This document from the Indian Dental Academy provides summaries of key concepts in orthodontics and dentistry. It lists names associated with malocclusion, arch forms, facial indices, cephalic indices, extraction techniques, and landmarks used in cephalometric analysis. It also defines orthodontic appliances and procedures like headgear design, palatal vault indices, and stages of cervical vertebrae maturation.
6. COLOUR CODING FOR TRACING
CEPHALOMETRICS IN CLINICAL PRACTICE, AO – VOL – 29: NO – 1: JAN 1959)
ORIGINAL TRACING – BLACK
INTERMEDIATE TRACING – BLUE
RETENTION TRACING – GREEN
FINISHED TRACING – RED
SUBSEQUENT TRACINGS - TERRACOTTA
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7. Jacobson – radiology (pg- 25)
Sheldon 1940 –
1. PHYSIQUE (Built)- ( Athletic, Esthetic, Plethoric)
BODY BUILD (Sheldon)
Ectomorphic – long and thin
Mesomorphic – in between
Endomorphic – short and obese
----
BUILT
Athletic
Esthetic
Plethoric
Durer –
1. PROFILE ( Convex, Straight, Concave)
2.FACIAL FORM(Leptoprosopic, Mesoprosopic, Euryprosopic)
Martin & saller 1957 –
1. Morphologic facial index
2. Cephalic index
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8. FACIAL INDEX
(Martin & Saller)
FACIAL INDEX ( MARTIN & SALLER ) = BIZYGOMATIC WIDTH
Morphologic FACIAL HEIGHT ( N & GNATHION )
HYPER EURYPROSOPIC
EURYPROSOPIC
MESOPROSOPIC
LEPTOPROSOPIC
HYPER LEPTOPROSOPIC
SHAPE OF DENTAL ARCH IS RELATED TO THIS CEPHALIC AND FACIAL INDEX.
EURYPROSOPIC FACE ------- BROAD, SQUARE ARCHES. BORDER LINE CASE--- EXPANSION.
LEPTOPROSOPIC FACE ----- NARROW, TAPERING ARCHES. EXTRACTION IS PREFFERED OVER EXPANSION.
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--------------- < 78.9
( LOW FACIAL HEIGHT )
--------------- 79.0 – 83
( SKELETON )
-------------- 84.0 – 87.9 ( AVERAGE SKELETON )
-------------- 88.0 – 92.9 ( HIGH FACIAL )
--------------- > 93.0
( SKELETON
)
9. CEPHALIC INDEX
CEPHALIC INDEX ( MARTIN & SALLER )
( MARTIN & SALLER )
= Maximum skull width
Maximum skull length
Dolicocephalic -- < 75.9
Mesocephalic --- 76.0 – 80.9 ( average )
Brachycephalic -- 81.0 – 85.4 ( average )
HYPERBRACHYCEPHALIC -- > 85.5
SHAPE OF DENTAL ARCH IS RELATED TO THIS CEPHALIC AND FACIAL INDEX.
EURYPROSOPIC FACE ------- BROAD, SQUARE ARCHES. BORDER LINE CASE--- EXPANSION.
LEPTOPROSOPIC FACE ----- NARROW, TAPERING ARCHES. EXTRACTION IS PREFFERED OVER EXPANSION.
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11. GABLE BEND
Gable bend – mulligan (Article Common Sense
Mechanics part 8)
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12. PALATAL HEIGHT INDEX (KORKHAUS 1939)
PALATAL HEIGHT INDEX = PALATAL HEIGHT X 100
POSTERIOR ARCH WIDTH
AVERAGE INDEX VALUES 42%
ADAPTED FROM Harth
(1930) : the values in the
first column represent the
sum of the mesiodistal
diameters of the four
maxillary incisors : the
values in the second and
third columns indicate the
ideal anterior and posterior
arch widths respectively of
the
maxilla
and
the
mandible that correspond to
these sums
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13. QUINTERO’S IGN
CLINICAL SUCCESS IN EARLY ORTHODONTICS TREATMENT
( ANTONIO PATTI, GUY PERRIER D’ARC, pg - 57)
Fanning out of incisors – in primary dentition crowns
(QUINTERO’S IGN ) Radiographic sign
Imbrication
Root crowding
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15. DRIFTODONTICS Dr. Sam Papandreas
EVERY YEAR
The mandibular anteriors uprighted an average of 8°
The cuspids drifted distally and expanded 1.7 mm
The molars drifted forward only 1.2 mm.
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16. AO – 1972, 42 ; 236 - 244
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17. Permanent tooth estimation by radiograph
Huckaba gave radiographic assessment of any tooth
(3rd molar).
X = Y x X1
Y1
X - the estimated size of permanent tooth
X1 - the radiographic size of permanent tooth
Y - the size of the primary mandibular second molar on the cast
Y1 - the radiographic size of the primary molar
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18. Brass wire diameter – 0.033 inch ( G.V. 4TH EDITION – Pg -441)
Lateral ceph enlargement will be approximately 7% the original structure
(European Journal of Orthodontics 18 (1996) 491-497).
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19. Retention
Class – II vector : ¾ inch or 2 – ounce elastic “W”with a tail.
(Class – II deep bite cases )
Class – III vector :
¾ inch or 2 – ounce elastic “M”with a tail.
( Class – III open bite cases
Class – I vector : ¾ inch or 2 – ounce elastic
“W” OR “M” without a tail.
Anterior box elastics for additional overbite correction
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20. TWEED MERRIFIELD Diagnostic analysis
system – Jacobson (pg- 131)
The upper lip usually thins with maturation but
thickens with maxillary incisor retraction.
Approximately 1 mm of thickening occurs with each
4 mm of incisor retraction.
The thickness of soft tissue chin (TC) should be equal
to the Upper lip (1:1). If it is not then the
orthodontist should compensate by incisor
positioning.
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21. CVMI
- LAMPARSKI
Establishment of the maturation stages of cervical
vertebrae was performed by the method proposed by
Hassel and Farman (1995), which visually analyzes
the cervical vertebrae 2 (C2), 3 (C3) and 4 (C4) as to
the formation of a concavity on the lower border and
the body morphology, establishing six stages of
skeletal maturation: 1) initiation, 2) acceleration, 3)
transition, 4) deceleration, 5) maturation, and 6)
completion.
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22. Safety valve mechanism
Maxillary canines erupt first and then maxillary
canines guiding the mandibular growth
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25. Y – AXIS (JCO 1975 Apr A 4 step method)
Dr. Brodie first employed Y – Axis as one of the
earliest lines of reference.
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26. R – POINT (REGISTRATION POINT)
INTRODUCED BY BROADBENT.
A PERPENDICULAR TO SELLA IS ERRECTED FROM THE BOLTON
– NASION(Bo-N) PLANE.
THE MID POINT OF THIS PERPENDICULAR IS CALLED THE
REGISTRATION POINT®
TRACINGS
OF
SUCCESSIVE
CEPHALOGRAPHS
ARE
SUPERIMPOSED ON R, KEEPING Bo-n PLANES OF THESE
RADIOGRAPHS PARALLEL TO EACH OTHER
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27. POINT – A (AJO-1980 JAN 92-96
DOWNS – VARIATIONS IN FACIAL RELATIONSHIP: THEIR
SIGNIFICANCE IN TREATMENT AND PROGNOSIS :
AJO 34:
812-840; 1948
POINT – A REVISITED – JARABAK & FIZZELL
(A point 2mm ahead of the root apex)
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28. Eva point (ceph land mark) JCO – 1975, june
growth prediction – 2 ( rickets)
Named after his mother EVA
MURRAY POINT
Named after his father
BASICRANIAL AXIS – HUXLEY
CRANIAL BASE TRIANGLE – (Basion – Nasion –
Gonion)
Facial axis angle ( X – Y Axis)– Aveg – 900
RICKETS DESIGN FOR HEADGEAR – CIRCLE IN THE OUTER
BOW
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29. Facial 1/3rd
Da vinci and Durer(artists or renaisence) divided into 3
thirds
Farkas(Caucasian) again divided lower 3rd into
2/3rd
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33. ROCKER MANDIBLE (AJODO-1987;91:117-124)
Houghton – believes that an OBTUSE CRANIAL
BASE ANGLE is the moat important cranial factor
involved in the formation of a mandible with no
distinct ANTIGONIAL NOTCH, which is termed as
rocker mandible.
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34. EXTRACTIONS
CALVIN CASE – RECOMMENDED EXTRACTION OF
TEETH TO RETRACT PROCUMBENT LIPS.
ALL 4’S EXTRACTION - C. H. TWEED
UPPER 4’S AND LOWER 5’S - PERCY REYMOND BEGG
2ND MOLAR EXTRACTION - CHAPIN W. (AJO 1939;11 :
1072-8)
LOWER INISOR EXTRACTION - ALI-AKBAR BAHREMAN
(AJO 1977; 72(5): 560-567)
ALL 6’S EXTRACTION - WILKINSON
Extraction of peg-shaped lateral incisors. (Am J Orthod
Dentofacial Orthop 2008;134:332)
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35. PREMOLAR EXTRACTIONS
BOURDET (1757), a disciple of PIERRE FAUCHARD,
recommended the removal of the premolars to relieve crowding.
HUNTER (1835) – extracted the first premolars to allow incisor
retrusion in cases of posterior protrusion.
Then extraction debate came between ANGLE and CASE.
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36. ORTHOGNATHIC SURGERY
CDE on 3 April”12. Chetan Jayade
General considerations
A – Arch considerations & alignment
B – Bite considerations
C – Canine / Corrrection of midline
D -- Decompensation
General guide line for Class II correction
Over jet > 10 mm
Pog to N perpendicular distance : 18 mm
Mandibular corpus length < 80 cms
Facial Ht. greater than 125 cm
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37. Guide lines for class III
Reverse overjet < 4 mm
Skeletal disparity > 5 mm
Mandibular corpus length > 105 mm
Facial Height greater than 125 cms
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38. Thank you
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