1. Ignasi Bartomeus
nacho.bartomeus@gmail.com
Biological Invasions.
Where and Who

2. *Survive
*Increase in numbers
*Expand its range
What should a successful
invader do?
*Introduced

3. Why can exotic species,
whose initial populations
are small, succeed to
establish themselves in
environments to which
they have no
opportunity to adapt
and even become more
abundant?
“Invasion paradox”
Sax & Brown 2000

4. Where?

5. Understanding
the
Na.ve-­‐Exo.c
Plant
Richness
rela.onships
Elton
1958
niche
Exotic plant
sp1
sp4
sp2
sp3

6. Understanding
the
Na.ve-­‐Exo.c
Plant
Richness
rela.onships
Elton
1958
niche
sp1 sp2
niche
Exotic plant
sp2
sp1
sp4 sp3
Exotic plant

7. Native richness
Exoticrichness
Biotic resistance hypothesis
Stachowitz et al 1999, 2002, Naeem et al. 2000, Fargione & Tilman 2005,
Case 1990, Knops et al. 1999, Levine 2000, Kennedy et al. 2002

8. Stohlgren et al. 2003, 2006
U.S. counties

9. Shea & Chesson 2002

10. Shea & Chesson 2002

11. Shea & Chesson 2002
Environmental factors that increase
diversity of native species might also
increase diversity of exotics

12. UTM
de
10
km
*
10
Km
Data:
ExoticNative
BDBC,
h2p://biodiver.bio.ub.es/biocat
Bartomeus et al. (GEB, 2011)

13. 200 400 600 800 1000 1200
020406080100120140
Native richness
Exoticrichness

14. 200 400 600 800 1000 1200
020406080100120140
Native richness
Exoticrichness

15. Land
use
Shannon
diversity
index
Geologic
Shannon
diversity
index
%
Forest
%
Scrub
%
Agriculture
%
Urban
land
use
%
Bare
soil
No.
habitats
Altitudinal
range
Distance
to
main
roads
Distance
to
main
cities
Distance
to
main
rivers
Population
density
Fire
frequency
Distance
to
the
sea
Solar
Radiation
Mean
January
temperature
Mean
July
temperature
Mean
annual
temperature
January
precipitation
July
precipitation
Annual
precipitation
Mean
altitude
Heterogeneity
Anthropogenic
Climatic

21. !

22. Naeem et al. 2000

23. 0.46
-0.68
0.28
-0.09
-0.04
-0.22
-0.09
0.18
0.22
-0.08
0.130.14
0.38
0.13
0.11
NativesAliens
PC1:Climate
-Elevation
0.22 0.74
PC2: Human
pressure
PC5:Climate
-Landscape
PC7:Geo
diversity
PC8:Roads PC9:Rivers PC10: Habitat
Heterogeneity

24. Heterogeneity
Climate
Anthropic
Native
Exotic
+
+
+

25. Heterogeneity
Climate
Anthropic
Native
Exotic
+
+
-
+
+

26. Heterogeneity
Climate
Anthropic
Native
Exotic
+
+
-
++
+
+
+
17 %

27. ok, some common factors,
but the relation stills being positive!

28. Heterogeneity
Climate
Anthropic
Native
Exotic
+
+
-
++
+
+
+
17 %

29. 200 400 600 800 1000
020406080100120140
NativesNR
EXOTIQUES
r2= 0.1
Exotic
Native Non Ruderal
0 50 100 150 200
020406080100120140
RUDERALS
EXOTIQUES
r2= 0.56
Exotic
Native Ruderal

30. Heterogeneity
Climate
Anthropic
Ruderals
Exotic
+
+
-
++
-
++
+
58%

31. +exotic plants
+ruderal native plants
+propagule pressure
+disturbance
Heterogeneity
Anthropogenic activities
Mechanisms

32. Only in plants?

33. Urban
Natural
NativeExotic
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
humanfood Natural
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
p < 0.001
Habitat
p < 0.001
p < 0.001
Habitat
p < 0.001
p < 0.001
Food
p < 0.001
p < 0.001
Food
p < 0.001
Deliverate,
Accidental
Deliverate, Accidental
Suburbs, Wildland
Suburbs Suburbs
Evidence from birds:
Urban
Natural
NativeExotic
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
humanfood Natural
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
p < 0.001
Habitat
p < 0.001
p < 0.001
Habitat
p < 0.001
p < 0.001
Food
p < 0.001
p < 0.001
Food
p < 0.001
Deliverate,
Accidental
Deliverate, Accidental
Suburbs, Wildland
Suburbs Suburbs
Sol, Bartomeus & Griffin (Submitted)
Based in 24Transects from Wildland to Urban areas in Australia.

34. Urban
Natural
NativeExotic
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
humanfood Natural
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
p < 0.001
Habitat
p < 0.001
p < 0.001
Habitat
p < 0.001
p < 0.001
Food
p < 0.001
p < 0.001
Food
p < 0.001
Deliverate,
Accidental
Deliverate, Accidental
Suburbs, Wildland
Suburbs Suburbs
Evidence from birds:
Urban
Natural
NativeExotic
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
humanfood Natural
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
p < 0.001
Habitat
p < 0.001
p < 0.001
Habitat
p < 0.001
p < 0.001
Food
p < 0.001
p < 0.001
Food
p < 0.001
Deliverate,
Accidental
Deliverate, Accidental
Suburbs, Wildland
Suburbs Suburbs
Sol, Bartomeus & Griffin (Submitted)
Based in 24Transects from Wildland to Urban areas in Australia.
Urban
Natural
NativeExotic
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
humanfood Natural
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
p < 0.001
Habitat
p < 0.001
p < 0.001
Habitat
p < 0.001
p < 0.001
Food
p < 0.001
p < 0.001
Food
p < 0.001
Deliverate,
Accidental
Deliverate, Accidental
Suburbs, Wildland
Suburbs Suburbs
Urban
Natural
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
humanfood Natural
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
p < 0.001
Habitat
p < 0.001
p < 0.001
Habitat
p < 0.001
p < 0.001
Food
p < 0.001
p < 0.001
Food
p < 0.001
Deliverate,
Accidental
Deliverate, Accidental
Suburbs, Wildland
Suburbs Suburbs

35. Urban
Natural
NativeExotic
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
humanfood Natural
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
p < 0.001
Habitat
p < 0.001
p < 0.001
Habitat
p < 0.001
p < 0.001
Food
p < 0.001
p < 0.001
Food
p < 0.001
Deliverate,
Accidental
Deliverate, Accidental
Suburbs, Wildland
Suburbs Suburbs
Evidence from birds:
Urban
Natural
NativeExotic
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
humanfood Natural
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
p < 0.001
Habitat
p < 0.001
p < 0.001
Habitat
p < 0.001
p < 0.001
Food
p < 0.001
p < 0.001
Food
p < 0.001
Deliverate,
Accidental
Deliverate, Accidental
Suburbs, Wildland
Suburbs Suburbs
Sol, Bartomeus & Griffin (Submitted)
Based in 24Transects from Wildland to Urban areas in Australia.Urban
Natural
NativeExotic
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
humanfood Natural
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
p < 0.001
Habitat
p < 0.001
p < 0.001
Habitat
p < 0.001
p < 0.001
Food
p < 0.001
p < 0.001
Food
p < 0.001
Deliverate,
Accidental
Deliverate, Accidental
Suburbs, Wildland
Suburbs Suburbs

36. Urban
Natural
NativeExotic
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
humanfood Natural
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
p < 0.001
Habitat
p < 0.001
p < 0.001
Habitat
p < 0.001
p < 0.001
Food
p < 0.001
p < 0.001
Food
p < 0.001
Deliverate,
Accidental
Deliverate, Accidental
Suburbs, Wildland
Suburbs Suburbs
Evidence from birds:
Urban
Natural
NativeExotic
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
humanfood Natural
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
p < 0.001
Habitat
p < 0.001
p < 0.001
Habitat
p < 0.001
p < 0.001
Food
p < 0.001
p < 0.001
Food
p < 0.001
Deliverate,
Accidental
Deliverate, Accidental
Suburbs, Wildland
Suburbs Suburbs
Sol, Bartomeus & Griffin (Oecologia)
Based in 24Transects from Wildland to Urban areas in Australia.

37. Who?

38. Sol et al PNAS 2005

39. Sol et al PNAS 2005

41. Life History Traits
Time
Populationsize
demographic or
environmental
stochasticity
Fast population growth

42. Life History Traits
Time
Populationsize
Fast population growth
Propagule pressure
demographic or
environmental
stochasticity

43. Life History Traits
Time
Populationsize
Fast population growth
Propagule pressure
demographic or
environmental
stochasticity

44. 2,760 introduction, comprising 428 species from
49 families, 1,292 of which were successful

45. Rmax: Fecundity, Age at first breeding & lifespan
Cole 1954
Which Life history traits confers a fast
population growth?
Clutch*broods

46. Rmax: Fecundity, Age at first breeding & lifespan
Cole 1954
5 10 15
123456
d$Clutch
d$RmaxRmax
Clutch
Which Life history traits confers a fast
population growth?

47. InvasionpotentialInvasionpotentialofspecies
Fig. 1
a b
d e
5 10 15
-3-2-10123
Clutch size
-2 -1
-3-2-10123
Fast-Sl
23
23
Even, when including Propagule
pressure in the models
Clutch size
Sol et al. (Science)

48. However, Rmax do not
predict invasion success...
b c
e f
10 15
ch size
-2 -1 0 1
-3-2-10123
Fast-Slow
2 4 6
-3-2-10123
Body m
3
3
Invasionpotential
Rmax
1 2 3 4

49. So, no relation with other Life History Traits?

50. Time
Populationsize
Trade off:
Reproduction
Survival

51. which risk are you willing to take for your brood?
BroodValue =
Total offspring
Clutch size

52. BroodValue =
2 eggs*4broods*2years
2 eggs
= 0.125
BroodValue =
2 eggs*1broods*8years
2 eggs
= 0.125
BroodValue =
Clutch*broods*lifespan
Clutch size

53. Invasionpotentia
d e
5 10 15
Clutch size
-2 -1
Fast
-2.2 -1.8 -1.4 -1.0
-3-2-10123
Brood value
-2 -1 0
-3-2-10123
Residual
Invasionpotential

54. LHT important, but in a different way
Invasionpotential
propagule pressure +

55. Invasionpotentialofspecies a b c
d e f
5 10 15
-3-2-10123
Clutch size
-2 -1 0 1
-3-2-10123
Fast-Slow
2 4 6 8 10
-3-2-10123
Body mass
-2.2 -1.8 -1.4 -1.0
-3-2-10123
Brood value
-2 -1 0 1 2 3
-3-2-10123
Residual brain size
1 2 3 4 5
-3-2-10123
Habitat generalism
LHT important, but in a different way
Invasionpotential
propagule pressure +

56. Invasionpotentialofspecies a b c
d e f
5 10 15
-3-2-10123
Clutch size
-2 -1 0 1
-3-2-10123
Fast-Slow
2 4 6 8 10
-3-2-10123
Body mass
-2.2 -1.8 -1.4 -1.0
-3-2-10123
Brood value
-2 -1 0 1 2 3
-3-2-10123
Residual brain size
1 2 3 4 5
-3-2-10123
Habitat generalism
LHT important, but in a different way
Invasionpotential
propagule pressure +

57. Invasionpotentialofspecies a b c
d e f
5 10 15
-3-2-10123
Clutch size
-2 -1 0 1
-3-2-10123
Fast-Slow
2 4 6 8 10
-3-2-10123
Body mass
-2.2 -1.8 -1.4 -1.0
-3-2-10123
Brood value
-2 -1 0 1 2 3
-3-2-10123
Residual brain size
1 2 3 4 5
-3-2-10123
Habitat generalism
LHT important, but in a different way
Invasionpotential
propagule pressure +

58. Explain success of pigeons

59. Competitiveness
Niche overlap
+
-
+
based in Mc Dougall et al. 2009

60. Competitiveness
Niche overlap
+
-
+
based in Mc Dougall et al. 2009

61. Competitiveness
Niche overlap
+
-
+
based in Mc Dougall et al. 2009

62. What am I doing in a bee lab?

63. Osmia cornifrons Osmia lignaria
Invasive native

64. Osmia cornifrons Osmia lignaria
* Same habitats
* Same phenologies (?)
* Same nesting preferences (?)
* Same diet (?)
Invasive native
We suspect:

65. Competitiveness
Niche overlap
+
-
+
based in Mc Dougall et al. 2009

66. Competitiveness
Niche overlap
+
-
+
based in Mc Dougall et al. 2009
Is there competition going on?

67. Not all communities are
equally resistant
Most invaders use empty or
disturbed habitats
Not all species are good
invaders
Most invaders have
behavioral or phenotypic
plasticity
“paradox”
Where?
Who?

68. Thank you
- nacho.bartomeus@gmail.com
Thanks to Co-Authors: Daniel Sol,Andrea Griffin,
Joan Pino, Xavier Font, PalomaVicente, Joan
Maspons, Josep Piñol, MiquelVall-llosera.
People at CREAF, Oriol Lapiedra, Cesar Lagos,...

69. 0 1 2
slow continuum
-2.2 -2.0 -1.8 -1.6 -1.4 -1.2 -1.0 -0.8
-2-10123
Brood value
ResidualBrain
Text