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Capitalization and 
Punctuation 
Unit 5
Mechanics 1: Correct Sentences 
Every sentence must begin with a capital letter and end with 
an end mark. Without capital letters and end marks, 
sentences run together. With them, a reader knows where 
one sentence ends and another begins. 
Incorrect: we will join you later we are waiting for Cory 
Correct: We will join you later. We are waiting for Cory.
Correct Sentences 
• End marks tell whether you are making a statement (.), 
asking a question (?), giving a command (!), or showing 
strong feelings (!). 
• Declarative: The trip is on Friday. 
• Interrogative: Are you going on the trip Friday? 
• Imperative: Buy your tickets early. 
• Exclamatory: What a wonderful day we will have on our 
trip!
Mechanics 2: Proper Nouns and 
Adjectives 
• Proper nouns name specific persons, places, and 
things. Always capitalize proper nouns. If a proper 
noun is two words, capitalize both words. If there are 
three or more words, capitalize only the important 
words.
Capitalizing Proper 
Nouns 
People Queen Victoria Lewis Carroll 
Places Norway 
Lake Ontario 
Wisconsin Avenue 
Gulf of Mexico 
Things Rosetta Stone Mayflower Compact 
Days, Months, and 
Holidays 
Monday 
Columbus Day 
July 
New Year’s Day 
Buildings and 
Companies 
Langley Company Fogg Art Museum
Mechanics 2: Proper Nouns and 
Adjectives 
• Proper adjectives are adjectives made from proper 
nouns. Like proper nouns, proper adjectives begin with 
capital letters. If a proper adjective is two or more 
words capitalize both of them. 
• Example: Japan-Japanese cars 
• Example: South American-South American music.
Mechanics 3: Comma in a Series 
• An end mark tells the reader where to stop. A comma 
(,) tells the reader where to pause. Commas help 
make the meaning of a sentence clear. Commas may 
also change the meaning of a sentence. 
• Example: Beth, John, Paul, and I are in the same 
class. 
• Example: Beth, John Paul, and I are in the same 
class.
Mechanics 3: Comma in a Series 
(Continued) 
• Each of the examples on the previous slide contains a 
series. A series is a list of three or more items in a 
sentence. A comma is used after each item except the 
last. Conjunctions such as and or or is used before the 
last item. 
• Do NOT use a comma if a sentence list only two items, 
for the sentence does not contain a series.
Mechanics 4: More Uses for Commas 
• Words such as yes, no, and well are called introductory 
words when they begin a sentence. Always use a comma 
after an introductory word. 
• Example: Yes, I play video games. 
• Examples: Well, I had not planned to go tonight. 
• Example: No, he will not be going with us today.
Direct Address 
• The name of the person who is spoken to or 
addressed, is called a noun in direct address. Use a 
comma or commas to set of a noun in direct address 
from the rest of the sentence. 
• Example: Mary, will you stay with us tonight? Direct 
Address 
• TIP: The subject of a sentence is never the direct 
address. It is you or you understood.
Direct Address (Cont’d) 
• Place your books on the table, John. 
• Thank you, Bob, for doing such a good job. 
• Sometimes you may use introductory words and nouns 
in direct address in the same sentence. 
• Yes, Mary, you are ready for the test.
Mechanics 5: Interjections 
• An interjection is a word or words that show feeling or 
emotion. 
Hurray Hey Oh, no Well 
Good 
Grief 
Ah Oops Whew 
Okay Oh Ouch Wow
Interjections 
• If an interjection shows strong feelings, it stands alone 
and is followed by an exclamation point. 
• Example: Wow! That boat is big. 
• Example: You leave!
Interjections (Cont’d) 
• TIP: If you use an exclamation mark after the interjection, 
the next word is capitalized, and the sentence should not 
end with another exclamation mark. If a comma is used 
after the interjection, then the next word is not capitalized 
and the sentence may end with any end mark 
punctuation, including an exclamation mark. 
• Example: Oh, what a great day. 
• Example: Gee! We hate to see you leave.
Mechanics 6: Quotations 
• In written conversation, a direct quotation gives a 
speaker’s exact words. Set it off with quotation marks 
(“) and capitalize the first words. 
• Use a comma to set off a direct quotation from the 
other words in a sentence. Place the comma outside 
the quotation marks at the beginning of a quotation and 
inside the quotation marks at the end of a quotation.
Mechanics 6: Quotations (Con’t) 
• Example: Hannah announced, “My aunt works in a fire 
tower.” 
• Example: “Tell me what she does,” said Henry.
Quotations 
• If the quotation is a question or exclamation, place a 
question mark or exclamation point, instead of a 
comma, inside the quotation marks. 
• Example: “I know we can,” replied Hannah. “Let’s call 
my aunt.”
Quotations (Cont’d) 
• Example: “What a great job she had!” exclaimed Henry. 
• Sometimes a quotation is divided and each part is in 
quotation marks. If the second part of the divided 
quotation continues the original sentence, begin it with 
a small letter. If it starts a new sentence, use a capital 
letter. 
• Example: “Do you think,” asked Henry, “that we could 
see the tower?” 
• Example: “I know we can,” replied Hannah. “Let’s call 
my aunt.”
Mechanics 7: Abbreviations 
• An abbreviation is a shortened form of a word. An 
abbreviation usually begins with a capital letter and ends 
with a period. Use abbreviations only in special kinds of 
writing, such as addresses and lists. 
• Initials are a special kind of abbreviation. An Initial most 
often stands for a person’s first or middle name. Some 
names have two initials. 
• Example: E.B. White wrote Charlotte’s Web.
Common Abbreviations 
Titles Mr. Mister 
Mrs. Married Woman 
Ms. Any Woman 
Dr. Doctor 
Jr. Junior 
Sr. Senior 
Businesses Co. Company 
Corp. Corporation 
Ltd. Limited 
Inc. Incorporated 
Days Tues. Tuesday Wed. Wednesday 
Months Fed. February Aug. August 
Addresses Ave. Avenue Rte. Route 
States CA California TX Texas
Mechanics 8: Titles 
• There are special ways for writing the titles of books, 
poems, and other written works. Capitalize the first and 
last and all important words. Do NOT capitalize words 
such as a, in, and of the unless they begin or end the title. 
• Examples: “The Ways of Trains” The Treasure Is the 
Rose
Titles 
• When titles of books, magazines, newspapers, and 
movies are used in printed materials, they appear in 
italics: Prince Caspian. Because you cannot write in 
italics, in your writings you should always underline these 
titles. 
• Example: My sister reads The Washington Post every 
morning. 
• Example: Have you finished the book Mom’s Best 
Friend?
Titles 
• Some titles are set off by quotation marks. Put quotation 
marks around the titles of short stories, articles, book 
chapters, and most poems. 
• Example: I recited the poem “Take Sky.” 
• Example: My sister showed me the article “Wonder 
Words.”
The End

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Capitalization and Punctuation Unit 5

  • 2. Mechanics 1: Correct Sentences Every sentence must begin with a capital letter and end with an end mark. Without capital letters and end marks, sentences run together. With them, a reader knows where one sentence ends and another begins. Incorrect: we will join you later we are waiting for Cory Correct: We will join you later. We are waiting for Cory.
  • 3. Correct Sentences • End marks tell whether you are making a statement (.), asking a question (?), giving a command (!), or showing strong feelings (!). • Declarative: The trip is on Friday. • Interrogative: Are you going on the trip Friday? • Imperative: Buy your tickets early. • Exclamatory: What a wonderful day we will have on our trip!
  • 4. Mechanics 2: Proper Nouns and Adjectives • Proper nouns name specific persons, places, and things. Always capitalize proper nouns. If a proper noun is two words, capitalize both words. If there are three or more words, capitalize only the important words.
  • 5. Capitalizing Proper Nouns People Queen Victoria Lewis Carroll Places Norway Lake Ontario Wisconsin Avenue Gulf of Mexico Things Rosetta Stone Mayflower Compact Days, Months, and Holidays Monday Columbus Day July New Year’s Day Buildings and Companies Langley Company Fogg Art Museum
  • 6. Mechanics 2: Proper Nouns and Adjectives • Proper adjectives are adjectives made from proper nouns. Like proper nouns, proper adjectives begin with capital letters. If a proper adjective is two or more words capitalize both of them. • Example: Japan-Japanese cars • Example: South American-South American music.
  • 7. Mechanics 3: Comma in a Series • An end mark tells the reader where to stop. A comma (,) tells the reader where to pause. Commas help make the meaning of a sentence clear. Commas may also change the meaning of a sentence. • Example: Beth, John, Paul, and I are in the same class. • Example: Beth, John Paul, and I are in the same class.
  • 8. Mechanics 3: Comma in a Series (Continued) • Each of the examples on the previous slide contains a series. A series is a list of three or more items in a sentence. A comma is used after each item except the last. Conjunctions such as and or or is used before the last item. • Do NOT use a comma if a sentence list only two items, for the sentence does not contain a series.
  • 9. Mechanics 4: More Uses for Commas • Words such as yes, no, and well are called introductory words when they begin a sentence. Always use a comma after an introductory word. • Example: Yes, I play video games. • Examples: Well, I had not planned to go tonight. • Example: No, he will not be going with us today.
  • 10. Direct Address • The name of the person who is spoken to or addressed, is called a noun in direct address. Use a comma or commas to set of a noun in direct address from the rest of the sentence. • Example: Mary, will you stay with us tonight? Direct Address • TIP: The subject of a sentence is never the direct address. It is you or you understood.
  • 11. Direct Address (Cont’d) • Place your books on the table, John. • Thank you, Bob, for doing such a good job. • Sometimes you may use introductory words and nouns in direct address in the same sentence. • Yes, Mary, you are ready for the test.
  • 12. Mechanics 5: Interjections • An interjection is a word or words that show feeling or emotion. Hurray Hey Oh, no Well Good Grief Ah Oops Whew Okay Oh Ouch Wow
  • 13. Interjections • If an interjection shows strong feelings, it stands alone and is followed by an exclamation point. • Example: Wow! That boat is big. • Example: You leave!
  • 14. Interjections (Cont’d) • TIP: If you use an exclamation mark after the interjection, the next word is capitalized, and the sentence should not end with another exclamation mark. If a comma is used after the interjection, then the next word is not capitalized and the sentence may end with any end mark punctuation, including an exclamation mark. • Example: Oh, what a great day. • Example: Gee! We hate to see you leave.
  • 15. Mechanics 6: Quotations • In written conversation, a direct quotation gives a speaker’s exact words. Set it off with quotation marks (“) and capitalize the first words. • Use a comma to set off a direct quotation from the other words in a sentence. Place the comma outside the quotation marks at the beginning of a quotation and inside the quotation marks at the end of a quotation.
  • 16. Mechanics 6: Quotations (Con’t) • Example: Hannah announced, “My aunt works in a fire tower.” • Example: “Tell me what she does,” said Henry.
  • 17. Quotations • If the quotation is a question or exclamation, place a question mark or exclamation point, instead of a comma, inside the quotation marks. • Example: “I know we can,” replied Hannah. “Let’s call my aunt.”
  • 18. Quotations (Cont’d) • Example: “What a great job she had!” exclaimed Henry. • Sometimes a quotation is divided and each part is in quotation marks. If the second part of the divided quotation continues the original sentence, begin it with a small letter. If it starts a new sentence, use a capital letter. • Example: “Do you think,” asked Henry, “that we could see the tower?” • Example: “I know we can,” replied Hannah. “Let’s call my aunt.”
  • 19. Mechanics 7: Abbreviations • An abbreviation is a shortened form of a word. An abbreviation usually begins with a capital letter and ends with a period. Use abbreviations only in special kinds of writing, such as addresses and lists. • Initials are a special kind of abbreviation. An Initial most often stands for a person’s first or middle name. Some names have two initials. • Example: E.B. White wrote Charlotte’s Web.
  • 20. Common Abbreviations Titles Mr. Mister Mrs. Married Woman Ms. Any Woman Dr. Doctor Jr. Junior Sr. Senior Businesses Co. Company Corp. Corporation Ltd. Limited Inc. Incorporated Days Tues. Tuesday Wed. Wednesday Months Fed. February Aug. August Addresses Ave. Avenue Rte. Route States CA California TX Texas
  • 21. Mechanics 8: Titles • There are special ways for writing the titles of books, poems, and other written works. Capitalize the first and last and all important words. Do NOT capitalize words such as a, in, and of the unless they begin or end the title. • Examples: “The Ways of Trains” The Treasure Is the Rose
  • 22. Titles • When titles of books, magazines, newspapers, and movies are used in printed materials, they appear in italics: Prince Caspian. Because you cannot write in italics, in your writings you should always underline these titles. • Example: My sister reads The Washington Post every morning. • Example: Have you finished the book Mom’s Best Friend?
  • 23. Titles • Some titles are set off by quotation marks. Put quotation marks around the titles of short stories, articles, book chapters, and most poems. • Example: I recited the poem “Take Sky.” • Example: My sister showed me the article “Wonder Words.”