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ISSN: 2277 – 9043
                                 International Journal of Advanced Research in Computer Science and Electronics Engineering
                                                                                             Volume 1, Issue 6, August 2012



   Bandwidth Enhancement of a Compact Rectangular
              Microstrip Patch Antenna
                     Alok Agarwal , Siddiqui Naushad Ather, Alok Kushwaha and P.K. Singhal

  Abstract –In the proposed antenna design the gap coupled
parasitic patches with reduced size are placed along the radiating                 II. ANTENNA DESIGN SPECIFICATION
and non radiating edges of fed rectangular micro strip patch. A
                                                                         Fig. 1 shows the rectangular microstrip patch antenna
patch placed close to the feed patch gets excited through the air
gap or coupling between the two patches, such a patch is known        design 1. The patches are printed on inexpensive FR4 having
as a parasitic patch. In this proposed antenna design with            dielectric constant (Єr) of 4.4 and height 1.6 mm. The coaxial
reduced size there is an enhancement of band width and the            connector is used to feed the antenna. The 50-ohm coaxial
antenna will give satisfactory results as compared to a               cable with SMA connector is used for feeding. Loss tangent
rectangular microstrip antenna of same design parameters              tan δ = 0.02, centre frequency f0 = 2.6 GHz, frequency range =
without size reduction.                                               2 GHz to 3 GHz, step frequency = 0.01 GHz, length of patch
                                                                      L = 30 mm, width of patch W = 55 mm, probe diameter =
Index Terms - bandwidth, microstrip antenna, return loss,             0.16mm, feed point locations = (-8.3, 0). Fig. 2 shows the
VSWR.                                                                 variation of return loss with frequency for design 1. Fig. 3
                                                                      shows the variation of VSWR with frequency for design 1.
                        I. INTRODUCTION                               Fig. 4 shows the variation of directivity with frequency for
                                                                      design 1. Fig. 5 shows the Impedance loci for design 1. The
  Conventional microstrip antenna in general have a                   measured bandwidth for design 1 is equal to 13.1 %.
conducting patch printed on a grounded substrate and have
the attractive features of low profile, light weight, easy
fabrication and conformability to mounting. However
microstrip antennas inherently have a narrow bandwidth
[1-15] and bandwidth enhancement is usually demanded for
practical applications. In addition, applications in present day
mobile communication systems usually require smaller
antenna size in order to meet the miniaturization requirements
of mobile units. Thus size reduction and bandwidth
enhancement are becoming major design considerations for
practical applications of microstrip antennas. For this reason,
studies to achieve compact and broadband operations of
microstrip antennas have greatly increased. In addition
microstrip antennas are manufactured using printed circuit
technology, so that mass production can be achieved at a low
cost.
  The electromagnetic simulation of the proposed antenna has
been carried out using IE3D software of Zeland Software.
VSWR, input impedance, return loss, smith chart, directivity,                  Fig. 1: Rectangular micro strip patch antenna of
antenna gain, radiating efficiency and radiation pattern etc.                                proposed design 1.
can be evaluated using IE3D software.


  Alok Agarwal, Department of ECE, Lingaya’s University, Faridabad
(Haryana), India.
  Siddiqui Naushad Ather, Department of ECE, IET, Bundelkhand
University, Jhansi (U.P.), India.
  Alok Kushwaha, Department of ECE, Lingaya’s University, Faridabad
(Haryana), India.
  P.K. Singhal, Department of Electronics, Madhav Institute of
Technology & Science, Gwalior (M.P.), India.



                                                                          Fig. 2: Variation of return loss with frequency for design 1.




                                                                                                                                          16
                                                All Rights Reserved © 2012 IJARCSEE
ISSN: 2277 – 9043
                                  International Journal of Advanced Research in Computer Science and Electronics Engineering
                                                                                              Volume 1, Issue 6, August 2012

                                                                      directivity with frequency for design 2. Fig. 10 shows the
                                                                      Impedance loci for design 2. Here due to gap coupled reduced
                                                                      size rectangular micro strip patch antenna design 2; the
                                                                      measured bandwidth for design 2 is equal to 20.5%.




      Fig. 3: Variation of VSWR with frequency for design 1.




                                                                            Fig. 6: Gap-coupled reduced size rectangular microstrip
                                                                                         antenna of proposed design 2.

    Fig. 4: Variation of directivity with frequency for design 1.




                                                                            Fig. 7: Variation of return loss with frequency for design 2.


          Fig. 5: Impedance loci for design 1.

   With the same design parameters an effort is made to
enhance the bandwidth if the gap coupled reduced size
rectangular micro strip patch antenna is used. Fig. 6 shows the
gap coupled reduced size rectangular micro strip patch
antenna design 2. In this proposed antenna design the patch
size is reduced by approximately 33 %. centre frequency f0 =
2.53 GHz, frequency range = 2 GHz to 3 GHz, step frequency
= 0.01 GHz, length of patch L = 30 mm, width of patch
W = 55 mm, probe diameter = 0.16mm, feed point locations
= (-8.3, 0). Fig. 7 shows the variation of return loss with
frequency for design 2. Fig. 8 shows the variation of VSWR
with frequency for design 2. Fig. 9 shows the variation of                   Fig. 8: Variation of VSWR with frequency for design 2.




                                                                                                                                        17
                                                   All Rights Reserved © 2012 IJARCSEE
ISSN: 2277 – 9043
                                  International Journal of Advanced Research in Computer Science and Electronics Engineering
                                                                                              Volume 1, Issue 6, August 2012




                                                                                                      REFERENCES
                                                                      [1]    Milligan, T. A., “Modern Antenna Design”, John Wiley & Sons,
                                                                             Hoboken, New Jersey, 2005.
                                                                      [2]    Garg, R., P. Bhartia, I. Bahl, and A. Ittipiboon, “Microstrip Antenna
                                                                             Design Handbook”, Artech House, Boston, London, 2001.
                                                                      [3]    Wong, K. L., “Compact and Broadband Microstrip Antenna”, John
                                                                             Wiley & Sones, New York, 2002.
                                                                      [4]    Kumar, G. and K. P. Ray, “Broadband Microstrip Antennas”, Artech
                                                                             House, USA, 2003.
                                                                      [5]    Ghassemi, N., M. H. Neshati, and J. Rashed-Mohassel, “Investigation of
                                                                             multilayer probe-fed microstrip antenna for ultra wideband operation,”
                                                                             Proceeding of Asia Pacific Microwave Conference (APMC 2007), 2135–
                                                                             2138, Bangkok, Thailand, Dec. 11–14, 2007.
                                                                      [6]    Matin, M. A., B. S. Sharif, and C. C. Tesimenidis, “Probe fed stacked
    Fig. 9: Variation of directivity with frequency for design 2.            patch antenna for wideband applications,” IEEE Trans. Antennas
                                                                             Propagate., Vol. 55, No. 8, 2385–2388, Aug. 2007.
                                                                      [7]    Ray, K. P., S. Ghosh, and K. Nirmala, “Multilayer multi resonator
                                                                             circular microstrip antennas for broadband and dualband operations,”
                                                                             Microwave and Optical Technology Letters, Vol. 47, No. 5, 489–494,
                                                                             Dec. 2005.
                                                                      [8]    Ghassemi, N., M. H. Neshati, and J. Rashed-Mohassel, “A multilayer
                                                                             multiresonator aperture coupled microstrip antenna for ultra wideband
                                                                             operations,” Proc. IEEE Applied Electromagnetic Conference 2007,
                                                                             Kolkata, India, December 19–20, 2007.
                                                                      [9]    Zehforoosh, Y., C. Ghobadi, and J. Nourinia, “Antenna design for ultra
                                                                             wideband applications using a new multilayer structure,” PIER Online,
                                                                             Vol. 2, No. 6, 544–549, 2006.
                                                                      [10]   Kim, T., J. Choi, and J. S. Jeon, “Design of a wideband microstrip array
                                                                             antenna for PCS and IMT-2000 service,” Microwave and Optical
                                                                             Technology Letters, Vol. 30, No. 4, 261–265, Aug. 2001.
                                                                      [11]   Jazi, M. N., Z. H. Firouzeh, H. Mirmohammad-Sadeghi, and G. Askari,
                                                                             “Design and implementation of aperture coupled microstrip IFF
                                                                             antenna,” PIER Online, Vol. 4, 61–68, 2008.
                                                                      [12]   Khodaei, G. F., J. Nourinia, and C. Ghobadi, “A practical miniaturized
                                                                             U-slot patch antenna with enhanced bandwidth,” Progress In
          Fig. 10: Impedance loci for design 2.                              Electromagnetic Research B, Vol. 3, 47–62, 2008.
                                                                      [13]   Wang, F. J. and J. S. Zhang, “Wide band cavity-backed patch antenna
                                                                             for PCS/IMI2000/2.4 GHz WLAN,” Progress in Electromagnetics
                 III. RESULT AND DISCUSSIONS                                 Research, PIER 74, 39–46, 2007.
                                                                      [14]   Saed, M. A., “Broadband CPW-fed planar slot antennas with various
   The simulation result of the proposed antenna has been                    tuning stubs,” Progress in Electromagnetics Research, PIER 66, 199–
                                                                             212, 2006.
carried out by using IE3D software. For rectangular micro             [15]   Sharma, A. and G. Singh, “Design of single pin shorted three-dielectric-
strip patch antenna of design 1, the measured bandwidth is                   layered substrates rectangular patch microstrip antenna for
equal to 13.1% whereas for gap-coupled reduced size micro                    communication system,” Progress In Electromagnetics
strip patch antenna of design 2, the measured bandwidth is
equal to 20.5%, therefore it gives very good increment in
bandwidth. The directivity of design 2 is improved as
compared to design 1 over this large bandwidth and
impedance is also matching. Therefore design 2 is giving
satisfactory results as compared to design 1.




                                                                                                                                                 18
                                                   All Rights Reserved © 2012 IJARCSEE

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  • 1. ISSN: 2277 – 9043 International Journal of Advanced Research in Computer Science and Electronics Engineering Volume 1, Issue 6, August 2012 Bandwidth Enhancement of a Compact Rectangular Microstrip Patch Antenna Alok Agarwal , Siddiqui Naushad Ather, Alok Kushwaha and P.K. Singhal Abstract –In the proposed antenna design the gap coupled parasitic patches with reduced size are placed along the radiating II. ANTENNA DESIGN SPECIFICATION and non radiating edges of fed rectangular micro strip patch. A Fig. 1 shows the rectangular microstrip patch antenna patch placed close to the feed patch gets excited through the air gap or coupling between the two patches, such a patch is known design 1. The patches are printed on inexpensive FR4 having as a parasitic patch. In this proposed antenna design with dielectric constant (Єr) of 4.4 and height 1.6 mm. The coaxial reduced size there is an enhancement of band width and the connector is used to feed the antenna. The 50-ohm coaxial antenna will give satisfactory results as compared to a cable with SMA connector is used for feeding. Loss tangent rectangular microstrip antenna of same design parameters tan δ = 0.02, centre frequency f0 = 2.6 GHz, frequency range = without size reduction. 2 GHz to 3 GHz, step frequency = 0.01 GHz, length of patch L = 30 mm, width of patch W = 55 mm, probe diameter = Index Terms - bandwidth, microstrip antenna, return loss, 0.16mm, feed point locations = (-8.3, 0). Fig. 2 shows the VSWR. variation of return loss with frequency for design 1. Fig. 3 shows the variation of VSWR with frequency for design 1. I. INTRODUCTION Fig. 4 shows the variation of directivity with frequency for design 1. Fig. 5 shows the Impedance loci for design 1. The Conventional microstrip antenna in general have a measured bandwidth for design 1 is equal to 13.1 %. conducting patch printed on a grounded substrate and have the attractive features of low profile, light weight, easy fabrication and conformability to mounting. However microstrip antennas inherently have a narrow bandwidth [1-15] and bandwidth enhancement is usually demanded for practical applications. In addition, applications in present day mobile communication systems usually require smaller antenna size in order to meet the miniaturization requirements of mobile units. Thus size reduction and bandwidth enhancement are becoming major design considerations for practical applications of microstrip antennas. For this reason, studies to achieve compact and broadband operations of microstrip antennas have greatly increased. In addition microstrip antennas are manufactured using printed circuit technology, so that mass production can be achieved at a low cost. The electromagnetic simulation of the proposed antenna has been carried out using IE3D software of Zeland Software. VSWR, input impedance, return loss, smith chart, directivity, Fig. 1: Rectangular micro strip patch antenna of antenna gain, radiating efficiency and radiation pattern etc. proposed design 1. can be evaluated using IE3D software. Alok Agarwal, Department of ECE, Lingaya’s University, Faridabad (Haryana), India. Siddiqui Naushad Ather, Department of ECE, IET, Bundelkhand University, Jhansi (U.P.), India. Alok Kushwaha, Department of ECE, Lingaya’s University, Faridabad (Haryana), India. P.K. Singhal, Department of Electronics, Madhav Institute of Technology & Science, Gwalior (M.P.), India. Fig. 2: Variation of return loss with frequency for design 1. 16 All Rights Reserved © 2012 IJARCSEE
  • 2. ISSN: 2277 – 9043 International Journal of Advanced Research in Computer Science and Electronics Engineering Volume 1, Issue 6, August 2012 directivity with frequency for design 2. Fig. 10 shows the Impedance loci for design 2. Here due to gap coupled reduced size rectangular micro strip patch antenna design 2; the measured bandwidth for design 2 is equal to 20.5%. Fig. 3: Variation of VSWR with frequency for design 1. Fig. 6: Gap-coupled reduced size rectangular microstrip antenna of proposed design 2. Fig. 4: Variation of directivity with frequency for design 1. Fig. 7: Variation of return loss with frequency for design 2. Fig. 5: Impedance loci for design 1. With the same design parameters an effort is made to enhance the bandwidth if the gap coupled reduced size rectangular micro strip patch antenna is used. Fig. 6 shows the gap coupled reduced size rectangular micro strip patch antenna design 2. In this proposed antenna design the patch size is reduced by approximately 33 %. centre frequency f0 = 2.53 GHz, frequency range = 2 GHz to 3 GHz, step frequency = 0.01 GHz, length of patch L = 30 mm, width of patch W = 55 mm, probe diameter = 0.16mm, feed point locations = (-8.3, 0). Fig. 7 shows the variation of return loss with frequency for design 2. Fig. 8 shows the variation of VSWR with frequency for design 2. Fig. 9 shows the variation of Fig. 8: Variation of VSWR with frequency for design 2. 17 All Rights Reserved © 2012 IJARCSEE
  • 3. ISSN: 2277 – 9043 International Journal of Advanced Research in Computer Science and Electronics Engineering Volume 1, Issue 6, August 2012 REFERENCES [1] Milligan, T. A., “Modern Antenna Design”, John Wiley & Sons, Hoboken, New Jersey, 2005. [2] Garg, R., P. Bhartia, I. Bahl, and A. Ittipiboon, “Microstrip Antenna Design Handbook”, Artech House, Boston, London, 2001. [3] Wong, K. L., “Compact and Broadband Microstrip Antenna”, John Wiley & Sones, New York, 2002. [4] Kumar, G. and K. P. Ray, “Broadband Microstrip Antennas”, Artech House, USA, 2003. [5] Ghassemi, N., M. H. Neshati, and J. Rashed-Mohassel, “Investigation of multilayer probe-fed microstrip antenna for ultra wideband operation,” Proceeding of Asia Pacific Microwave Conference (APMC 2007), 2135– 2138, Bangkok, Thailand, Dec. 11–14, 2007. [6] Matin, M. A., B. S. Sharif, and C. C. Tesimenidis, “Probe fed stacked Fig. 9: Variation of directivity with frequency for design 2. patch antenna for wideband applications,” IEEE Trans. Antennas Propagate., Vol. 55, No. 8, 2385–2388, Aug. 2007. [7] Ray, K. P., S. Ghosh, and K. Nirmala, “Multilayer multi resonator circular microstrip antennas for broadband and dualband operations,” Microwave and Optical Technology Letters, Vol. 47, No. 5, 489–494, Dec. 2005. [8] Ghassemi, N., M. H. Neshati, and J. Rashed-Mohassel, “A multilayer multiresonator aperture coupled microstrip antenna for ultra wideband operations,” Proc. IEEE Applied Electromagnetic Conference 2007, Kolkata, India, December 19–20, 2007. [9] Zehforoosh, Y., C. Ghobadi, and J. Nourinia, “Antenna design for ultra wideband applications using a new multilayer structure,” PIER Online, Vol. 2, No. 6, 544–549, 2006. [10] Kim, T., J. Choi, and J. S. Jeon, “Design of a wideband microstrip array antenna for PCS and IMT-2000 service,” Microwave and Optical Technology Letters, Vol. 30, No. 4, 261–265, Aug. 2001. [11] Jazi, M. N., Z. H. Firouzeh, H. Mirmohammad-Sadeghi, and G. Askari, “Design and implementation of aperture coupled microstrip IFF antenna,” PIER Online, Vol. 4, 61–68, 2008. [12] Khodaei, G. F., J. Nourinia, and C. Ghobadi, “A practical miniaturized U-slot patch antenna with enhanced bandwidth,” Progress In Fig. 10: Impedance loci for design 2. Electromagnetic Research B, Vol. 3, 47–62, 2008. [13] Wang, F. J. and J. S. Zhang, “Wide band cavity-backed patch antenna for PCS/IMI2000/2.4 GHz WLAN,” Progress in Electromagnetics III. RESULT AND DISCUSSIONS Research, PIER 74, 39–46, 2007. [14] Saed, M. A., “Broadband CPW-fed planar slot antennas with various The simulation result of the proposed antenna has been tuning stubs,” Progress in Electromagnetics Research, PIER 66, 199– 212, 2006. carried out by using IE3D software. For rectangular micro [15] Sharma, A. and G. Singh, “Design of single pin shorted three-dielectric- strip patch antenna of design 1, the measured bandwidth is layered substrates rectangular patch microstrip antenna for equal to 13.1% whereas for gap-coupled reduced size micro communication system,” Progress In Electromagnetics strip patch antenna of design 2, the measured bandwidth is equal to 20.5%, therefore it gives very good increment in bandwidth. The directivity of design 2 is improved as compared to design 1 over this large bandwidth and impedance is also matching. Therefore design 2 is giving satisfactory results as compared to design 1. 18 All Rights Reserved © 2012 IJARCSEE