2. Limestone
Limestone is a sedimentary
rock composed largely of the
minerals calcite and
aragonite, which are different
crystal forms of calcium
carbonate (CaCO3). Many
limestones are composed from
skeletal fragments of marine
organisms such as coral or CAco3 Molecular Structure
foraminifera.
3. Erosion of limestone
Limestone makes up about
10% of the total volume of
all sedimentary rocks. The
solubility of limestone in
water and weak acid
solutions leads to karts
landscapes, in which water
erodes the limestone over
thousands to millions of
years. Most cave systems
are through limestone Erosion of limestone
bedrock.
4. Limestone
Limestone has
numerous
uses, including as
building material, as
aggregate to form the
base of roads, as white
pigment or filler in
products such as
toothpaste or A building made up of limestone
paints, and as a
chemical feedstock.
5. Limestone
The Great
Pyramid of
Giza, one of the
Seven Wonders of
the Ancient
World; its outside
cover is made
entirely from
Great pyramid of Giza
limestone
7. Limestone in middle ages
Limestone was also a
very popular building
block in the Middle
Ages. Many medieval
churches and castles in
Europe are made of
limestone. Beer stone
was a popular kind of
limestone for medieval
buildings in southern
England. Sydoriv Castle, in Ukraine
Made up of limestone
8. Limestone Caves
A stalactite is a type of
speleothem (secondary
mineral) that hangs
from the ceiling of
limestone caves. It is a
type of dripstone. The
corresponding
formation on the floor
of the cave is known as Limestone Cave in U.S.A
a stalagmite.
9. UNDERGROUND LIMESTONE FEUTURES
Stalactite:
They are formed when rain
water falls from the roof of
the cavern evaporating the
water and depositing calcium
carbonate(calcite).
10. Limestone Chalk
Chalk is a soft, white, porous
sedimentary rock, a form of
limestone composed of the
mineral calcite. It forms
under reasonably deep
marine conditions from the
gradual accumulation of
minute calcite plates shed
from micro-organisms called
coccolithophores. Chalk can
Limestone Chalk
also refer to other compounds
including magnesium silicate
and calcuim sulfate.
11. Other limestone types:
Fossiliferous Limestone Oolitic Limestone
A limestone that A limestone composed
contains obvious and mainly of calcium
abundant fossils. These carbonate "oolites", small
are normally shell and spheres formed by the
skeletal fossils of the concentric precipitation
of calcium carbonate on
organisms that
a sand grain or shell
produced the fragment.
limestone.
12. UNDERGROUND LIMESTONE FEUTURES
Cavern:
They are created when water
runes underground and a
chemical reaction causes
limestone to be eroded, this
continues to create a cavern.
13. UNDERGROUND LIMESTONE FEUTURES
CHEMICAL WEATHERING
Chemical weathering is the process at which limestone
is weathered to create caverns and caves.
CaCO3 + H2O + CO2
(Limestone (water) (Carbon dioxide
calcium from the
carbonate) atmosphere)
Ca(HCO3)2 Calcium bicarbonate
14. UNDERGROUND LIMESTONE FEUTURES
Malham cove:
It has 3 types of rock: Silurian
limestone, Combrifirous limestone, Bowland Shales.
There is impervious rock where the surface rivers are
and then porous rock where the swallow holes are
this allows for the erosion of the limestone so cave
and caverns can be created. This is
essential for the creation of stalagmites
and stalactites.
15. USES OF LIMESTONE
It is the raw material for the manufacture
of quicklime (calcium oxide), slaked lime(calcium
hydroxide), cement and mortar.
Pulverized limestone is used as a soil conditioner to neutralize
acidic soils.
It is crushed for use as aggregate—the solid base for many
roads.
Geological formations of limestone are among the
best petroleum reservoirs;
As a reagent in flue-gas desulfurization, it reacts with sulphur
dioxide for air pollution control.
Glass making, in some circumstances, uses limestone.
It is added to toothpaste, paper, plastics, paint, tiles, and
other materials as both white pigment and a cheap filler.
16. USES OF LIMESTONE
It can suppress methane explosions in underground coal
mines.
Purified, it is added to bread and cereals as a source of
calcium.
Calcium levels in livestock feed are supplemented with it, such
as for poultry (when ground up).
It can be used for remineralizing and increasing the alkalinity
of purified water to prevent pipe corrosion and to restore
essential nutrient levels.
Used in blast furnaces, limestone extracts iron from its ore.
It is often found in medicines and cosmetics.
It is used in sculptures because of its suitability for carving.
