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Project Scheduling, Planning and Risk Management
1.
©Ian Sommerville 2000
Software Engineering, 6th edition. Chapter 4 Slide 1 Chapter 4 Project Management
2.
©Ian Sommerville 2000
Software Engineering, 6th edition. Chapter 4 Slide 2 Project management Organising, planning and scheduling software projects
3.
©Ian Sommerville 2000
Software Engineering, 6th edition. Chapter 4 Slide 3 Objectives To introduce software project management and to describe its distinctive characteristics To discuss project planning and the planning process To show how graphical schedule representations are used by project management To discuss the notion of risks and the risk management process
4.
©Ian Sommerville 2000
Software Engineering, 6th edition. Chapter 4 Slide 4 Topics covered Management activities Project planning Project scheduling Risk management
5.
©Ian Sommerville 2000
Software Engineering, 6th edition. Chapter 4 Slide 5 Concerned with activities involved in ensuring that software is delivered on time and on schedule and in accordance with the requirements of the organisations developing and procuring the software Project management is needed because software development is always subject to budget and schedule constraints that are set by the organisation developing the software Software project management
6.
©Ian Sommerville 2000
Software Engineering, 6th edition. Chapter 4 Slide 6 The product is intangible The product is uniquely flexible Software engineering is not recognized as an engineering discipline with the sane status as mechanical, electrical engineering, etc. The software development process is not standardised Many software projects are 'one-off' projects Software management distinctions
7.
©Ian Sommerville 2000
Software Engineering, 6th edition. Chapter 4 Slide 7 Proposal writing Project planning and scheduling Project costing Project monitoring and reviews Personnel selection and evaluation Report writing and presentations Management activities
8.
©Ian Sommerville 2000
Software Engineering, 6th edition. Chapter 4 Slide 8 These activities are not peculiar to software management Many techniques of engineering project management are equally applicable to software project management Technically complex engineering systems tend to suffer from the same problems as software systems Management commonalities
9.
©Ian Sommerville 2000
Software Engineering, 6th edition. Chapter 4 Slide 9 Project staffing May not be possible to appoint the ideal people to work on a project • Project budget may not allow for the use of highly-paid staff • Staff with the appropriate experience may not be available • An organisation may wish to develop employee skills on a software project Managers have to work within these constraints especially when (as is currently the case) there is an international shortage of skilled IT staff
10.
©Ian Sommerville 2000
Software Engineering, 6th edition. Chapter 4 Slide 10 Project planning Probably the most time-consuming project management activity Continuous activity from initial concept through to system delivery. Plans must be regularly revised as new information becomes available Various different types of plan may be developed to support the main software project plan that is concerned with schedule and budget
11.
©Ian Sommerville 2000
Software Engineering, 6th edition. Chapter 4 Slide 11 Types of project plan Plan Description Quality plan Describes the quality procedures and standards that will be used in a project. Validation plan Describes the approach, resources and schedule used for system validation. Configuration management plan Describes the configuration management procedures and structures to be used. Maintenance plan Predicts the maintenance requirements of the system, maintenance costs and effort required. Staff development plan. Describes how the skills and experience of the project team members will be developed.
12.
©Ian Sommerville 2000
Software Engineering, 6th edition. Chapter 4 Slide 12 Project planning process Establish the project constraints Make initial assessments of the project parameters Define project milestones and deliverables while project has not been completed or cancelledloop Draw up project schedule Initiate activities according to schedule Wait ( for a while ) Review project progress Revise estimates of project parameters Update the project schedule Re-negotiate project constraints and deliverables if ( problems arise )then Initiate technical review and possible revision end if end loop
13.
©Ian Sommerville 2000
Software Engineering, 6th edition. Chapter 4 Slide 13 Project plan structure Introduction Project organisation Risk analysis Hardware and software resource requirements Work breakdown Project schedule Monitoring and reporting mechanisms
14.
©Ian Sommerville 2000
Software Engineering, 6th edition. Chapter 4 Slide 14 Activity organization Activities in a project should be organised to produce tangible outputs for management to judge progress Milestones are the end-point of a process activity Deliverables are project results delivered to customers The waterfall process allows for the straightforward definition of progress milestones
15.
©Ian Sommerville 2000
Software Engineering, 6th edition. Chapter 4 Slide 15 Milestones in the RE process Evaluation report Prototype development Requirements definition Requirements analysis Feasibility report Feasibility study Architectural design Design study Requirements specification Requirements specification ACTIVITIES MILESTONES
16.
©Ian Sommerville 2000
Software Engineering, 6th edition. Chapter 4 Slide 16 Project scheduling Split project into tasks and estimate time and resources required to complete each task Organize tasks concurrently to make optimal use of workforce Minimize task dependencies to avoid delays caused by one task waiting for another to complete Dependent on project managers intuition and experience
17.
©Ian Sommerville 2000
Software Engineering, 6th edition. Chapter 4 Slide 17 The project scheduling process Estimate resources for activities Identify activity dependencies Identify activities Allocate people toactivities Create project charts Software requirements Activity charts and bar charts
18.
©Ian Sommerville 2000
Software Engineering, 6th edition. Chapter 4 Slide 18 Scheduling problems Estimating the difficulty of problems and hence the cost of developing a solution is hard Productivity is not proportional to the number of people working on a task Adding people to a late project makes it later because of communication overheads The unexpected always happens. Always allow contingency in planning
19.
©Ian Sommerville 2000
Software Engineering, 6th edition. Chapter 4 Slide 19 Bar charts and activity networks Graphical notations used to illustrate the project schedule Show project breakdown into tasks. Tasks should not be too small. They should take about a week or two Activity charts show task dependencies and the the critical path Bar charts show schedule against calendar time
20.
©Ian Sommerville 2000
Software Engineering, 6th edition. Chapter 4 Slide 20 Task durations and dependencies Task Duration (days) Dependencies T1 8 T2 15 T3 15 T1 (M1) T4 10 T5 10 T2, T4 (M2) T6 5 T1, T2 (M3) T7 20 T1 (M1) T8 25 T4 (M5) T9 15 T3, T6 (M4) T10 15 T5, T7 (M7) T11 7 T9 (M6) T12 10 T11 (M8)
21.
©Ian Sommerville 2000
Software Engineering, 6th edition. Chapter 4 Slide 21 Activity network start T2 M3 T6 Finish T10 M7 T5 T7 M2 T4 M5 T8 4/7/99 8 days 14/7/99 15 days 4/8/99 15 days 25/8/99 7 days 5/9/99 10 days 19/9/99 15 days 11/8/99 25 days 10 days 20 days 5 days 25/7/99 15 days 25/7/99 18/7/99 10 days T1 M1 T3 T9 M6 T11 M8 T12 M4
22.
©Ian Sommerville 2000
Software Engineering, 6th edition. Chapter 4 Slide 22 Activity timeline 4/7 11/7 18/7 25/7 1/8 8/8 15/8 22/8 29/8 5/9 12/9 19/9 T4 T1 T2 M1 T7 T3 M5 T8 M3 M2 T6 T5 M4 T9 M7 T10 M6 T11 M8 T12 Start Finish
23.
©Ian Sommerville 2000
Software Engineering, 6th edition. Chapter 4 Slide 23 Staff allocation 4/7 11/7 18/7 25/ 1/8 8/8 15/8 22/8 29/8 5/9 12/9 19/9 T4 T8 T11 T12 T1 T3 T9 T2 T6 T10 T7 T5 Fred Jane Anne Mary Jim
24.
©Ian Sommerville 2000
Software Engineering, 6th edition. Chapter 4 Slide 24 Risk management Risk management is concerned with identifying risks and drawing up plans to minimise their effect on a project. A risk is a probability that some adverse circumstance will occur. • Project risks affect schedule or resources • Product risks affect the quality or performance of the software being developed • Business risks affect the organisation developing or procuring the software
25.
©Ian Sommerville 2000
Software Engineering, 6th edition. Chapter 4 Slide 25 Software risks Risk Risk type Description Staff turnover Project Experienced staff will leave the project before it is finished. Management change Project There will be a change of organisational management with different priorities. Hardware unavailability Project Hardware which is essential for the project will not be delivered on schedule. Requirements change Project and product There will be a larger number of changes to the requirements than anticipated. Specification delays Project and product Specifications of essential interfaces are not available on schedule Size underestimate Project and product The size of the system has been underestimated. CASE tool under- performance Product CASE tools which support the project do not perform as anticipated Technology change Business The underlying technology on which the system is built is superseded by new technology. Product competition Business A competitive product is marketed before the system is completed.
26.
©Ian Sommerville 2000
Software Engineering, 6th edition. Chapter 4 Slide 26 The risk management process Risk identification • Identify project, product and business risks Risk analysis • Assess the likelihood and consequences of these risks Risk planning • Draw up plans to avoid or minimise the effects of the risk Risk monitoring • Monitor the risks throughout the project
27.
©Ian Sommerville 2000
Software Engineering, 6th edition. Chapter 4 Slide 27 The risk management process Risk avoidance and contingency plans Riskplanning Prioritisedrisk list Risk analysis Listof potential risks Risk identification Risk assessment Risk monitoring
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©Ian Sommerville 2000
Software Engineering, 6th edition. Chapter 4 Slide 28 Risk identification Technology risks People risks Organisational risks Requirements risks Estimation risks
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©Ian Sommerville 2000
Software Engineering, 6th edition. Chapter 4 Slide 29 Risks and risk types Risk type Possible risks Technology The database used in the system cannot process as many transactions per second as expected. Software components which should be reused contain defects which limit their functionality. People It is impossible to recruit staff with the skills required. Key staff are ill and unavailable at critical times. Required training for staff is not available. Organisational The organisation is restructured so that different management are responsible for the project. Organisational financial problems force reductions in the project budget. Tools The code generated by CASE tools is inefficient. CASE tools cannot be integrated. Requirements Changes to requirements which require major design rework are proposed. Customers fail to understand the impact of requirements changes. Estimation The time required to develop the software is underestimated. The rate of defect repair is underestimated. The size of the software is underestimated.
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©Ian Sommerville 2000
Software Engineering, 6th edition. Chapter 4 Slide 30 Risk analysis Assess probability and seriousness of each risk Probability may be very low, low, moderate, high or very high Risk effects might be catastrophic, serious, tolerable or insignificant
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©Ian Sommerville 2000
Software Engineering, 6th edition. Chapter 4 Slide 31 Risk analysis Risk Probability Effects Organisational financial problems force reductions in the project budget. Low Catastrophic It is impossible to recruit staff with the skills required for the project. High Catastrophic Key staff are ill at critical times in the project. Moderate Serious Software components which should be reused contain defects which limit their functionality. Moderate Serious Changes to requirements which require major design rework are proposed. Moderate Serious The organisation is restructured so that different management are responsible for the project. High Serious The database used in the system cannot process as many transactions per second as expected. Moderate Serious The time required to develop the software is underestimated. High Serious CASE tools cannot be integrated. High Tolerable Customers fail to understand the impact of requirements changes. Moderate Tolerable Required training for staff is not available. Moderate Tolerable The rate of defect repair is underestimated. Moderate Tolerable The size of the software is underestimated. High Tolerable The code generated by CASE tools is inefficient. Moderate Insignificant
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©Ian Sommerville 2000
Software Engineering, 6th edition. Chapter 4 Slide 32 Risk planning Consider each risk and develop a strategy to manage that risk Avoidance strategies • The probability that the risk will arise is reduced Minimisation strategies • The impact of the risk on the project or product will be reduced Contingency plans • If the risk arises, contingency plans are plans to deal with that risk
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©Ian Sommerville 2000
Software Engineering, 6th edition. Chapter 4 Slide 33 Risk management strategies Risk Strategy Organisational financial problems Prepare a briefing document for senior management showing how the project is making a very important contribution to the goals of the business. Recruitment problems Alert customer of potential difficulties and the possibility of delays, investigate buying-in components. Staff illness Reorganise team so that there is more overlap of work and people therefore understand each other’s jobs. Defective components Replace potentially defective components with bought-in components of known reliability. Requirements changes Derive traceability information to assess requirements change impact, maximise information hiding in the design. Organisational restructuring Prepare a briefing document for senior management showing how the project is making a very important contribution to the goals of the business. Database performance Investigate the possibility of buying a higher-performance database. Underestimated development time Investigate buying in components, investigate use of a program generator.
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©Ian Sommerville 2000
Software Engineering, 6th edition. Chapter 4 Slide 34 Risk monitoring Assess each identified risks regularly to decide whether or not it is becoming less or more probable Also assess whether the effects of the risk have changed Each key risk should be discussed at management progress meetings
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©Ian Sommerville 2000
Software Engineering, 6th edition. Chapter 4 Slide 35 Risk factors Risk type Potential indicators Technology Late delivery of hardware or support software, many reported technology problems People Poor staff morale, poor relationships amongst team member, job availability Organisational organisational gossip, lack of action by senior management Tools reluctance by team members to use tools, complaints about CASE tools, demands for higher-powered workstations Requirements many requirements change requests, customer complaints Estimation failure to meet agreed schedule, failure to clear reported defects
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©Ian Sommerville 2000
Software Engineering, 6th edition. Chapter 4 Slide 36 Key points Good project management is essential for project success The intangible nature of software causes problems for management Managers have diverse roles but their most significant activities are planning, estimating and scheduling Planning and estimating are iterative processes which continue throughout the course of a project
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©Ian Sommerville 2000
Software Engineering, 6th edition. Chapter 4 Slide 37 A project milestone is a predictable state where some formal report of progress is presented to management. Risks may be project risks, product risks or business risks Risk management is concerned with identifying risks which may affect the project and planning to ensure that these risks do not develop into major threats Key points
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