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A high efficiency resonant switched capacitor converter with continuous conversion ratio
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A HIGH-EFFICIENCY RESONANT SWITCHED CAPACITOR CONVERTER WITH
CONTINUOUS CONVERSION RATIO
By
A
PROJECT REPORT
Submitted to the Department of electronics & communication Engineering in the
FACULTY OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY
In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of the degree
Of
MASTER OF TECHNOLOGY
IN
ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING
APRIL 2016
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CERTIFICATE
Certified that this project report titled “A HIGH-EFFICIENCY RESONANT SWITCHED
CAPACITOR CONVERTER WITH CONTINUOUS CONVERSION RATIO” is the
bonafide work of Mr. _____________Who carried out the research under my supervision
Certified further, that to the best of my knowledge the work reported herein does not form part of
any other project report or dissertation on the basis of which a degree or award was conferred on
an earlier occasion on this or any other candidate.
Signature of the Guide Signature of the H.O.D
Name Name
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DECLARATION
I hereby declare that the project work entitled “A HIGH-EFFICIENCY RESONANT
SWITCHED CAPACITOR CONVERTER WITH CONTINUOUS CONVERSION
RATIO” Submitted to BHARATHIDASAN UNIVERSITY in partial fulfillment of the
requirement for the award of the Degree of MASTER OF APPLIED ELECTRONICS is a record
of original work done by me the guidance of Prof.A.Vinayagam M.Sc., M.Phil., M.E., to the
best of my knowledge, the work reported here is not a part of any other thesis or work on the
basis of which a degree or award was conferred on an earlier occasion to me or any other
candidate.
(Student Name)
(Reg.No)
Place:
Date:
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I am extremely glad to present my project “A HIGH-EFFICIENCY RESONANT
SWITCHED CAPACITOR CONVERTER WITH CONTINUOUS CONVERSION
RATIO” which is a part of my curriculum of third semester Master of Science in Computer
science. I take this opportunity to express my sincere gratitude to those who helped me in
bringing out this project work.
I would like to express my Director, Dr. K. ANANDAN, M.A.(Eco.), M.Ed., M.Phil.,(Edn.),
PGDCA., CGT., M.A.(Psy.) of who had given me an opportunity to undertake this project.
I am highly indebted to Co-Ordinator Prof. Muniappan Department of Physics and thank from
my deep heart for her valuable comments I received through my project.
I wish to express my deep sense of gratitude to my guide
Prof. A.Vinayagam M.Sc., M.Phil., M.E., for her immense help and encouragement for
successful completion of this project.
I also express my sincere thanks to the all the staff members of Computer science for their kind
advice.
And last, but not the least, I express my deep gratitude to my parents and friends for their
encouragement and support throughout the project.
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ABSTRACT:
A resonant switched capacitor converter with high efficiency over a wide and continuous
conversion ratio range is introduced. The efficiency of the topology depends primarily on the
conduction losses and is decoupled, to a large extent, from the voltage conversion ratio. This is
an advantage over classical switched capacitor converters, for which the efficiency is strongly
related to the conversion ratio. The operation principle applies three zero current switching states
to charge, discharge, and balance the remaining charge of the flying capacitor. This results in a
gyrator, i.e., a voltage-dependent current source, with a wide range of voltage conversion ratios
(smaller as well as greater than unity) as well as bidirectional power flow capabilities. The
analytical expressions for the conversion ratio and expected efficiency are provided and
validated through simulations and experiments. The experimental verifications of the converter
demonstrate peak efficiency of 96% and above 90% efficiency over a wide range of voltage
gains and loading conditions. In addition, the system was found to be highly efficient at the
extreme cases of both light and heavy loads
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INTRODUCTION:
Switched capacitor converters (SCCs) have limited capabilities for voltage regulation due
to the tight relationship between the voltage gain and the converter efficiency. Regulation can be
obtained either by varying SCC parameters, or inserting a post regulation stage to match the
required conversion ratio.
A more sophisticated approach for voltage regulation by SCC is to generate multiple
conversion ratios and, therefore, increase the effective operation range; the system efficiency,
however, would remain of a discrete nature. The multiple conversion ratios approach has shown
advancement in the utilization of SCC, in particular as a high-efficiency first stage converter that
may be followed by a reduced size local regulator.
Resonant switched capacitor converter (RSCC) operation with zero current switching
(ZCS) has been described in with the aim to reduce the switching losses, allowing higher
switching frequency operation, potentially reducing the total volume of the converter. There,
high efficiency is still obtained for discrete conversion ratios.
The main challenge to create an output voltage that is different from the target voltage, in
soft-switched SCC, is that the resultant charge balance of the flying capacitor(s) after a
charge/discharge cycle is not zero.
The residual charge left in the flying capacitor(s) prevents the system from converging to
the desired voltage. This excess charge eventually increases/ decreases the output voltage such
that the charge balance of all the capacitors will be satisfied which will drift the system off from
the desired operation point.
To better view this problem, consider a generic 1:1 RSCC with a desired output voltage
of 0.8. The flying capacitor voltage and current are illustrated. The current waveform shows that
although ZCS is obtained, the charge received from the source is not equal to the one delivered
to the output.
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This translates into an unbalanced capacitor voltage that continues to rise in every cycle.
Studies with seemingly similar concept of circulating the residual charge were recently described
in the literature with various realizations. In, a topology with an additional switching stage to
internally circulate the charge is described. It is named “Sneak Circuit State,” to emphasize an
inherent feature of the original RSCC configuration.
Additional circuitry to circulate the charge was practiced . There, the operation of the
converter was set above the resonant frequency exhibiting inductive behavior. This allows
reversing the inductorcurrent using phase-shift control, which also regulates the power flow
direction. In this case, however, soft switching cannot be guaranteed for the entire operation
range.
The work of Jabbari combines resonant and linear operations to completely discharge the
energy of the LC tank in every switching cycle. There, the direction of the power flow is still
dictated either by the system configuration or by the source of the higher potential.
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EXISTING SYSTEM:
Resonant switched capacitor converter (RSCC) operation with zero current switching
(ZCS) with the aim to reduce the switching losses, allowing higher switching frequency
operation, potentially reducing the total volume of the converter. There, high efficiency is still
obtained for discrete conversion ratios. The main challenge to create an output voltage that is
different from the target voltage, in soft-switched SCC, is that the resultant charge balance of the
flying capacitor(s) after a charge/discharge cycle is not zero. The residual charge left in the
flying capacitor(s) prevents the system from converging to the desired voltage. This excess
charge eventually increases/decreases the output voltage such that the charge balance of all the
capacitors will be satisfied which will drift the system off from the desired operation point.
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PROPOSED SYSTEM:
It was found that for the bridge configuration, the four-quadrant switches can be replaced
by conventional MOSFETs, while retaining the converter characteristics. As a consequence, the
switch count required for the converter is a total of four switches, comparable to conventional
RSCC or non-inverting buck-boost configuration. It should be noted that for configurations that
are implemented with two-quadrant switches, such as the bridge assembly, the insertion of a time
delay between states for voltage regulation purposes has to be assigned to the proper state to
avoid undesired circulating current. The delay should be located between states such that VC is at
the correct polarity to block the conduction of the MOSFET diodes.
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CONCLUSION:
Anovel resonant switched capacitor topologywas introduced. The converter demonstrates
losses characteristics that are independent, to a large extent, of the voltage gain which is a unique
feature among the switched capacitor-based converters. This attribute, resided thus far only in
switched-inductor converters, has been realized in this paper by RSCC technology. As a result,
this topology has a wide, continuous input to output voltage ratio (lower and higher than unity)
without sacrificing the converter’s efficiency. This is an advantage over the switched capacitor’s
technology that overcomes the dependency of the efficiency on the gain. Finally, the converter
has a gyrator-like behavior, which is an advantage in current sourcing applications
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REFERENCES:
[1] S. Ben-Yaakov, “On the influence of switch resistances on switched capacitor converters
losses,” IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron. Lett., vol. 59, no. 1, pp. 638–640, Jan. 2012.
[2] S. Ben-Yaakov andM. Evzelman, “Generic and unifiedmodel of switched capacitor
converters,” in Proc. IEEE Energy Convers. Congr. Expo., 2009, pp. 3501–3508.
[3] M. Evzelman and S. Ben-Yaakov, “Average-current based conduction losses model of
switched capacitor converters,” IEEE Trans. Power Electron., vol. 28, no. 7, pp. 3341–3352, Jul.
2013.
[4] M. S. Makowski and D. Maksimovic, “Performance limits of switchedcapacitor DC-DC
converters,” in Proc. IEEE Power Electron. Spec. Conf., 1995, vol. 2, pp. 1215–1221.
[5] M. D. Seeman and S. R. Sanders, “Analysis and optimization of switched capacitorDC-DC
converters,” IEEE Trans. Power Electron., vol. 23, no. 2, pp. 841–851, Mar. 2008