day, Stephen is attacked by the bully named Wells, who
pushes Stephen into a cesspool.
• 14. While in the clinic at Clongowes, Stephen is cared for by Brother
Michael.
• 15. While in the clinic at Clongowes, Stephen has the paper read to
him. He hears about the death of Charles Parnell.
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25. • 16. At Christmas dinner, Stephen witnesses an argument between his father and John
Casey on one side and Dante on the other
• 17. The argument is over Charles Parnell
• 18. One day in a Latin class, Stephen is excused from studying because he has broken
his glasses. The prefect Father Dolan accuses Stephen of breaking them on purpose
and beats.
• 19. Stephen has to withdraw from Clongowes because of his father's financial
ineptitude.
• 20. The Dedalus family moves to the town of Blackrock.
• 21.Stephen takes long walks with his old Uncle Charles.
• 22. In his new neighborhood, Stephen befriends a boy named Aubrey Mills.
• 23. As a young boy, Stephen reads and is enraptured by The Count of Monte Cristo.
• 24. Stephen's father manages to get Stephen back into private school. He is to attend
Belvedere.
• 25. Stephen falls in love with a girl named Emma Cler.e
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26. Objective Questions & Answers:-
• i. What does Stephen's father call him as a child?
• Ans. Baby tuckoo
• ii. Where does Stephen attend school as a child?
• Ans. Clongowes
• iii. Why do John Casey and Dante argue at Stephen's first
Christmas dinner at the adult table?
• Ans.Casey supports Parnell and Dante is against him
• iv.Why does Father Dolan whip Stephen during Latin class?
• Ans.Stephen is not doing his work because his glasses are
broken.
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27. • v.How does Father Conmee respond to Stephen's request that he talk to
Father Dolan about his punishment in Latin class?
• Ans.He promises to talk to Father Dolan.
• vi.What does Mike Flynn try to teach Stephen to do?
• Ans.Run
• vii.With which novel does Stephen fall in love?
• Ans.The Count of Monte Cristo
• Viii.To whom does Stephen write his first love poem?
• Ans."E—C—"
• ix.Which two colors does Stephen associate with Dante?
• Ans.Green and maroon.
• x.Which character smokes "black twists" of tobacco?
• Ans.Uncle Charles
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28. • xi.Why do Stephen and his father travel to Cork?
• Ans.To sell some things at an auction
• xii.Why is Stephen embarrassed of his father when they visit Cork?
• Ans.Simon gets drunk and nostalgic
• xiii.What does Stephen do to win prize money?
• Ans.He wins an essay prize
• xiv.What does Stephen do with his prize money?
• Ans.He spends it on his family
• xv.In what city does Stephen first have sex with a prostitute?
• Ans.Dublin
• xvi.How does Stephen react to having slept with a prostitute?
• Ans.He feels alienated and anguished
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29. • xvii.Where does Stephen hear Father Arnall give his sermons on hell?
• Ans.At a three-day Belvedere retreat
• xviiiWhat is Stephen's reaction to Father Arnall's sermons?
• Ans.He confesses his sins
• xix.Who suggests to Stephen that he might become a member of the
Jesuit order?
• Ans.The director of Belvedere
• xx.What sight makes Stephen realize that he wants to dedicate himself
to art?
• Ans.A girl on the beach
• xxi.Instead of becoming a Jesuit, what does Stephen do?
• Ans.He attends university
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30. • xxii.Which of Stephen's friends at the university is staunchly
patriotic?
• Ans.Davin
• xxiii.What is one of the basic distinctions of Stephen's aesthetic
theory?
• Ans.Static vs. kinetic art
• xxiv.Which of the following lists corresponds to one of the
distinctions made in Stephen's aesthetic theory?
• Ans.Epical, lyrical, and dramatic
• xxv.What ceremony does Cranly try to convince Stephen to attend,
for his mother's sake?
• Ans.Easter Mass [Link: www.sparknotes.com]
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31. Trivia on Joyce’s style:-
i. James Joyce created nine 101 letters words in his
novel Finnegan’s Wake. The most famous one is---
‘Abababcbohebrbhetbfbmm`gbrrdggfdggard
ggtdgglrrdggtudggteuggtrdvbrredugbwgsfbw
gtddeddeddrclglgteurguf’. It occurs in the
opening page.
ii. Joyce’s novel and magnum opus ‘Ulysses’ once
contained the longest sentence in English Literature
having 4319 words.
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