The Shape of Food Security – A Presentation on the Creation, Life, and Publications of Food Security
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Serge Savary and Richard Strange SPECIAL EVENT The Shape of Food Security – A Presentation on the Creation, Life, and Publications of Food Security JUN 4, 2019 - 12:15 PM TO 01:30 PM EDT
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The Shape of Food Security – A Presentation on the Creation, Life, and Publications of Food Security
- 1. The Shape of Food Security a presentation on the creation, life, and publications of Food Security Serge Savary 1*, Stephen Waddington 2 and Richard Strange 3* * speakers (1) INRA, UMR Agir, Centre INRA Toulouse-Occitanie, France (2) Cuernavaca, Mexico (3) Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment, University College London, UK
- 3. Stem Rust of Wheat Caused by Puccinia graminis f. sp. tritici
- 4. Peter Scott
- 5. Strange RN and Scott PR (2005) Plant Disease: a Threat to Global Food Security. Annual Review of Phytopathology 43: 83-116
- 6. Distribution of ‘Food Security’ Articles Among Journals 2005-2008 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23
- 7. Reasons for Starting a Journal Devoted to Food Security 1. Norman Borlaug’s gauntlet 2. Support by distinguished scientists 3. Food Security papers were widely distributed in the literature 4. and the importance of plant health for global food security
- 8. Problem of Title Wide scope • Physical Environment • Biological Environment • Socio-Economic and Political Environment
- 9. Solution to the Problem of the Title Food Security: the science, sociology and economics of food production and access to food
- 10. Celebrating the Launch of Food Security in Torino 2008
- 11. What Sort of Papers Do We Publish? • Physical environment – Soil, Water, Climate • Biological Environment – Disease, Insects, Weeds • Sociological Environment • Nutritional Environment • Political and Economic Environment
- 12. 0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Growth of Food Security as a journalPages
- 13. Necessity for an Editorial Board Senior Editors • Physical environment – Reimund Rötter: Georg-August-University Göttingen, Germany • Biological Environment – Stephen Waddington (and Deputy Editor in Chief): Cuernavaca, Mexico • Sociological Environment – Connie Almekinders: WUR, Wageningen, The Netherlands • Nutritional Environment – Michael Dibley: The University of Sydney, School of Public Health, Australia • Political and Economic Environment – Derrill Watson: Tarleton State University, Stephenville, TX, USA
- 14. Paper Flow EiC alerted to new submission Appoints SE Appoints AE Appoints 2 Reviewers AE’s Decision SE’s Decision EiC’s Decision Appoints AE Appoints 2 Reviewers AE’s Decision Appoints 2 Reviewers
- 15. Analysing Food Security publications • Which topics have been most addressed? • Are all aspects of Food Security addressed? • Any heterogeneity? • How inter-disciplinary is the journal? • What is the shape of the food security problem, through the lens of Food Security as a journal? Objectives
- 16. Analysis of Food Security publications • sample: articles published in Food Security since January 2009 till June 2018 • use of the web of knowledge • use of Title, Abstract, Keywords to characterise each article and encode variables • phrases or key words searched within (1) Title, (2) Abstract, and (3) Keywords, in this order • each article classified using non-overlapping typologies of categories for each variable • 552 articles processed and involved in the analysis • statistical methods distribution frequencies, contingency tables, chi-square tests, and (multiple) correspondence analysis Methods
- 17. Analysis of Food Security publications Variables Codes Values FoodSecComp Production; Stability; Availability-Stocks; PhysicalAccess; EconAccess; Util-Safe-Nut Target - Scale Global; Country-Region; Household; Individuals (children or women) Article type FEX: field or experimental study, survey, or case-study; COP: commentary or opinion; REV: review; MOD: methods and models StudyRegion (different regions of the world) System agrosystem; forest; freshw; marine; cities; garden; socsys: social and economic system(s); market-loc: local market system(s); trade-glob: global trade system(s); foodsys: food and nutritional system(s); value chains; policy-env FoodSecFactor The many factors that may influence Systems. Many values, from “Belief-Rituals” to “Water”
- 18. Distributions: type of articles • Large number of empirical (field, experiment, survey, etc.) studies • Many reviews • Fewer papers with commentaries and opinions, or on methods and models COP FEX MOD REV article type 0 100 200 300 400 numberofarticles
- 19. Distributions: components of food security • Production is the component most frequently addressed • The (production) stability, availability- stocks, economic access, and nutritional components equivalently represented • Quite a few studies on multiple components • Very few (4) studies addressing the physical access Production Stability Availability-Stocks PhysicalAccess EconAccess U til-Safe-N ut M ultiple N A components of food security 0 100 200 300 numberofarticles
- 20. Distributions: scales • Studies at the household scale dominate • Followed by country-region and global • Fewer papers on individual scales, including children and women G lobal C ountry-R egion H ousehold W om en C hildren Individuals scale or target of study 0 50 100 150 200 250 numberofarticles
- 21. Distributions: systems considered • Articles dealing with agrosystems dominate • The food, social, (local) market, global trade, and policy systems however collectively represent about half the publications • Fewer papers on production systems that are not (or not strictly speaking) agrosystems: cities, forest, fresh water, marine, and gardens agrosystem forestfreshw m arinegardens citiesfoodsyssocsys m arket-loc trade-glob policy-env N A system considered 0 100 200 300numberofarticles
- 22. Distributions: factors of food security • Very many factors of food security considered • Policies and R&D are dominant • Adoption (of technologies), better diets, inadequate diets, markets & prices, pathogens and pests, are frequent • Seemingly under-represented: animal health, beliefs and rituals, biodiversity, conflicts, migrations Adoption Anim alH ealth Beliefs-R ituals BetterD iets Biodiversity Biofuels C lim ate C hange C onflicts D ietary transition Education Fuel G ender G overnance Inadequate diet Land U se M arket& Prices M igrations Pathogens & Pests Pesticides Policies Post-H arvest Poverty R &D -Food SecuritySoils ToxicantsW ater factors of food security 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 numberofarticles
- 23. Distributions: Geographic origin of articles • SSA strongly dominant • South Asia well represented • Other regions in the developing world less represented • A few studies in North America, Western Europe • Sizable representation of global studies Am ericaC entral Am ericaN orth Am ericaSouth AsiaC entral AsiaEast AsiaSouth AsiaSouthEast EuropeEast EuropeW estO ceania SSA TropicalW orldW AN A W orld N .A. studied world region 0 100 200 300numberofarticles
- 24. Multiple correspondence analysis: [Components x Scale] -2 -1 0 1 2 -1.5-1.0-0.50.00.51.01.5 Dim 1 (16.62%) Dim2(14.59%) Availability-Stocks EconAccess Multiple Production Stability Util-Safe-Nut Country-Region Global Household Indiv-Person • There is a strong association between Components and Scales • χ2 = 80.325 (15 df, P < 0.000) • Individuals associated with nutrition (Util-Safe-Nut) • Household associated with Economic access • Country -Region scale associated with Stocks and Production • Global scale weakly associated with several components
- 25. -2 -1 0 1 2 -1.5-1.0-0.50.00.51.01.5 Dim 1 (16.62%) Dim2(14.59%) Availability-Stocks EconAccess Multiple Production Stability Util-Safe-Nut Country-Region Global Household Indiv-Person agrosystem cities foodsys OtherSystem policy-env socsys trade-glob Multiple correspondence analysis: [Components x Scale] + Systems • The food system is associated with the individual scale, and Nutrition • Cities and the social system are associated with the household scale • Trade (global) is associated with country and region
- 26. -2 -1 0 1 2 -1.5-1.0-0.50.00.51.01.5 Dim 1 (16.62%) Dim2(14.59%) Availability-Stocks EconAccess Multiple Production Stability Util-Safe-Nut Country-Region Global Household Indiv-Person AmericaCentralAmericaNorth AmericaSouth AsiaCentral AsiaEast AsiaSouth AsiaSouthEast EuropeEast EuropeWest N.A. Oceania SSA TropicalWorld WANA World Multiple correspondence analysis: [Components x Scale] + Regions • South Asia, North America are associated with the household scale • Central Asia, WANA, East Europe, (East Asia) are associated with country and region
- 28. Some (tentative) conclusions • (we’re still working on these) • success of the journal in being interdisciplinary • challenges of being so • Some (cautious) directions: – Components: look more into the physical access – Scales: more on the individual (women, children, the elderly) – Factors: animal health, beliefs & rituals, biodiversity, conflicts, migrations – Systems: look at systems other than “agrosystems”: forests (and agroforests); freshwater; marine; cities; gardens
- 29. Webpage of Food Security: www.springer.com/life+sci/agriculture/journal/12571 Online submission via Editorial Manager: http://www.editorialmanager.com/fose To receive alerts of new articles, subscribe at: www.springer.com/alerting Impact Factor 2.970 In partnership with the International Society for Plant Pathology www.isppweb.org ISPP Task Force on Global Food Security www.isppweb.org/foodsecurity_background.asp Special rate for Members of ISPP and Associated Societies Read more at: http://www.isppweb.org/foodsecurity_journal.asp Available through Springer Developing Countries Initiatives such as AGORA, HINARI and OARE. 2009-2012, 4 volumes (4 issues each) and one supplement 2013-2017 5 volumes (6 issues each) ISSN: 1876-4517 (print version)
- 31. Distribution frequencies of articles
Editor's Notes
- The Nobel Peace Prize Laureate, Norman Borlaug. Anyone know who he was? Saved more people’s lives than anyone ever! Father of the Green Revolution. Bred the short strawed cultivars of wheat which were rust resistant. He was the initial inspiration of Food Security. At the 7th meeting of the International Society of Plant Pathology, held in Edinburgh in 1998, he challenged the Society by asking what it was doing about food security. The ISPP’s response was to establish a Task Force for Food Security, which met in Bangkok in 1999 under the leadership of my friend, Peter Scott
- The Green Revolution wheats had short straws so not so much biomass went into the straw and more into the grain. Also crucially, they were resistant to rust.
- This is a good point at which to introduce my friend and colleague, Peter Scott. Formed a Task Force for Food Security. He was my co-conspirator in starting the journal and a former President of ISPP. His knowledge of the publishing world was invaluable and, as we shall see, so were his contacts.
- We had combined on a paper in 2005. But it was my wife who made the pertinent remark “Why don’t you and Peter start a journal?” I am sure she regrets it. But Peter and I thought there was some mileage in this.
- Were there other journals in the area of food security? In a literature search we found 260 journals that had the words Food and Security in the titles but only 23 had five papers or more over a 3 year period. The numbers along the bottom are the names of journals in alphabetical order. The colours refer to the type of journal: olive – economics; blue – water; red – agriculture; green – nutrition; yellow- climate; pink – general. So, the papers were sparsely distributed among journals. What about gathering them together in a single title? So we wrote a proposal and Springer said that they were interested. Would Peter and I meet Springer representatives in Dordrecht. Well, of course we would, but I nearly sabotaged the whole thing by leaving my passport behind! Fortunately, turning on my charm with the young girl official and production of my driving licence got me onto the Eurostar train! We had a good meeting and, as a result, the journal came into being in 2009 as a joint venture of the International Society of Plant Pathology and Springer. And I was designated Editor-in-Chief! Colour code Economics Water Agriculture Nutrition Climate General 1-23 are the journals in alphabetical order (names on request!)
- What shall we call it? This was quite a problem because the topic of food security is so broad. Clearly food security is affected by the physical environment (temperature, precipitation, water and soil characteristics but also the biological environment and the socio-economic environment. People like me are familiar with at least part of the biological environment – plant disease but there are also insect pests and weeds to be considered. The socio-economic and Political environment is, if anything, even more fraught.
- There was some debate as to whether we should have put the word “Global” in front of the title. In fact there is a newer journal which does exactly that – Global Food Security! Emulation is the sincerest form of flattery! Also, perhaps the word politics should be there. Peter and I put together a proposal and, after a couple of conference phone calls and a meeting in Dordrecht it was taken up by Springer.
- Celebration of the launch of Food Security at ICPP 2008 in Torino. The representative of the publisher of the journal, Springer, is Zuzana Bernhart on the left. Peter Scott, my co-conspirator in starting the journal is on the right and the Editor-in-Chief is in the middle (you might recognize him!). So, any observations, suggestions or complaints to me please – and of course any papers but for these please submit via the website of the journal.