1. Collaborating and creating real world knowledge through technology By: Ian Wigglesworth ED-6620-081 (Issues & Trends/Ed Computing - 73355) Memorial University

2. Agenda Brief history of learning and educational technology Current state of education Brief exploration: Technological lag in education Future technology trend # 1 – Autonomous-experiential learning Future technology trend # 2 – Textbooks replaced by computers Future technology trend # 3 – Teacher as a technology specialist and researcher Conclusion

3. History of education One teacher who teaches material Textbooks contain knowledge Learning is done in a classroom Teacher is seen as content expert Students learn by rote Students interact minimally with ‘real’ world (field trips) Modern technology not incorporated into the classroom until 1980s 1, 2, 3 http://images.google.ca/imgres?imgurl=http://www3.familyoldphotos.com/files/images/111208/frank%2520dillen%2520teacher.preview.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www3.familyoldphotos.com/photo/pennsylvania/8220/frank-dillen-teacher-class-in-julian-pa&usg=__rERgcR_fMo3R8kpzUriWJe0oxo4=&h=364&w=500&sz=34&hl=en&start=1&um=1&itbs=1&tbnid=yKNxaN80QNMnLM:&tbnh=95&tbnw=130&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dteacher%2Band%2Bclass%2Bold%26um%3D1%26hl%3Den%26client%3Dfirefox-a%26sa%3DG%26rls%3Dorg.mozilla:en-US:official%26tbs%3Disch:1

4. Teachers and administrators not seeing the value to Technology "Students today can't prepare bark to calculate their problems. They depend on slates, which are more expensive. What will they do when the slate is dropped and it breaks? They will be unable to write" (quoted in Bean, 2008). 4

5. History of educational technology in the classroom Ancient technology – writing implements (e.g. wax and stylus Textbooks introduced Projected still pictures (slides) Audio Video and Audio Television and storage media Computers

6. Current state of education Teacher facilitates learning Teachers content/subject experts Textbooks contain lessons and content Computers used in class as supplementary instruction Many teachers unable to use computers/technology in class Students’ technology savvy greater than teachers’

7. Adoption of technology in the classroom lag Adoption of technology into the classroom has been slow Teachers and administrators are skeptical School boards are hesitant to invest in technology due to Moore’s law Technology is expensive and requires resources for upkeep Professional development difficult as technology continues to change Teacher training does a poor job at readying future teachers for technology use 5, 6, 7

8. 1st Trend Autonomous-experiential learning

9. Autonomous-experiential learning New devices augment reality New devices that allow for seamless integration of technology into education Video game manufacturers invest research and development monies into education Wearable device that has three key parts Video/still camera Mini-projector and mirror Modified cell phone (computer and Internet connection 8, 9, 10

10. Autonomous-experiential learning – New devices allow for interaction between user, the real world and the Internet 10 (Picture)

11. Games as motivation to learn and medium for social change Video games as social change and learning People are more willing to collaborate online Motivation of learners changes Games have more intrinsic motivation than school learning Social change can happen through games that mimic the real world and actually impact the real world 11 (incl. picture)

12. Autonomous-experiential learning – Effects on learning Learning occurs in- and out-of-doors Information not held by teacher Information user inputted and user edited i.e. collaboration mandatory The operating system disappears and the user controls the software with his or her body. Device does not require instruction and is free from the constraints of an operating system (Sundarrajan, 2007) Textbooks become antiquated Teachers’ role changes 12

13. Autonomous-experiential learning – Possible consequences Traditional classrooms no longer needed Learning occurs in the real world Encourages constructivist approach Collaboration dependant

14. 2nd Trend Electronic media replaces the textbook

15. Computers replace the textbook – Open, raw-linked data and Pivot Raw linked data – peer-edited and contributed Searchable data Continuously updated – never out-of-date 13

16. Computers replace the textbook – Pivot and raw linked data 14

17. New ways to search data Pivot Allows for natural searches based on computer created algorithms Sorts data into useful groupings 15, 16

18. Computers replace the textbook – Effect on learning Students see that the information they create is important Students understand technology and research skills at a younger age Creates more intriguing lessons Collaboration mandatory to accomplish tasks Collaboration with students from around the world possible

19. Computers replace the textbook – Possible consequences Students become too dependent on technology Students might lose the ability to research from books Difficult for teacher to stay up-to-date

20. 3rd Trend Teacher as technology expert

21. Teacher as a technology expert Currently, the teacher is a content/subject expert New role – facilitate learning of individuals and group Research skills replace subject area knowledge 17, 18, 19

22. Teacher as a technology expert – Effect on learning Learning would shift from teacher-centered to student- centered Learning could happen anywhere – nontraditional school setting Material covered in class could be continuously updated Student learning experience based on real tasks Student more likely to participate i.e. intrinsic motivation

23. Teacher as a technology expert – Possible Consequences Students and teachers dependent on technology Ministry of Education/school boards would require technology experts to maintain equipment Students’ socialization may suffer Not all subjects can be taught without a classroom

24. Conclusion Educational technology reshapes teaching methodology Schools may change from brick and mortar Constructivist learning and horizontal individualism will become even more prominent Teacher education will need to move from subject/content expert to technology/research expert 20, 17, 21

25. Endnotes: Brookfield (1988) Cubberly (1920) Hawkins, Sheingold, Gearhart, Berger (1982) Bean (2008) Molebash (1999) Prensky (2001) Greenhow, Robelia, & Hughes (2009) CBC (2010a) CBC (2010b) Maes & Mistry (2010) McGonigal (2010) Sundarrajan (2007) Berners-Lee (2010) Feldman (1997) www.getpivot.com (2010) Flake (2010) Gray (1997) Tapscott (2009) Kay (2006) Nelson (2006) NASA (2010)

26. References Bach, J. S. (1055). BWV 1065 Grirmaud, H. & Die DestscheKammerphileharmonieBremenr (2008) Bean, M. (2008). Lifelong Learning the key to survival in the 21st Century Global Economy. In Microsoft European Academic Leaders Conference–Budapest. Microsoft Corporation. Berners-Lee, (2010, February). Tim Berners-Lee: The year open data went worldwide. TED. Retrieved from http://www.ted.com/talks/lang/eng/tim_berners_lee_the_year_open_data_went_worldwide.html Brookfield, S. (1988). Developing Critically Reflective Practitioners: A Rationale for Training Educators of Adults. In S. Brookfield (editor). Training Educators of Adults: The Theory and Practice of Graduate Adult Education, New York: Routledge.

27. Cubberly, E.P. (1920). The History of Education. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. CBC. (2010a). Nintendo guru targets education.From http://www.cbc.ca/technology/story/2010/03/19/nintendo-classroom.html retrieved on March 20, 2010. CBC. (2010b). Hands-free gaming closer to reality. From http://www.cbc.ca/technology/story/2010/01/07/ces-xbox-hands-free.html retrieved on March 20th, 2010. Flake, G, (2010, February). Gary Flake, is Pivot a turning point for web exploration? TED. Retrieved from http://www.ted.com/talks/lang/eng/gary_flake_is_pivot_a_turning_point_for_web_exploration.html

28. Gray, A. (1997). Constructivist teaching and learning. SSTA Research Centre Report97(07). Retrieved fromhttp://www.pen.ntid.rit.edu/%5Cworkshops%5CTUT_Jun_02%5CSessions%5C7Curriculum_Content%5CPre-Workshop%20Materials%5CConstructivisit_Teaching_Learning on March 20, 2010. Greenhow, C., Robelia, B., & Hughes, J. (2009). Web 2.0 and classroom research: What path should we take now? Educational Researcher, 38(4), 246–259. Hawkins, J., Sheingold, K., Gearhart, M., & Berger, C. (1982). Microcomputers in schools: Impact on the social life of elementary classrooms. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 3(4), 361-373.

29. Kay, R. (2006). Evaluating strategies used to incorporate technology into preservice education. Journal of Research on Technology in Education, 38(4), 383. Maes, P. & Mistry, P. (2009, February). Pattie Maes and PranavMistry demo SixthSense. TED. Retrieved from http://www.ted.com/talks/pattie_maes_demos_the_sixth_sense.html McGonigal, J. (2010, Februrary). Gaming Can Make a Better World. TED. Retrieved from http://www.ted.com/talks/jane_mcgonigal_gaming_can_make_a_better_world.html

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31. Prensky, M. (2001). Digital Natives, Digital Immigrants on the horizon. MCB University Press, 9(5) Sundarrajan, S. (2007). Grid Operating System – A Virtual Execution Container For Grid Infosys Technologies Limited Retrieved from http://www.infosys.com/research/centers-of-excellence/Documents/grid-operating-system.pdf on March 20, 2010. Tapscott, D. (2009). Grown up digital. New York: McGraw-Hill.

32. End