Conference for the "Quality standards in ICT education" workshop within the EU Project "Click to Europe" (Part 2). More information: http://ictlogy.net/?p=3731

1. Citizens in a Knowledge Society:
Ci i i K l d S i
rethinking education from scratch.
scratch
Part 2
Policies for (e-)inclusion:
from physical access to meaningful use
Ismael P ñ Ló
I l Peña-López
Internet Interdisciplinary Institute
Universitat Oberta de Catalunya
Quality standards in ICT education workshiop
Belgrade, April 12, 2011.
B l d A il 12 2011

2. A digital revolution,
revolution
a social revolution

3. p
Human Development vs. Info. Society
y
After UN
NDP (2006), Dutta, S., López-Claros, A. & Mia, I. (2006)
D

4. y g
Information Society vs. Political rights
After Fre
eedom House (2008), Dutta S., López-Cl
a, laros, A. & Mia I. (2008)
a,

5. y
Information Society vs. Education
After UN
NDP (2006), Dutta, S., Lópe
D ez-Claros, A. & Mia, I. (2006
6)

6. y
Educ. quality vs. Internet in the Classroom
After Du
utta, S., López-Claros, A. & Mia, I. (2006)
M

7. e-Government vs. Infrastructures
UNPAN (2005)

8. e-Government. Rights
g
UNPAN (2005)

9. e-Government vs. Searches
After UN
NPAN (2008), OECD (2007
7)

10. e-Government vs. Chatting
g
After UN
NPAN (2008), OECD (2007
7)

11. g
Start a blog
e-Government vs. Blogs
After UN
NPAN (2008), Universal Mc
cCann (2008)

12. y
e-Democracy vs. Participation
Norris P. & Curtice, J. (2006)
P

13. Accessing the
digital society

14. Fostering access to the Digital Economy
g g y
A Digital Revolution: Mokyr (1997, 2000), Greenwood (1999), Boas
et al. (2005), Zysman, J. & Newman (2006)
The Concept of Access: Raboy (1995, 1998), ITU (1998-2009), WEF
(1998 2009),
(2002-2009), Sciadas (2003), Gillwald and Stork (2007)
The Digital Divide: NTIA (1999), Hargittai (2001), Bridges.org (2001),
Warschauer (2003), Gunkel (2003), DiMaggio et al. (2004), Barzilai-
Nahon (2006), Tibben
N h (2006) Tibb (2007)
Policies f ( i
P li i of (universal) Access: H d
l) A Hudson (1994) Albery (1995)
(1994), Alb (1995),
Compaine & Weinraub (1997), OECD (2001b), Loader & Keeble (2004),
ITU (2005e), Kenny and Keremane (2007)

15. Model: 360º Digital Framework
g
Infrastructures ICT Sector Digital Skills Legal Content and
Framework Services
Supply
Assets
Enterprises
Digital Literacy ICT (Sector)
Availability Availability
Level Regulation
Economy
S
s
nd
Information
Deman
Flows
F
Digital Literacy Society Intensity of
Affordability Workforce
Training Strategies and Use
Policies

16. Cluster centre values for WITSA countries
Cluster #1 1 ‐ Broadband subscribers (per 100 people)
1 Cluster #2
22 2 2 Cluster #3 2 ‐ Personal computers (per 100 people)
21 1,5 3 Cluster #4 3 Telephone mainlines (per 100 people)
3 ‐ Telephone mainlines (per 100 people)
Cluster #5
4 ‐ Mobile phone subscribers (per 100 people)
1
20 4 5 ‐ International Internet bandwidth (bits per person)
0,5
6 ‐ Internet Hosts (per 10000 people)
19 0 5 7 ‐ Price basket for residential fixed line (US$ per month)
7 Pi b k f id i l fi d li (US$ h)
-0,5 8 ‐ Telecommunications revenue (% GDP)
18 -1 6 9 ‐ GDP per Telecom Employee (US Dollars)
10 ‐ Human Capital
p
-1,5
11 ‐ Internet Access in Schools
17 7
12 ‐ Laws relating to ICT
13 ‐ Intellectual property protection
16 8 14 ‐ Gov't procurement of advanced tech products
14 Gov't procurement of advanced tech products
15 ‐ Secure Internet servers (per 1 million people)
15 9 16 ‐ Total Domains (per 100 people)
17 ‐ Availability of government online services
14 10 18 ‐ Internet users (per 100 people)
13 11 19 ‐ Total ICT Spending, Consumer (% of GDP)
12
20 ‐ Firm‐level technology absorption
21 ‐ Extent of business Internet use
21 Extent of business Internet use
Non-hierarchical K-means cluster analysis.
Significance of F in ANOVA for all variables: p<0.001
22 ‐ ICT use and government efficiency

17. Cluster centre values for OECD countries
Cluster #1 1 ‐ Broadband subscribers (per 100 people)
1 Cluster #2
17 2 2 Cluster #3 2 ‐ Personal computers (per 100 people)
1,5
15
Cluster #4 3 Telephone mainlines (per 100 people)
3 ‐ Telephone mainlines (per 100 people)
Cluster #5
16 1 3 4 ‐ International Internet bandwidth (bits per person)
0,5 5 ‐ Internet Hosts (per 10000 people)
0
6 ‐ GDP per Telecom Employee (US Dollars)
15 4
-0,5
7 ‐ Human Capital
7 H C i l
8 ‐ Internet Access in Schools
-1
9 ‐ Laws relating to ICT
-1,5
14 5 10 ‐ Intellectual property protection
p p yp
-2
11 ‐ Gov't procurement of advanced tech products
12 ‐ Secure Internet servers (per 1 million people)
13 6 13 ‐ Total Domains (per 100 people)
14 ‐ Availability of government online services
14 Availability of government online services
15 ‐ Internet users (per 100 people)
12 7 16 ‐ Firm‐level technology absorption
17 ‐ Extent of business Internet use
11 8
10 9
Non-hierarchical K-means cluster analysis.
Significance of F in ANOVA for all variables: p<0.001

18. Infrastructures
1 ‐ Broadband subscribers (per 100 people) (*)
100%
2 ‐ Personal computers (per 100 people) (*)
90%
80% 3 ‐ Telephone mainlines (per 100 people) (*)
70%
60% 4 ‐ Mobile phone subscribers (per 100 people) (*)
50%
40% 5 ‐ Population covered by mobile telephony (%) (*)
30%
Laggards Leaders 6 ‐ International Internet bandwidth (bits per person) (*)
20%
10% 7 Internet Hosts (per 10000 people) ( )
7 ‐ Internet Hosts (per 10000 people) (*)
0%
8 ‐ Internet subscribers (per 100 inhabitants) (*)
9 ‐ Residential monthly telephone subscription (US$) (**)
10 ‐ Price basket for Internet (US$ per month) (**)
11 ‐ Price basket for mobile (US$ per month) (**)
Leaders 12 ‐ Price basket for residential fixed line (US$ per month) (*)
b k f d lf dl ( $ h) (*)
Strivers
Laggards 13 ‐ Telephone average cost of call to US (US$ per three
Leafproggers
minutes) (***)
% of countries that scored “high” on indicator per cluster
(*): p<0.01 (**): p<0.05 (***): p<0.1

19. ICT Sector
1 1 ‐ Telecommunications revenue (% GDP) (*)
100%
90% 2 ‐ High‐technology exports (% of manufactured exports) (**)
80%
70% 3 ‐ Telephone subscribers per employee (***)
60%
6 50% 2 4 ‐ Telephone employees (per 100 people) (**)
40% 5 ‐ Total full‐time telecommunications staff (per 100 people) (*)
30%
20% 6 ‐ GDP per Telecom Employee (US Dollars) (*)
10%
0%
% of countries that scored “high” on indicator per cluster
(*): p<0.01 (**): p<0.05 (***): p<0.1
Laggards
5 Leaders 3
Leaders
Strivers
Laggards
Leafproggers 4

20. Digital Literacy
g y
1 1 ‐ Enrolment in science. Tertiary. (per 100 people) (*)
100%
90% 2 ‐ Human Capital (*)
80%
70% 3 ‐ Internet Access in Schools (*)
60%
50%
40%
30% % of countries that scored “high” on indicator per cluster
20% (*): p<0.01 (**): p<0.05 (***): p<0.1
10%
Laggards
0%
Leaders
eade s
3 2
Leaders
Strivers
Laggards
Leafproggers

21. Policy and regulatory framework
y g y
1 1 ‐ Laws relating to ICT (*)
100%
90% 2 ‐ Intellectual property protection (*)
80%
70% 3 ‐ Level of competition ‐ DSL (**)
60%
50% Leaders 4 ‐ Level of competition – Cable modem (**)
40%
5 2
5 ‐ Gov't procurement of advanced tech products (*)
30%
20%
10%
0% % of countries that scored “high” on indicator per cluster
high
(*): p<0.01 (**): p<0.05 (***): p<0.1
Laggards
4 3
Leaders
Strivers
Laggards
Leafproggers

22. Usage
g
1 ‐ Secure Internet servers (per 1 million people) (*)
100%
90% 2 ‐ Total Domains (per 100 people) (*)
80%
3 ‐ Total ICT Spending, Retail Trade (% of GDP) (*)
70%
60% 4 ‐ Web Measure (*)
50%
40% 5 ‐ Availability of government online services (*)
30%
20% 6 ‐ International outgoing telephone traffic (minutes) (per 100
10% people) (*)
Laggards 0%
7 ‐ Internet users (per 100 people) (*)
Leaders 8 ‐ E‐Participation (*)
9 ‐ Total ICT Spending, Consumer (% of GDP) (*)
9 T t l ICT S di C (% f GDP) (*)
10 ‐ Firm‐level technology absorption (*)
11 ‐ Extent of business Internet use (*)
( )
Leaders
Strivers
Laggards % of countries that scored “high” on indicator per cluster
Leafproggers
(*): p<0.01 (**): p<0.05 (***): p<0.1

23. Analogue indicators
g 1 ‐ GDP (***)
2 GDP Capita ( )
2 ‐ GDP Capita (*)
3 ‐ GDP per capita, PPP (current international $) (*)
100% 4 ‐ GNI per capita, Atlas method (current US$) (*)
90% 5 ‐ GNI per capita, PPP (current international $) (**)
80% 6 HDI ( )
6 ‐ HDI (*)
70% 7 ‐ Life expectancy at birth, total (years) (*)
Laggards 60% 8 ‐ Improved water source (% of population with access) (*)
50% 9 ‐ Health Public Expenditure (% of govt. expenditure) (*)
40% 10 ‐ Health Public Expenditure (% of total Health expend.) (*)
10 Health Public Expenditure (% of total Health expend ) (*)
30%
11 ‐ School enrollment, primary (% net) (***)
20% Leaders 12 ‐ School enrollment, primary (% gross) (**)
10%
13 ‐ Education Public Expenditure (% of govt. expenditure) (***)
0%
14 ‐ Gross National Expenditure (% of GDP) (**)
14 G N ti lE dit (% f GDP) (**)
15 ‐ General Govt. final consumption expend. (% of GDP) (***)
16 ‐ Economic Incentive Regime (*)
17 ‐ Innovation (*)
18 ‐ Population in urban agglom. > 1 million (% of total pop.) (*)
19 ‐ Inequality‐10 (**)
20 ‐ Mortality rate, infant (per 1,000 live births) (*)
21 ‐ Population growth (annual %) (***)
Leaders 22 ‐ Interest payments (% of GDP) (*)
Strivers
Laggards
23 ‐ Present value of debt (% of GNI) (**)
Leafproggers 24 ‐ GDP deflator (base year varies by country) (*)
, p ( )( )
25 ‐ Inflation, consumer prices (annual %) (*)
% of countries that scored “high” on indicator per cluster 26 ‐ Inflation, GDP deflator (annual %) (*)
(*): p<0.01 (**): p<0.05 (***): p<0.1 27 ‐ Tax revenue (% of GDP) (**)

24. Policy-making and digital development
y g g
Income, Health, Human Capital
Economic incentive regime & innovation
Infrastructures + Real Economy approach
Strong Information Society regulatory framework
Direct intervention (expenditure) does not make a
difference — Keynesian or liberal is ok
ok.
Demand triggers digital development
G2B, G2G, B2C, e-Commerce, e-Administration, e-
Government, e-Health, e-Justice pull digital development
, , p g p

25. A comment on leapfrogging
gg g
Some evidence that leapfrogging is possible
Based on
Human capital
ICT regulatory and policy framework
Strong, international-bound ICT Sector
Dubious i
D bi impact on d
domestic economy b
i beyond most di
d direct
one
ICT Sector a locomotive for (nation-wide) development?

26. 26
Belgrade, April 12, 2011. Quality standards in ICT education
g , p , y
To cite this work:
Peña-López, Ismael. (2011) Citizens in a Knowledge Society: rethinking education from
e a ópe , s ae ( 0 ) C t e s o edge Soc ety et g educat o o
scratch. Part 2: Policies for (e-)inclusion: from physical access to meaningful use. Quality
standards in ICT education workshop, April 12, 2011. Belgrade.
<http://ictlogy.net/presentations/ 20110412_ismael_pena-lopez_-
_citizens_knowledge_society_2_policies_e inclusion.pdf
citizens knowledge society 2 policies e-inclusion.pdf>
To contact the author:
http://ictlogy.net
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