Interactive Metronome: Whats happening under the hood
1. The Synchronized Metronome Tapping (SMT) Effect: Preliminary thoughts on “what’s happening under the hood” Kevin McGrew, Ph.D. Institute for Applied Psychometrics LLC (www.iapsych.com)
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5. How can such an apparently simple intervention produce improvements across such diverse human performance domains?
12. Is there an accepted, empirically validated theory or model to explain mental time-keeping? Yes
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14. Regularly generates or emits neural ticks or pulses “ gaiting” switch from pacemaker to accumular Accumulates ticks/pulses that correspond to duration (neural counting) The “clock” level
15. “ Raw” representation of stimulus duration transferred to short-term or working memory Includes “important times” or “standards” appropriate for task The “memory” level
16. Comparison made between contents of reference memory (the standard) and working memory (are they “close” ?). Relies on a comparator that determines a response on the basis of a decision rule which involves a comparison between a value in the accumulator or working memory corresponding to the current duration with a value from reference memory The “decision” level
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18. g (general intelligence) Performance on temporal information processing as an index of general intelligence Rammsayer & Brandler (2006, in press)
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24. What are the possible underlying brain structures or functions involved? A very simplified review
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28. Prefrontal cortex The “brain manager” or “boss” (Hale & Fiorrello, 2004; Luria,1973)
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33. Basal ganglia and frontal-striatal loop serve like conductor: Monitors resonance/oscillations of different brain structures and integrates them together
40. Controlled Executive Attention (domain-general mechanism) model of working memory (Kane, Engle, Conway model) Working memory as a multi-component system responsible for active maintenance of information in the face of ongoing processing and/or distraction Working memory capacity is not directly about memory—its about using attention to maintain or suppress information Greater working memory capacity does mean that more information can be maintained as active, but this is a result of greater ability to control attention , not a larger memory store “ There is a large and consistent body of research to indicate that the capability to control attention (especially in contexts in which there are competing demands) is a major determiner of an individual’s performance on complex working memory tasks (Engle, 2002; Kane, Bleckley, Conway, & Engle, 2001). [Note. g = working memory capacity is an active and popular research hypothesis in the field of intelligence]
47. The CHC Information Processing Model Gsm (MW) Information Processing Loop Cognitive Efficiency Gs Stores of Acquired Knowledge What are some other everyday examples of automatic cognitive processing (cognitive routines “automatized”)? Cognitive or Academic Performance Executive Control Gf Glr Ga Gv Thinking Abilities
48. The CHC Information Processing Model Gsm (MW) Information Processing Loop Cognitive Efficiency Gs Stores of Acquired Knowledge An example of “controlled cognitive processing” Cognitive or Academic Performance Executive Control Gf Glr Ga Gv Thinking Abilities
49. The CHC Information Processing Model Gsm (MW) Information Processing Loop Cognitive Efficiency Gs Stores of Acquired Knowledge Cognitive or Academic Performance Executive Control Gf Glr Ga Gv Thinking Abilities
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51. The CHC Information Processing Model Gsm (MW) Information Processing Loop Cognitive Efficiency Gs Stores of Acquired Knowledge Cognitive or Academic Performance Executive Control Gf Glr Ga Gv Thinking Abilities SMT (e.g. IM) is hypothesized to increase the efficiency of the “information processing loop” – increased “cognitive efficiency” in the information processing bottleneck