SlideShare uma empresa Scribd logo
1 de 7
Baixar para ler offline
International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET), ISSN 0976 – 6308 (Print), 
ISSN 0976 – 6316(Online), Volume 5, Issue 7, July (2014), pp. 123-129 © IAEME 
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CIVIL ENGINEERING 
AND TECHNOLOGY (IJCIET) 
ISSN 0976 – 6308 (Print) 
ISSN 0976 – 6316(Online) 
Volume 5, Issue 7, July (2014), pp. 123-129 
© IAEME: www.iaeme.com/ijciet.asp 
Journal Impact Factor (2014): 7.9290 (Calculated by GISI) 
www.jifactor.com 
IJCIET 
©IAEME 
THREE MODELING OF SOIL EROSION BY WATER 
Kissi Benaissa*1, El Bakkali Larbi2, Parron Vera Miguel Angel3 
1National School of Arts and Trades of Casablanca (ENSAM-Casablanca), University Hassan II. 
Avenue Hassan II.B.P: 145, Mohammedia – Morocco 
2Modeling and Simulation of Mechanical Systems Laboratory, Faculty of Sciences at Tetouan, 
University Abdelmalek Essaadi, BP. 2121, M'hannech, 93002, Tetouan, Morocco, 
3Mechanical and Civil Engineering Department, Polytechnic High School of Algeciras, University of 
Cadiz, Ramon Pujol avenue, Algeciras 11202, Spain 
123 
ABSTRACT 
Soil erosion is a complex phenomenon which yields at its final stage insidious fluid leakages 
under the hydraulic infrastructures known as piping and which provokes their rupture. In this work, 
the water erosion is modeled in the water/soil interface during the hole erosion test (HET). The Hole 
Erosion Test is commonly used to quantify the rate of piping erosion. The aim of this work is to 
predict the erosion of soil in the water/soil interface by using the Fluent package and three 
dimensional modeling. This modelling makes it possible describing the effect of the flow on erosion 
in the interface water/soil by using the k −e turbulence model equations, and predicts a non uniform 
erosion along the hole length unlike the usual one dimensional models. In particular, the flow 
velocity is found to increase noticeably the erosion rate. 
Effects on the wall-shear stress resulting from varying flow velocity and applied hydraulic 
gradient are analyzed. 
Keywords: Piping, Soil erosion, Turbulence, k −e model, Near-wall boundary, Hole Erosion Test. 
1. INTRODUCTION 
Soil erosion is a complex phenomenon which yields at its final stage insidious fluid leakages 
under the hydraulic infrastructures known as piping and which provokes their rupture. 
Many dam ruptures events have occurred throughout the world, some of them were reported 
by Foster and al. [1]. Then main cause was piping phenomenon that occurred in the foundation soil 
or in the dam structure. Serviceability of hydraulic infrastructures needs considering vulnerability of 
soil to internal erosion under the action of a seepage flow, [2, 3]. A simplified one-dimensional
International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET), ISSN 0976 – 6308 (Print), 
ISSN 0976 – 6316(Online), Volume 5, Issue 7, July (2014), pp. 123-129 © IAEME 
model for interpreting the Hole Erosion Test (HET) with a constant pressure drop was developed by 
Bonelli and Brivois [4, 5]. This model yielded a characteristic erosion time which was found to be 
depending on the initial hydraulic gradient and the soil coefficient of erosion. 
A three-dimensional modeling of fluid flow taking place in the hole inside the hole erosion 
test sample test was performed by means of enhanced CFD software package. The hole wall had 
been assumed to be rigid and to have ideal circular cylindrical geometry. Unlike the early models 
which are essentially one-dimensional, the two-dimensional modeling had shown that the wall-shear 
stress is not uniform along the hole wall [6]. 
For instance, the inlet side of the sample hole undergoes generally much more erosion than the outlet 
side. But, one-dimensional modeling of this test could not predict this eroded shape since it yields 
uniform erosion at the whole fluid/soil interface inside the soil sample hole. 
The aim of this study is to describe the biphasic turbulent flow at the origin of erosion taking 
place inside the porous soil sample by considering the influence of variation of the flow velocity on 
rate erosion. A Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) approach is used to investigate the shear stress 
that develops at the water/soil interface and which represents the main mechanical action that causes 
surface erosion. 
When the shear stress is calculated by means of Fluent, the classical linear erosion law is 
used to estimate erosion rate. This law gives erosion rate, considered to be the amount of mass 
departure due to erosion per unit time and by unit surface area, by e&er = cer (t −t cr ) where er c and cr t 
are constants depending on the considered soil material. For a cylindrical hole, the rate er e& can be 
related to time variation of local radius by / er de& = r dR dt where d r is the dry density of soil and R is 
hole radius. The erosion law yields that er e& is proportional to the amount of shear exceeding the 
critical shear cr t for which erosion begins. 
The standard HET is such that, the fluid domain which is assumed to be axisymmetric 
extends over 117 mm in the axial z-direction and 3 mm in the radial r-direction (Figure 1). 
Fig.1: Geometry of the HET tube 
124
International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET), ISSN 0976 – 6308 (Print), 
ISSN 0976 – 6316(Online), Volume 5, Issue 7, July (2014), pp. 123-129 © IAEME 
2. THREE-DIMENSIONAL MODELING APPROACH OF THE HET 
The turbulence modelling is achieved by means of Fluent software package. Fluent is a 
general purpose Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) code that has been applied to various 
problems in the fields of fluid mechanics and heat transfer. This code has been validated through 
numerous investigations. Fluent is especially appropriate for the complex physics involved in heat 
and mass transfer and considers mixtures by modeling each fluid species independently or as a 
homogenized medium, [7]. 
Flow taking place inside the hole is turbulent. To perform realistic simulation of turbulence, 
the exact instantaneous Navier-Stokes governing equations are habitually time-averaged or 
ensemble-averaged. The obtained averaged equations contain further unknown variables, and 
turbulence models are introduced to determine them in terms of known quantities. Various 
turbulence models have been proposed in the literature; however there is no single turbulence model 
which could be universally applied for all classes of problems. The choice of a pertinent model for a 
given problem will depend on the actual physics of the flow, the degree of accuracy required and the 
computational cost tolerated. Reference [8] gives a detailed discussion on how to perform at best the 
appropriate choice of a turbulence model. Among the various models, the standard k −e model 
which was proposed first by Launder and Spalding [9] has become the most popular when dealing 
with practical engineering flow calculations. This model relies on phenomenological considerations 
and integrates empiricism to perform closure of equations. 
¶ ¶ ¶  μ 
¶  
+ =  +  + + − − + 
r r μ re 
k ku G G Y S 
125 
3. STANDARD K-PSILON MODEL 
The simplest complete models'' of turbulence are two-equation models in which the solution 
of two separate transport equations allows the turbulent velocity and length scales to be 
independently determined. The standard k- model in FLUENT falls within this class of turbulence 
model and has become the workhorse of practical engineering flow calculations in the time since it 
was proposed by Launder and Spalding [ 9]. Robustness, economy, and reasonable accuracy for a 
wide range of turbulent flows explain its popularity in industrial flow and heat transfer simulations. It 
is a semi-empirical model, and the derivation of the model equations relies on phenomenological 
considerations and empiricism. 
As the strengths and weaknesses of the standard k- model have become known, 
improvements have been made to the model to improve its performance. 
The standard k-  model [9] is a semi-empirical model based on model transport equations for 
the turbulence kinetic energy (k) and its dissipation rate (). The model transport equation for k is 
derived from the exact equation, while the model transport equation for  was obtained using 
physical reasoning and bears little resemblance to its mathematically exact counterpart. In the 
derivation of the k-  model, the assumption is that the flow is fully turbulent, and the effects of 
molecular viscosity are negligible. The standard k-  model is therefore valid only for fully turbulent 
flows. 
4. TRANSPORT EQUATIONS FOR THE STANDARD K-PSILON MODEL 
The turbulence kinetic energy, k, and its rate of dissipation, , are obtained from the 
following transport equations: 
( ) ( ) ( ) t 
k 
i k b M k 
¶ t ¶ x ¶ xj i  s 
¶ x 
k j 
 
(1)
International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET), ISSN 0976 – 6308 (Print), 
ISSN 0976 – 6316(Online), Volume 5, Issue 7, July (2014), pp. 123-129 © IAEME 
¶ ¶ ¶  ¶  
μ e e e 
+ =  +  + + − + 
er re μ r 
u C G C G C S 
¶ ¶ ¶  s 
¶  
t x xj x k k 
126 
And 
2 
( ) ( ) ( t 
) ( ) i 1 k 3 b 
2 i j 
e e e e 
e 
(2) 
In these equations, Gk represents the generation of turbulence kinetic energy due to the mean 
velocity gradients. Gb is the generation of turbulence kinetic energy due to buoyancy. YM represents 
the contribution of the fluctuating dilatation in compressible turbulence to the overall dissipation 
rate. 1 C e , 2 C e , and 3 C e are constants. k s and e s are the turbulent Prandtl numbers for k and , 
respectively. Sk and Se are user-defined source terms. 
Although the default values of the model constants are the standard ones most widely 
accepted, you can change them (if needed) in the Viscous Model panel. 
5. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS 
The analysis presented in this section focuses on the simulation of the turbulent fluid flow 
taking place inside a cylindrical pipe having a rigid wall that replicates the geometry of the hole in 
the HET. The fluid domain which is assumed to be axisymmetric extends 170 mm in the axial z-direction 
and 30 mm in the radial r-direction. The origin of the reference frame is placed at the 
entrance section. 
Modeling under fluent has been performed by using water density and dynamic viscosity at 
the temperature 20°C for which 3 r = 1000 kg / m andh = rμ = 0.001 Pa.s . 
The four values of flow considered are given in table 1: 
Table (1): Reynolds number and velocity of flow considered in this study 
Reynolds Velocity (m / s ) Debit. 10-5 ( 3 m / s ) T.I(%) 
3000 0.5 1.413 5.8 
20000 3.34 9.43 4.6 
The solution method chosen under Fluent is Volume Of Fluid (VOF). The viscous Model 
selected is the standard k −e model and the near-wall treatment is conforming to the enhanced wall 
treatment with pressure gradient effects. 
The boundary conditions that were used are: 
- Inlet at the left extremity of the domain with gauge pressure value specified and turbulence 
specification method corresponding to turbulence intensity T.I (%) and hydraulic diameter equal to 
the radius R. turbulence intensity can be calculated as: 1/8 T.I 0.16 Re− = × 
- Outlet at the right extremity of the domain with gauge pressure fixed at 0, turbulence 
specification method was used with turbulence intensity T.I (%) and hydraulic diameter equal to the 
radius R.
International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET), ISSN 0976 – 6308 (Print), 
ISSN 0976 – 6316(Online), Volume 5, Issue 7, July (2014), pp. 123-129 © IAEME 
- Symmetry type axis at the axis of symmetry which is the bottom side of the domain as presented 
127 
in figure 1. 
- Wall at the top side of the domain, (figure 1), where the enhanced near-wall treatment with 
pressure gradient effects option is selected. 
Default convergence statements were selected. They assure that continuity, velocities, 
turbulent kinetic energy and its dissipation rate are stationary within a relative tolerance limit fixed at 
10-6.The solution converges in approximately 300 iterations. 
Figures 2 and 3 give the Profiles of Wall Shear Stress on wall as function of Reynolds number. 
Fig.2: Profiles of Wall Shear Stress on wall for R=3000 
Fig.3: Profiles of Wall Shear Stress on wall for Re=20000
International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET), ISSN 0976 – 6308 (Print), 
ISSN 0976 – 6316(Online), Volume 5, Issue 7, July (2014), pp. 123-129 © IAEME
Fig.4: Erosion rate as function of inlet velocity (Reynolds number) (in Pascal) 
Table 2 gives the erosion rate (in 10 4 kg / s − ) which corresponds to the amount of mass 
departure per unit time due to erosion. This amount is obtained by integrating the erosion law over 
the whole length of the hole and by multiplying the result by the initial circumference of the hole. 
The classical linear erosion law ( ) er er s e = c t −t was used, with the erosion constants 4 5.5 10 / er c s m − = × 
and 0.2 s t = Pa as identified for a soil sample containing 50% kaolinit clay and 50% of sand that was 
tested in [10]. 
TABLE (2): EROSION RATE IN 4 10 kg / s − AS FUNCTION OF REYNOLDS NUMBER 
Re t (Pa) er e 
Re=3000 0.52 1.6 
Re=20000 17 92.2 
Figures 2 and 3 show that the wall-shear is not uniform along the whole hole length. The 
wall-shear stress at the inlet extremity can exceed multiple times its permanent value in the plateau 
zone inside the hole. This is in contrast with the habitual hypothesis used to derive one-dimensional 
modeling of the HET. 
The obtained results, as shown in figure 4, indicate that erosion rate increase with Reynolds 
128 
number and wit the axial coordinate. 
The obtained results state clearly the three-dimensional character of flow taking place inside 
the hole and show strong variations in comparison with two-dimensional and one-dimensional 
approaches. Predicting the erosion in its initial stage can be done under the assumptions that the wall 
is rigid and that the linear erosion law is valid. This was performed and results are summarized in 
table 2 where it could be observed that the Reynolds number has strong effect on the amount of 
erosion rate. The erosion rate increases as function the flow velocity with a maximum value at the 
inlet extremity. At the inlet extremity wall-shear stress is maximal and erosion is maximal. 
6. CONCLUSIONS 
A three-dimensional modeling of fluid flow taking place in the hole inside the hole erosion 
test sample test was performed by means of enhanced CFD software package. The hole wall had 
been assumed to be rigid and to have ideal circular cylindrical geometry. Unlike the early models

Mais conteúdo relacionado

Mais procurados

Evaluation of Modelling of Flow in Fractures
Evaluation of Modelling of Flow in FracturesEvaluation of Modelling of Flow in Fractures
Evaluation of Modelling of Flow in Fracturesidescitation
 
On similarity of pressure head and bubble pressure fractal dimensions for cha...
On similarity of pressure head and bubble pressure fractal dimensions for cha...On similarity of pressure head and bubble pressure fractal dimensions for cha...
On similarity of pressure head and bubble pressure fractal dimensions for cha...Khalid Al-Khidir
 
Cofferdam design-optimization
Cofferdam design-optimizationCofferdam design-optimization
Cofferdam design-optimizationS K SHUKLA
 
03302--ICWE14-2015-Experimental and Numerical Evaluation of Micrositing in Co...
03302--ICWE14-2015-Experimental and Numerical Evaluation of Micrositing in Co...03302--ICWE14-2015-Experimental and Numerical Evaluation of Micrositing in Co...
03302--ICWE14-2015-Experimental and Numerical Evaluation of Micrositing in Co...Jussara M. Leite Mattuella
 
Numerical Investigation of Turbulent Flow over a Rotating Circular Cylinder u...
Numerical Investigation of Turbulent Flow over a Rotating Circular Cylinder u...Numerical Investigation of Turbulent Flow over a Rotating Circular Cylinder u...
Numerical Investigation of Turbulent Flow over a Rotating Circular Cylinder u...IJERA Editor
 
Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) Analysis of Natural Convection of Converge...
Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) Analysis of Natural Convection of Converge...Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) Analysis of Natural Convection of Converge...
Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) Analysis of Natural Convection of Converge...IJERA Editor
 
The effect of rotational speed variation on the velocity vectors in the singl...
The effect of rotational speed variation on the velocity vectors in the singl...The effect of rotational speed variation on the velocity vectors in the singl...
The effect of rotational speed variation on the velocity vectors in the singl...IOSR Journals
 
Static analysis of c s short cylindrical shell under internal liquid pressure...
Static analysis of c s short cylindrical shell under internal liquid pressure...Static analysis of c s short cylindrical shell under internal liquid pressure...
Static analysis of c s short cylindrical shell under internal liquid pressure...eSAT Journals
 
Static analysis of c s short cylindrical shell under internal liquid pressure...
Static analysis of c s short cylindrical shell under internal liquid pressure...Static analysis of c s short cylindrical shell under internal liquid pressure...
Static analysis of c s short cylindrical shell under internal liquid pressure...eSAT Publishing House
 
FEM based Seepage Analysis of Earth Dam
FEM based Seepage Analysis of Earth DamFEM based Seepage Analysis of Earth Dam
FEM based Seepage Analysis of Earth DamMd. Saidur Rahman
 
Estimation of bridge pier scour for clear water & live bed scour condition
Estimation of bridge pier scour for clear water & live bed scour conditionEstimation of bridge pier scour for clear water & live bed scour condition
Estimation of bridge pier scour for clear water & live bed scour conditionIAEME Publication
 
CFD Class Final Paper
CFD Class Final PaperCFD Class Final Paper
CFD Class Final PaperNathan Butt
 
Efficiency of vertical drains using finite element method may 2017
Efficiency of vertical drains using finite element method may 2017Efficiency of vertical drains using finite element method may 2017
Efficiency of vertical drains using finite element method may 2017Dr Mazin Alhamrany
 
A study of seepage through oba dam using finite element method
A study of seepage through oba dam using finite element methodA study of seepage through oba dam using finite element method
A study of seepage through oba dam using finite element methodAlexander Decker
 
Review and Assessment of Turbulence Transition Models
Review and Assessment of Turbulence Transition ModelsReview and Assessment of Turbulence Transition Models
Review and Assessment of Turbulence Transition ModelsIJERDJOURNAL
 
Simulation and Experiment Study of Flow Field of Flow channel for Rectangular...
Simulation and Experiment Study of Flow Field of Flow channel for Rectangular...Simulation and Experiment Study of Flow Field of Flow channel for Rectangular...
Simulation and Experiment Study of Flow Field of Flow channel for Rectangular...IJRESJOURNAL
 
Modelling variably saturated flow using cellular automata
Modelling variably saturated flow using cellular automataModelling variably saturated flow using cellular automata
Modelling variably saturated flow using cellular automataGrigoris Anagnostopoulos
 
LOWERING GROUNDWATER IN THE ARCHAELOGICAL BABYLON CITY USING UNDERGROUND DAMS
LOWERING GROUNDWATER IN THE ARCHAELOGICAL BABYLON CITY USING UNDERGROUND DAMS LOWERING GROUNDWATER IN THE ARCHAELOGICAL BABYLON CITY USING UNDERGROUND DAMS
LOWERING GROUNDWATER IN THE ARCHAELOGICAL BABYLON CITY USING UNDERGROUND DAMS IAEME Publication
 

Mais procurados (20)

Evaluation of Modelling of Flow in Fractures
Evaluation of Modelling of Flow in FracturesEvaluation of Modelling of Flow in Fractures
Evaluation of Modelling of Flow in Fractures
 
On similarity of pressure head and bubble pressure fractal dimensions for cha...
On similarity of pressure head and bubble pressure fractal dimensions for cha...On similarity of pressure head and bubble pressure fractal dimensions for cha...
On similarity of pressure head and bubble pressure fractal dimensions for cha...
 
Cofferdam design-optimization
Cofferdam design-optimizationCofferdam design-optimization
Cofferdam design-optimization
 
03302--ICWE14-2015-Experimental and Numerical Evaluation of Micrositing in Co...
03302--ICWE14-2015-Experimental and Numerical Evaluation of Micrositing in Co...03302--ICWE14-2015-Experimental and Numerical Evaluation of Micrositing in Co...
03302--ICWE14-2015-Experimental and Numerical Evaluation of Micrositing in Co...
 
Numerical Investigation of Turbulent Flow over a Rotating Circular Cylinder u...
Numerical Investigation of Turbulent Flow over a Rotating Circular Cylinder u...Numerical Investigation of Turbulent Flow over a Rotating Circular Cylinder u...
Numerical Investigation of Turbulent Flow over a Rotating Circular Cylinder u...
 
Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) Analysis of Natural Convection of Converge...
Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) Analysis of Natural Convection of Converge...Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) Analysis of Natural Convection of Converge...
Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) Analysis of Natural Convection of Converge...
 
The effect of rotational speed variation on the velocity vectors in the singl...
The effect of rotational speed variation on the velocity vectors in the singl...The effect of rotational speed variation on the velocity vectors in the singl...
The effect of rotational speed variation on the velocity vectors in the singl...
 
Static analysis of c s short cylindrical shell under internal liquid pressure...
Static analysis of c s short cylindrical shell under internal liquid pressure...Static analysis of c s short cylindrical shell under internal liquid pressure...
Static analysis of c s short cylindrical shell under internal liquid pressure...
 
Static analysis of c s short cylindrical shell under internal liquid pressure...
Static analysis of c s short cylindrical shell under internal liquid pressure...Static analysis of c s short cylindrical shell under internal liquid pressure...
Static analysis of c s short cylindrical shell under internal liquid pressure...
 
FEM based Seepage Analysis of Earth Dam
FEM based Seepage Analysis of Earth DamFEM based Seepage Analysis of Earth Dam
FEM based Seepage Analysis of Earth Dam
 
Estimation of bridge pier scour for clear water & live bed scour condition
Estimation of bridge pier scour for clear water & live bed scour conditionEstimation of bridge pier scour for clear water & live bed scour condition
Estimation of bridge pier scour for clear water & live bed scour condition
 
Finite element analysis of arch dam
Finite element analysis of arch damFinite element analysis of arch dam
Finite element analysis of arch dam
 
CFD Class Final Paper
CFD Class Final PaperCFD Class Final Paper
CFD Class Final Paper
 
Efficiency of vertical drains using finite element method may 2017
Efficiency of vertical drains using finite element method may 2017Efficiency of vertical drains using finite element method may 2017
Efficiency of vertical drains using finite element method may 2017
 
20320140505005
2032014050500520320140505005
20320140505005
 
A study of seepage through oba dam using finite element method
A study of seepage through oba dam using finite element methodA study of seepage through oba dam using finite element method
A study of seepage through oba dam using finite element method
 
Review and Assessment of Turbulence Transition Models
Review and Assessment of Turbulence Transition ModelsReview and Assessment of Turbulence Transition Models
Review and Assessment of Turbulence Transition Models
 
Simulation and Experiment Study of Flow Field of Flow channel for Rectangular...
Simulation and Experiment Study of Flow Field of Flow channel for Rectangular...Simulation and Experiment Study of Flow Field of Flow channel for Rectangular...
Simulation and Experiment Study of Flow Field of Flow channel for Rectangular...
 
Modelling variably saturated flow using cellular automata
Modelling variably saturated flow using cellular automataModelling variably saturated flow using cellular automata
Modelling variably saturated flow using cellular automata
 
LOWERING GROUNDWATER IN THE ARCHAELOGICAL BABYLON CITY USING UNDERGROUND DAMS
LOWERING GROUNDWATER IN THE ARCHAELOGICAL BABYLON CITY USING UNDERGROUND DAMS LOWERING GROUNDWATER IN THE ARCHAELOGICAL BABYLON CITY USING UNDERGROUND DAMS
LOWERING GROUNDWATER IN THE ARCHAELOGICAL BABYLON CITY USING UNDERGROUND DAMS
 

Semelhante a Three modeling of soil erosion by water

Determination of shock losses and pressure losses in ug mine openings (1)
Determination of shock losses and pressure losses in ug mine openings (1)Determination of shock losses and pressure losses in ug mine openings (1)
Determination of shock losses and pressure losses in ug mine openings (1)Safdar Ali
 
Determination of shock losses and pressure losses in ug mine openings
Determination of shock losses and pressure losses in ug mine openingsDetermination of shock losses and pressure losses in ug mine openings
Determination of shock losses and pressure losses in ug mine openingsSafdar Ali
 
On The Form Factor Prediction Of A Displacement Type Vessel: JBC Case
On The Form Factor Prediction Of A Displacement Type Vessel: JBC CaseOn The Form Factor Prediction Of A Displacement Type Vessel: JBC Case
On The Form Factor Prediction Of A Displacement Type Vessel: JBC CaseIsmail Topal
 
Application of inverse routing methods to euphrates river iraq
Application of inverse routing methods to euphrates river iraqApplication of inverse routing methods to euphrates river iraq
Application of inverse routing methods to euphrates river iraqIAEME Publication
 
Hydraulic characteristics of flow and energy dissipation over stepped spillway
Hydraulic characteristics of flow and energy dissipation over stepped spillwayHydraulic characteristics of flow and energy dissipation over stepped spillway
Hydraulic characteristics of flow and energy dissipation over stepped spillwayIAEME Publication
 
Hydraulic characteristics of flow and energy dissipation over stepped spillway
Hydraulic characteristics of flow and energy dissipation over stepped spillwayHydraulic characteristics of flow and energy dissipation over stepped spillway
Hydraulic characteristics of flow and energy dissipation over stepped spillwayIAEME Publication
 
Enumeration and validation of hydrodynamic characteristics over plane and se
Enumeration and validation of hydrodynamic characteristics over plane and seEnumeration and validation of hydrodynamic characteristics over plane and se
Enumeration and validation of hydrodynamic characteristics over plane and seIAEME Publication
 
Prediction of carry over coefficient for fluid flow through teeth on rotor l...
Prediction of carry  over coefficient for fluid flow through teeth on rotor l...Prediction of carry  over coefficient for fluid flow through teeth on rotor l...
Prediction of carry over coefficient for fluid flow through teeth on rotor l...Alexander Decker
 
Prediction of carry over coefficient for fluid flow through teeth on rotor l...
Prediction of carry  over coefficient for fluid flow through teeth on rotor l...Prediction of carry  over coefficient for fluid flow through teeth on rotor l...
Prediction of carry over coefficient for fluid flow through teeth on rotor l...Alexander Decker
 
Numerical Simulation and Prediction for Steep Water Gravity Waves of Arbitrar...
Numerical Simulation and Prediction for Steep Water Gravity Waves of Arbitrar...Numerical Simulation and Prediction for Steep Water Gravity Waves of Arbitrar...
Numerical Simulation and Prediction for Steep Water Gravity Waves of Arbitrar...CSCJournals
 
Large Eddy Simulation of Turbulence Modeling for wind Flow past Wall Mounted ...
Large Eddy Simulation of Turbulence Modeling for wind Flow past Wall Mounted ...Large Eddy Simulation of Turbulence Modeling for wind Flow past Wall Mounted ...
Large Eddy Simulation of Turbulence Modeling for wind Flow past Wall Mounted ...IJERA Editor
 
Fatigue behavior of high volume fly ash
Fatigue behavior of high volume fly ashFatigue behavior of high volume fly ash
Fatigue behavior of high volume fly ashIAEME Publication
 
LATTICE BOLTZMANN SIMULATION OF NON-NEWTONIAN FLUID FLOW IN A LID DRIVEN CAVITY
LATTICE BOLTZMANN SIMULATION OF NON-NEWTONIAN FLUID FLOW IN A LID DRIVEN CAVITY LATTICE BOLTZMANN SIMULATION OF NON-NEWTONIAN FLUID FLOW IN A LID DRIVEN CAVITY
LATTICE BOLTZMANN SIMULATION OF NON-NEWTONIAN FLUID FLOW IN A LID DRIVEN CAVITY IAEME Publication
 
Optimizing pumping rate in pipe networks supplied by groundwater sources
Optimizing pumping rate in pipe networks supplied by groundwater sourcesOptimizing pumping rate in pipe networks supplied by groundwater sources
Optimizing pumping rate in pipe networks supplied by groundwater sourcesMedhat Elzahar
 
INFLUENCE OF A CIRCULAR EXIT WALL BOUNDARY ON THE AXISYMMETRIC JET FLOW
INFLUENCE OF A CIRCULAR EXIT WALL BOUNDARY ON THE AXISYMMETRIC JET FLOWINFLUENCE OF A CIRCULAR EXIT WALL BOUNDARY ON THE AXISYMMETRIC JET FLOW
INFLUENCE OF A CIRCULAR EXIT WALL BOUNDARY ON THE AXISYMMETRIC JET FLOWfmtulab
 
Aerodynamic and Acoustic Parameters of a Coandã Flow – a Numerical Investigation
Aerodynamic and Acoustic Parameters of a Coandã Flow – a Numerical InvestigationAerodynamic and Acoustic Parameters of a Coandã Flow – a Numerical Investigation
Aerodynamic and Acoustic Parameters of a Coandã Flow – a Numerical Investigationdrboon
 

Semelhante a Three modeling of soil erosion by water (20)

Ijciet 10 01_165
Ijciet 10 01_165Ijciet 10 01_165
Ijciet 10 01_165
 
Determination of shock losses and pressure losses in ug mine openings (1)
Determination of shock losses and pressure losses in ug mine openings (1)Determination of shock losses and pressure losses in ug mine openings (1)
Determination of shock losses and pressure losses in ug mine openings (1)
 
Determination of shock losses and pressure losses in ug mine openings
Determination of shock losses and pressure losses in ug mine openingsDetermination of shock losses and pressure losses in ug mine openings
Determination of shock losses and pressure losses in ug mine openings
 
Ijmet 06 10_001
Ijmet 06 10_001Ijmet 06 10_001
Ijmet 06 10_001
 
On The Form Factor Prediction Of A Displacement Type Vessel: JBC Case
On The Form Factor Prediction Of A Displacement Type Vessel: JBC CaseOn The Form Factor Prediction Of A Displacement Type Vessel: JBC Case
On The Form Factor Prediction Of A Displacement Type Vessel: JBC Case
 
Application of inverse routing methods to euphrates river iraq
Application of inverse routing methods to euphrates river iraqApplication of inverse routing methods to euphrates river iraq
Application of inverse routing methods to euphrates river iraq
 
Hydraulic characteristics of flow and energy dissipation over stepped spillway
Hydraulic characteristics of flow and energy dissipation over stepped spillwayHydraulic characteristics of flow and energy dissipation over stepped spillway
Hydraulic characteristics of flow and energy dissipation over stepped spillway
 
Hydraulic characteristics of flow and energy dissipation over stepped spillway
Hydraulic characteristics of flow and energy dissipation over stepped spillwayHydraulic characteristics of flow and energy dissipation over stepped spillway
Hydraulic characteristics of flow and energy dissipation over stepped spillway
 
Enumeration and validation of hydrodynamic characteristics over plane and se
Enumeration and validation of hydrodynamic characteristics over plane and seEnumeration and validation of hydrodynamic characteristics over plane and se
Enumeration and validation of hydrodynamic characteristics over plane and se
 
20320140503004
2032014050300420320140503004
20320140503004
 
Prediction of carry over coefficient for fluid flow through teeth on rotor l...
Prediction of carry  over coefficient for fluid flow through teeth on rotor l...Prediction of carry  over coefficient for fluid flow through teeth on rotor l...
Prediction of carry over coefficient for fluid flow through teeth on rotor l...
 
Prediction of carry over coefficient for fluid flow through teeth on rotor l...
Prediction of carry  over coefficient for fluid flow through teeth on rotor l...Prediction of carry  over coefficient for fluid flow through teeth on rotor l...
Prediction of carry over coefficient for fluid flow through teeth on rotor l...
 
Numerical Simulation and Prediction for Steep Water Gravity Waves of Arbitrar...
Numerical Simulation and Prediction for Steep Water Gravity Waves of Arbitrar...Numerical Simulation and Prediction for Steep Water Gravity Waves of Arbitrar...
Numerical Simulation and Prediction for Steep Water Gravity Waves of Arbitrar...
 
Large Eddy Simulation of Turbulence Modeling for wind Flow past Wall Mounted ...
Large Eddy Simulation of Turbulence Modeling for wind Flow past Wall Mounted ...Large Eddy Simulation of Turbulence Modeling for wind Flow past Wall Mounted ...
Large Eddy Simulation of Turbulence Modeling for wind Flow past Wall Mounted ...
 
Fatigue behavior of high volume fly ash
Fatigue behavior of high volume fly ashFatigue behavior of high volume fly ash
Fatigue behavior of high volume fly ash
 
LATTICE BOLTZMANN SIMULATION OF NON-NEWTONIAN FLUID FLOW IN A LID DRIVEN CAVITY
LATTICE BOLTZMANN SIMULATION OF NON-NEWTONIAN FLUID FLOW IN A LID DRIVEN CAVITY LATTICE BOLTZMANN SIMULATION OF NON-NEWTONIAN FLUID FLOW IN A LID DRIVEN CAVITY
LATTICE BOLTZMANN SIMULATION OF NON-NEWTONIAN FLUID FLOW IN A LID DRIVEN CAVITY
 
dighe (3)
dighe (3)dighe (3)
dighe (3)
 
Optimizing pumping rate in pipe networks supplied by groundwater sources
Optimizing pumping rate in pipe networks supplied by groundwater sourcesOptimizing pumping rate in pipe networks supplied by groundwater sources
Optimizing pumping rate in pipe networks supplied by groundwater sources
 
INFLUENCE OF A CIRCULAR EXIT WALL BOUNDARY ON THE AXISYMMETRIC JET FLOW
INFLUENCE OF A CIRCULAR EXIT WALL BOUNDARY ON THE AXISYMMETRIC JET FLOWINFLUENCE OF A CIRCULAR EXIT WALL BOUNDARY ON THE AXISYMMETRIC JET FLOW
INFLUENCE OF A CIRCULAR EXIT WALL BOUNDARY ON THE AXISYMMETRIC JET FLOW
 
Aerodynamic and Acoustic Parameters of a Coandã Flow – a Numerical Investigation
Aerodynamic and Acoustic Parameters of a Coandã Flow – a Numerical InvestigationAerodynamic and Acoustic Parameters of a Coandã Flow – a Numerical Investigation
Aerodynamic and Acoustic Parameters of a Coandã Flow – a Numerical Investigation
 

Mais de IAEME Publication

IAEME_Publication_Call_for_Paper_September_2022.pdf
IAEME_Publication_Call_for_Paper_September_2022.pdfIAEME_Publication_Call_for_Paper_September_2022.pdf
IAEME_Publication_Call_for_Paper_September_2022.pdfIAEME Publication
 
MODELING AND ANALYSIS OF SURFACE ROUGHNESS AND WHITE LATER THICKNESS IN WIRE-...
MODELING AND ANALYSIS OF SURFACE ROUGHNESS AND WHITE LATER THICKNESS IN WIRE-...MODELING AND ANALYSIS OF SURFACE ROUGHNESS AND WHITE LATER THICKNESS IN WIRE-...
MODELING AND ANALYSIS OF SURFACE ROUGHNESS AND WHITE LATER THICKNESS IN WIRE-...IAEME Publication
 
A STUDY ON THE REASONS FOR TRANSGENDER TO BECOME ENTREPRENEURS
A STUDY ON THE REASONS FOR TRANSGENDER TO BECOME ENTREPRENEURSA STUDY ON THE REASONS FOR TRANSGENDER TO BECOME ENTREPRENEURS
A STUDY ON THE REASONS FOR TRANSGENDER TO BECOME ENTREPRENEURSIAEME Publication
 
BROAD UNEXPOSED SKILLS OF TRANSGENDER ENTREPRENEURS
BROAD UNEXPOSED SKILLS OF TRANSGENDER ENTREPRENEURSBROAD UNEXPOSED SKILLS OF TRANSGENDER ENTREPRENEURS
BROAD UNEXPOSED SKILLS OF TRANSGENDER ENTREPRENEURSIAEME Publication
 
DETERMINANTS AFFECTING THE USER'S INTENTION TO USE MOBILE BANKING APPLICATIONS
DETERMINANTS AFFECTING THE USER'S INTENTION TO USE MOBILE BANKING APPLICATIONSDETERMINANTS AFFECTING THE USER'S INTENTION TO USE MOBILE BANKING APPLICATIONS
DETERMINANTS AFFECTING THE USER'S INTENTION TO USE MOBILE BANKING APPLICATIONSIAEME Publication
 
ANALYSE THE USER PREDILECTION ON GPAY AND PHONEPE FOR DIGITAL TRANSACTIONS
ANALYSE THE USER PREDILECTION ON GPAY AND PHONEPE FOR DIGITAL TRANSACTIONSANALYSE THE USER PREDILECTION ON GPAY AND PHONEPE FOR DIGITAL TRANSACTIONS
ANALYSE THE USER PREDILECTION ON GPAY AND PHONEPE FOR DIGITAL TRANSACTIONSIAEME Publication
 
VOICE BASED ATM FOR VISUALLY IMPAIRED USING ARDUINO
VOICE BASED ATM FOR VISUALLY IMPAIRED USING ARDUINOVOICE BASED ATM FOR VISUALLY IMPAIRED USING ARDUINO
VOICE BASED ATM FOR VISUALLY IMPAIRED USING ARDUINOIAEME Publication
 
IMPACT OF EMOTIONAL INTELLIGENCE ON HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT PRACTICES AMONG...
IMPACT OF EMOTIONAL INTELLIGENCE ON HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT PRACTICES AMONG...IMPACT OF EMOTIONAL INTELLIGENCE ON HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT PRACTICES AMONG...
IMPACT OF EMOTIONAL INTELLIGENCE ON HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT PRACTICES AMONG...IAEME Publication
 
VISUALISING AGING PARENTS & THEIR CLOSE CARERS LIFE JOURNEY IN AGING ECONOMY
VISUALISING AGING PARENTS & THEIR CLOSE CARERS LIFE JOURNEY IN AGING ECONOMYVISUALISING AGING PARENTS & THEIR CLOSE CARERS LIFE JOURNEY IN AGING ECONOMY
VISUALISING AGING PARENTS & THEIR CLOSE CARERS LIFE JOURNEY IN AGING ECONOMYIAEME Publication
 
A STUDY ON THE IMPACT OF ORGANIZATIONAL CULTURE ON THE EFFECTIVENESS OF PERFO...
A STUDY ON THE IMPACT OF ORGANIZATIONAL CULTURE ON THE EFFECTIVENESS OF PERFO...A STUDY ON THE IMPACT OF ORGANIZATIONAL CULTURE ON THE EFFECTIVENESS OF PERFO...
A STUDY ON THE IMPACT OF ORGANIZATIONAL CULTURE ON THE EFFECTIVENESS OF PERFO...IAEME Publication
 
GANDHI ON NON-VIOLENT POLICE
GANDHI ON NON-VIOLENT POLICEGANDHI ON NON-VIOLENT POLICE
GANDHI ON NON-VIOLENT POLICEIAEME Publication
 
A STUDY ON TALENT MANAGEMENT AND ITS IMPACT ON EMPLOYEE RETENTION IN SELECTED...
A STUDY ON TALENT MANAGEMENT AND ITS IMPACT ON EMPLOYEE RETENTION IN SELECTED...A STUDY ON TALENT MANAGEMENT AND ITS IMPACT ON EMPLOYEE RETENTION IN SELECTED...
A STUDY ON TALENT MANAGEMENT AND ITS IMPACT ON EMPLOYEE RETENTION IN SELECTED...IAEME Publication
 
ATTRITION IN THE IT INDUSTRY DURING COVID-19 PANDEMIC: LINKING EMOTIONAL INTE...
ATTRITION IN THE IT INDUSTRY DURING COVID-19 PANDEMIC: LINKING EMOTIONAL INTE...ATTRITION IN THE IT INDUSTRY DURING COVID-19 PANDEMIC: LINKING EMOTIONAL INTE...
ATTRITION IN THE IT INDUSTRY DURING COVID-19 PANDEMIC: LINKING EMOTIONAL INTE...IAEME Publication
 
INFLUENCE OF TALENT MANAGEMENT PRACTICES ON ORGANIZATIONAL PERFORMANCE A STUD...
INFLUENCE OF TALENT MANAGEMENT PRACTICES ON ORGANIZATIONAL PERFORMANCE A STUD...INFLUENCE OF TALENT MANAGEMENT PRACTICES ON ORGANIZATIONAL PERFORMANCE A STUD...
INFLUENCE OF TALENT MANAGEMENT PRACTICES ON ORGANIZATIONAL PERFORMANCE A STUD...IAEME Publication
 
A STUDY OF VARIOUS TYPES OF LOANS OF SELECTED PUBLIC AND PRIVATE SECTOR BANKS...
A STUDY OF VARIOUS TYPES OF LOANS OF SELECTED PUBLIC AND PRIVATE SECTOR BANKS...A STUDY OF VARIOUS TYPES OF LOANS OF SELECTED PUBLIC AND PRIVATE SECTOR BANKS...
A STUDY OF VARIOUS TYPES OF LOANS OF SELECTED PUBLIC AND PRIVATE SECTOR BANKS...IAEME Publication
 
EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF MECHANICAL AND TRIBOLOGICAL RELATION OF NYLON/BaSO4 POL...
EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF MECHANICAL AND TRIBOLOGICAL RELATION OF NYLON/BaSO4 POL...EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF MECHANICAL AND TRIBOLOGICAL RELATION OF NYLON/BaSO4 POL...
EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF MECHANICAL AND TRIBOLOGICAL RELATION OF NYLON/BaSO4 POL...IAEME Publication
 
ROLE OF SOCIAL ENTREPRENEURSHIP IN RURAL DEVELOPMENT OF INDIA - PROBLEMS AND ...
ROLE OF SOCIAL ENTREPRENEURSHIP IN RURAL DEVELOPMENT OF INDIA - PROBLEMS AND ...ROLE OF SOCIAL ENTREPRENEURSHIP IN RURAL DEVELOPMENT OF INDIA - PROBLEMS AND ...
ROLE OF SOCIAL ENTREPRENEURSHIP IN RURAL DEVELOPMENT OF INDIA - PROBLEMS AND ...IAEME Publication
 
OPTIMAL RECONFIGURATION OF POWER DISTRIBUTION RADIAL NETWORK USING HYBRID MET...
OPTIMAL RECONFIGURATION OF POWER DISTRIBUTION RADIAL NETWORK USING HYBRID MET...OPTIMAL RECONFIGURATION OF POWER DISTRIBUTION RADIAL NETWORK USING HYBRID MET...
OPTIMAL RECONFIGURATION OF POWER DISTRIBUTION RADIAL NETWORK USING HYBRID MET...IAEME Publication
 
APPLICATION OF FRUGAL APPROACH FOR PRODUCTIVITY IMPROVEMENT - A CASE STUDY OF...
APPLICATION OF FRUGAL APPROACH FOR PRODUCTIVITY IMPROVEMENT - A CASE STUDY OF...APPLICATION OF FRUGAL APPROACH FOR PRODUCTIVITY IMPROVEMENT - A CASE STUDY OF...
APPLICATION OF FRUGAL APPROACH FOR PRODUCTIVITY IMPROVEMENT - A CASE STUDY OF...IAEME Publication
 
A MULTIPLE – CHANNEL QUEUING MODELS ON FUZZY ENVIRONMENT
A MULTIPLE – CHANNEL QUEUING MODELS ON FUZZY ENVIRONMENTA MULTIPLE – CHANNEL QUEUING MODELS ON FUZZY ENVIRONMENT
A MULTIPLE – CHANNEL QUEUING MODELS ON FUZZY ENVIRONMENTIAEME Publication
 

Mais de IAEME Publication (20)

IAEME_Publication_Call_for_Paper_September_2022.pdf
IAEME_Publication_Call_for_Paper_September_2022.pdfIAEME_Publication_Call_for_Paper_September_2022.pdf
IAEME_Publication_Call_for_Paper_September_2022.pdf
 
MODELING AND ANALYSIS OF SURFACE ROUGHNESS AND WHITE LATER THICKNESS IN WIRE-...
MODELING AND ANALYSIS OF SURFACE ROUGHNESS AND WHITE LATER THICKNESS IN WIRE-...MODELING AND ANALYSIS OF SURFACE ROUGHNESS AND WHITE LATER THICKNESS IN WIRE-...
MODELING AND ANALYSIS OF SURFACE ROUGHNESS AND WHITE LATER THICKNESS IN WIRE-...
 
A STUDY ON THE REASONS FOR TRANSGENDER TO BECOME ENTREPRENEURS
A STUDY ON THE REASONS FOR TRANSGENDER TO BECOME ENTREPRENEURSA STUDY ON THE REASONS FOR TRANSGENDER TO BECOME ENTREPRENEURS
A STUDY ON THE REASONS FOR TRANSGENDER TO BECOME ENTREPRENEURS
 
BROAD UNEXPOSED SKILLS OF TRANSGENDER ENTREPRENEURS
BROAD UNEXPOSED SKILLS OF TRANSGENDER ENTREPRENEURSBROAD UNEXPOSED SKILLS OF TRANSGENDER ENTREPRENEURS
BROAD UNEXPOSED SKILLS OF TRANSGENDER ENTREPRENEURS
 
DETERMINANTS AFFECTING THE USER'S INTENTION TO USE MOBILE BANKING APPLICATIONS
DETERMINANTS AFFECTING THE USER'S INTENTION TO USE MOBILE BANKING APPLICATIONSDETERMINANTS AFFECTING THE USER'S INTENTION TO USE MOBILE BANKING APPLICATIONS
DETERMINANTS AFFECTING THE USER'S INTENTION TO USE MOBILE BANKING APPLICATIONS
 
ANALYSE THE USER PREDILECTION ON GPAY AND PHONEPE FOR DIGITAL TRANSACTIONS
ANALYSE THE USER PREDILECTION ON GPAY AND PHONEPE FOR DIGITAL TRANSACTIONSANALYSE THE USER PREDILECTION ON GPAY AND PHONEPE FOR DIGITAL TRANSACTIONS
ANALYSE THE USER PREDILECTION ON GPAY AND PHONEPE FOR DIGITAL TRANSACTIONS
 
VOICE BASED ATM FOR VISUALLY IMPAIRED USING ARDUINO
VOICE BASED ATM FOR VISUALLY IMPAIRED USING ARDUINOVOICE BASED ATM FOR VISUALLY IMPAIRED USING ARDUINO
VOICE BASED ATM FOR VISUALLY IMPAIRED USING ARDUINO
 
IMPACT OF EMOTIONAL INTELLIGENCE ON HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT PRACTICES AMONG...
IMPACT OF EMOTIONAL INTELLIGENCE ON HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT PRACTICES AMONG...IMPACT OF EMOTIONAL INTELLIGENCE ON HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT PRACTICES AMONG...
IMPACT OF EMOTIONAL INTELLIGENCE ON HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT PRACTICES AMONG...
 
VISUALISING AGING PARENTS & THEIR CLOSE CARERS LIFE JOURNEY IN AGING ECONOMY
VISUALISING AGING PARENTS & THEIR CLOSE CARERS LIFE JOURNEY IN AGING ECONOMYVISUALISING AGING PARENTS & THEIR CLOSE CARERS LIFE JOURNEY IN AGING ECONOMY
VISUALISING AGING PARENTS & THEIR CLOSE CARERS LIFE JOURNEY IN AGING ECONOMY
 
A STUDY ON THE IMPACT OF ORGANIZATIONAL CULTURE ON THE EFFECTIVENESS OF PERFO...
A STUDY ON THE IMPACT OF ORGANIZATIONAL CULTURE ON THE EFFECTIVENESS OF PERFO...A STUDY ON THE IMPACT OF ORGANIZATIONAL CULTURE ON THE EFFECTIVENESS OF PERFO...
A STUDY ON THE IMPACT OF ORGANIZATIONAL CULTURE ON THE EFFECTIVENESS OF PERFO...
 
GANDHI ON NON-VIOLENT POLICE
GANDHI ON NON-VIOLENT POLICEGANDHI ON NON-VIOLENT POLICE
GANDHI ON NON-VIOLENT POLICE
 
A STUDY ON TALENT MANAGEMENT AND ITS IMPACT ON EMPLOYEE RETENTION IN SELECTED...
A STUDY ON TALENT MANAGEMENT AND ITS IMPACT ON EMPLOYEE RETENTION IN SELECTED...A STUDY ON TALENT MANAGEMENT AND ITS IMPACT ON EMPLOYEE RETENTION IN SELECTED...
A STUDY ON TALENT MANAGEMENT AND ITS IMPACT ON EMPLOYEE RETENTION IN SELECTED...
 
ATTRITION IN THE IT INDUSTRY DURING COVID-19 PANDEMIC: LINKING EMOTIONAL INTE...
ATTRITION IN THE IT INDUSTRY DURING COVID-19 PANDEMIC: LINKING EMOTIONAL INTE...ATTRITION IN THE IT INDUSTRY DURING COVID-19 PANDEMIC: LINKING EMOTIONAL INTE...
ATTRITION IN THE IT INDUSTRY DURING COVID-19 PANDEMIC: LINKING EMOTIONAL INTE...
 
INFLUENCE OF TALENT MANAGEMENT PRACTICES ON ORGANIZATIONAL PERFORMANCE A STUD...
INFLUENCE OF TALENT MANAGEMENT PRACTICES ON ORGANIZATIONAL PERFORMANCE A STUD...INFLUENCE OF TALENT MANAGEMENT PRACTICES ON ORGANIZATIONAL PERFORMANCE A STUD...
INFLUENCE OF TALENT MANAGEMENT PRACTICES ON ORGANIZATIONAL PERFORMANCE A STUD...
 
A STUDY OF VARIOUS TYPES OF LOANS OF SELECTED PUBLIC AND PRIVATE SECTOR BANKS...
A STUDY OF VARIOUS TYPES OF LOANS OF SELECTED PUBLIC AND PRIVATE SECTOR BANKS...A STUDY OF VARIOUS TYPES OF LOANS OF SELECTED PUBLIC AND PRIVATE SECTOR BANKS...
A STUDY OF VARIOUS TYPES OF LOANS OF SELECTED PUBLIC AND PRIVATE SECTOR BANKS...
 
EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF MECHANICAL AND TRIBOLOGICAL RELATION OF NYLON/BaSO4 POL...
EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF MECHANICAL AND TRIBOLOGICAL RELATION OF NYLON/BaSO4 POL...EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF MECHANICAL AND TRIBOLOGICAL RELATION OF NYLON/BaSO4 POL...
EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF MECHANICAL AND TRIBOLOGICAL RELATION OF NYLON/BaSO4 POL...
 
ROLE OF SOCIAL ENTREPRENEURSHIP IN RURAL DEVELOPMENT OF INDIA - PROBLEMS AND ...
ROLE OF SOCIAL ENTREPRENEURSHIP IN RURAL DEVELOPMENT OF INDIA - PROBLEMS AND ...ROLE OF SOCIAL ENTREPRENEURSHIP IN RURAL DEVELOPMENT OF INDIA - PROBLEMS AND ...
ROLE OF SOCIAL ENTREPRENEURSHIP IN RURAL DEVELOPMENT OF INDIA - PROBLEMS AND ...
 
OPTIMAL RECONFIGURATION OF POWER DISTRIBUTION RADIAL NETWORK USING HYBRID MET...
OPTIMAL RECONFIGURATION OF POWER DISTRIBUTION RADIAL NETWORK USING HYBRID MET...OPTIMAL RECONFIGURATION OF POWER DISTRIBUTION RADIAL NETWORK USING HYBRID MET...
OPTIMAL RECONFIGURATION OF POWER DISTRIBUTION RADIAL NETWORK USING HYBRID MET...
 
APPLICATION OF FRUGAL APPROACH FOR PRODUCTIVITY IMPROVEMENT - A CASE STUDY OF...
APPLICATION OF FRUGAL APPROACH FOR PRODUCTIVITY IMPROVEMENT - A CASE STUDY OF...APPLICATION OF FRUGAL APPROACH FOR PRODUCTIVITY IMPROVEMENT - A CASE STUDY OF...
APPLICATION OF FRUGAL APPROACH FOR PRODUCTIVITY IMPROVEMENT - A CASE STUDY OF...
 
A MULTIPLE – CHANNEL QUEUING MODELS ON FUZZY ENVIRONMENT
A MULTIPLE – CHANNEL QUEUING MODELS ON FUZZY ENVIRONMENTA MULTIPLE – CHANNEL QUEUING MODELS ON FUZZY ENVIRONMENT
A MULTIPLE – CHANNEL QUEUING MODELS ON FUZZY ENVIRONMENT
 

Último

Artificial Intelligence & SEO Trends for 2024
Artificial Intelligence & SEO Trends for 2024Artificial Intelligence & SEO Trends for 2024
Artificial Intelligence & SEO Trends for 2024D Cloud Solutions
 
Videogame localization & technology_ how to enhance the power of translation.pdf
Videogame localization & technology_ how to enhance the power of translation.pdfVideogame localization & technology_ how to enhance the power of translation.pdf
Videogame localization & technology_ how to enhance the power of translation.pdfinfogdgmi
 
Salesforce Miami User Group Event - 1st Quarter 2024
Salesforce Miami User Group Event - 1st Quarter 2024Salesforce Miami User Group Event - 1st Quarter 2024
Salesforce Miami User Group Event - 1st Quarter 2024SkyPlanner
 
UiPath Studio Web workshop series - Day 7
UiPath Studio Web workshop series - Day 7UiPath Studio Web workshop series - Day 7
UiPath Studio Web workshop series - Day 7DianaGray10
 
Empowering Africa's Next Generation: The AI Leadership Blueprint
Empowering Africa's Next Generation: The AI Leadership BlueprintEmpowering Africa's Next Generation: The AI Leadership Blueprint
Empowering Africa's Next Generation: The AI Leadership BlueprintMahmoud Rabie
 
Apres-Cyber - The Data Dilemma: Bridging Offensive Operations and Machine Lea...
Apres-Cyber - The Data Dilemma: Bridging Offensive Operations and Machine Lea...Apres-Cyber - The Data Dilemma: Bridging Offensive Operations and Machine Lea...
Apres-Cyber - The Data Dilemma: Bridging Offensive Operations and Machine Lea...Will Schroeder
 
Introduction to Matsuo Laboratory (ENG).pptx
Introduction to Matsuo Laboratory (ENG).pptxIntroduction to Matsuo Laboratory (ENG).pptx
Introduction to Matsuo Laboratory (ENG).pptxMatsuo Lab
 
20230202 - Introduction to tis-py
20230202 - Introduction to tis-py20230202 - Introduction to tis-py
20230202 - Introduction to tis-pyJamie (Taka) Wang
 
COMPUTER 10: Lesson 7 - File Storage and Online Collaboration
COMPUTER 10: Lesson 7 - File Storage and Online CollaborationCOMPUTER 10: Lesson 7 - File Storage and Online Collaboration
COMPUTER 10: Lesson 7 - File Storage and Online Collaborationbruanjhuli
 
9 Steps For Building Winning Founding Team
9 Steps For Building Winning Founding Team9 Steps For Building Winning Founding Team
9 Steps For Building Winning Founding TeamAdam Moalla
 
activity_diagram_combine_v4_20190827.pdfactivity_diagram_combine_v4_20190827.pdf
activity_diagram_combine_v4_20190827.pdfactivity_diagram_combine_v4_20190827.pdfactivity_diagram_combine_v4_20190827.pdfactivity_diagram_combine_v4_20190827.pdf
activity_diagram_combine_v4_20190827.pdfactivity_diagram_combine_v4_20190827.pdfJamie (Taka) Wang
 
IESVE Software for Florida Code Compliance Using ASHRAE 90.1-2019
IESVE Software for Florida Code Compliance Using ASHRAE 90.1-2019IESVE Software for Florida Code Compliance Using ASHRAE 90.1-2019
IESVE Software for Florida Code Compliance Using ASHRAE 90.1-2019IES VE
 
UiPath Platform: The Backend Engine Powering Your Automation - Session 1
UiPath Platform: The Backend Engine Powering Your Automation - Session 1UiPath Platform: The Backend Engine Powering Your Automation - Session 1
UiPath Platform: The Backend Engine Powering Your Automation - Session 1DianaGray10
 
Cybersecurity Workshop #1.pptx
Cybersecurity Workshop #1.pptxCybersecurity Workshop #1.pptx
Cybersecurity Workshop #1.pptxGDSC PJATK
 
Crea il tuo assistente AI con lo Stregatto (open source python framework)
Crea il tuo assistente AI con lo Stregatto (open source python framework)Crea il tuo assistente AI con lo Stregatto (open source python framework)
Crea il tuo assistente AI con lo Stregatto (open source python framework)Commit University
 
Linked Data in Production: Moving Beyond Ontologies
Linked Data in Production: Moving Beyond OntologiesLinked Data in Production: Moving Beyond Ontologies
Linked Data in Production: Moving Beyond OntologiesDavid Newbury
 
VoIP Service and Marketing using Odoo and Asterisk PBX
VoIP Service and Marketing using Odoo and Asterisk PBXVoIP Service and Marketing using Odoo and Asterisk PBX
VoIP Service and Marketing using Odoo and Asterisk PBXTarek Kalaji
 
NIST Cybersecurity Framework (CSF) 2.0 Workshop
NIST Cybersecurity Framework (CSF) 2.0 WorkshopNIST Cybersecurity Framework (CSF) 2.0 Workshop
NIST Cybersecurity Framework (CSF) 2.0 WorkshopBachir Benyammi
 
How Accurate are Carbon Emissions Projections?
How Accurate are Carbon Emissions Projections?How Accurate are Carbon Emissions Projections?
How Accurate are Carbon Emissions Projections?IES VE
 

Último (20)

Artificial Intelligence & SEO Trends for 2024
Artificial Intelligence & SEO Trends for 2024Artificial Intelligence & SEO Trends for 2024
Artificial Intelligence & SEO Trends for 2024
 
Videogame localization & technology_ how to enhance the power of translation.pdf
Videogame localization & technology_ how to enhance the power of translation.pdfVideogame localization & technology_ how to enhance the power of translation.pdf
Videogame localization & technology_ how to enhance the power of translation.pdf
 
Salesforce Miami User Group Event - 1st Quarter 2024
Salesforce Miami User Group Event - 1st Quarter 2024Salesforce Miami User Group Event - 1st Quarter 2024
Salesforce Miami User Group Event - 1st Quarter 2024
 
UiPath Studio Web workshop series - Day 7
UiPath Studio Web workshop series - Day 7UiPath Studio Web workshop series - Day 7
UiPath Studio Web workshop series - Day 7
 
Empowering Africa's Next Generation: The AI Leadership Blueprint
Empowering Africa's Next Generation: The AI Leadership BlueprintEmpowering Africa's Next Generation: The AI Leadership Blueprint
Empowering Africa's Next Generation: The AI Leadership Blueprint
 
Apres-Cyber - The Data Dilemma: Bridging Offensive Operations and Machine Lea...
Apres-Cyber - The Data Dilemma: Bridging Offensive Operations and Machine Lea...Apres-Cyber - The Data Dilemma: Bridging Offensive Operations and Machine Lea...
Apres-Cyber - The Data Dilemma: Bridging Offensive Operations and Machine Lea...
 
Introduction to Matsuo Laboratory (ENG).pptx
Introduction to Matsuo Laboratory (ENG).pptxIntroduction to Matsuo Laboratory (ENG).pptx
Introduction to Matsuo Laboratory (ENG).pptx
 
20230202 - Introduction to tis-py
20230202 - Introduction to tis-py20230202 - Introduction to tis-py
20230202 - Introduction to tis-py
 
COMPUTER 10: Lesson 7 - File Storage and Online Collaboration
COMPUTER 10: Lesson 7 - File Storage and Online CollaborationCOMPUTER 10: Lesson 7 - File Storage and Online Collaboration
COMPUTER 10: Lesson 7 - File Storage and Online Collaboration
 
9 Steps For Building Winning Founding Team
9 Steps For Building Winning Founding Team9 Steps For Building Winning Founding Team
9 Steps For Building Winning Founding Team
 
201610817 - edge part1
201610817 - edge part1201610817 - edge part1
201610817 - edge part1
 
activity_diagram_combine_v4_20190827.pdfactivity_diagram_combine_v4_20190827.pdf
activity_diagram_combine_v4_20190827.pdfactivity_diagram_combine_v4_20190827.pdfactivity_diagram_combine_v4_20190827.pdfactivity_diagram_combine_v4_20190827.pdf
activity_diagram_combine_v4_20190827.pdfactivity_diagram_combine_v4_20190827.pdf
 
IESVE Software for Florida Code Compliance Using ASHRAE 90.1-2019
IESVE Software for Florida Code Compliance Using ASHRAE 90.1-2019IESVE Software for Florida Code Compliance Using ASHRAE 90.1-2019
IESVE Software for Florida Code Compliance Using ASHRAE 90.1-2019
 
UiPath Platform: The Backend Engine Powering Your Automation - Session 1
UiPath Platform: The Backend Engine Powering Your Automation - Session 1UiPath Platform: The Backend Engine Powering Your Automation - Session 1
UiPath Platform: The Backend Engine Powering Your Automation - Session 1
 
Cybersecurity Workshop #1.pptx
Cybersecurity Workshop #1.pptxCybersecurity Workshop #1.pptx
Cybersecurity Workshop #1.pptx
 
Crea il tuo assistente AI con lo Stregatto (open source python framework)
Crea il tuo assistente AI con lo Stregatto (open source python framework)Crea il tuo assistente AI con lo Stregatto (open source python framework)
Crea il tuo assistente AI con lo Stregatto (open source python framework)
 
Linked Data in Production: Moving Beyond Ontologies
Linked Data in Production: Moving Beyond OntologiesLinked Data in Production: Moving Beyond Ontologies
Linked Data in Production: Moving Beyond Ontologies
 
VoIP Service and Marketing using Odoo and Asterisk PBX
VoIP Service and Marketing using Odoo and Asterisk PBXVoIP Service and Marketing using Odoo and Asterisk PBX
VoIP Service and Marketing using Odoo and Asterisk PBX
 
NIST Cybersecurity Framework (CSF) 2.0 Workshop
NIST Cybersecurity Framework (CSF) 2.0 WorkshopNIST Cybersecurity Framework (CSF) 2.0 Workshop
NIST Cybersecurity Framework (CSF) 2.0 Workshop
 
How Accurate are Carbon Emissions Projections?
How Accurate are Carbon Emissions Projections?How Accurate are Carbon Emissions Projections?
How Accurate are Carbon Emissions Projections?
 

Three modeling of soil erosion by water

  • 1. International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET), ISSN 0976 – 6308 (Print), ISSN 0976 – 6316(Online), Volume 5, Issue 7, July (2014), pp. 123-129 © IAEME INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CIVIL ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY (IJCIET) ISSN 0976 – 6308 (Print) ISSN 0976 – 6316(Online) Volume 5, Issue 7, July (2014), pp. 123-129 © IAEME: www.iaeme.com/ijciet.asp Journal Impact Factor (2014): 7.9290 (Calculated by GISI) www.jifactor.com IJCIET ©IAEME THREE MODELING OF SOIL EROSION BY WATER Kissi Benaissa*1, El Bakkali Larbi2, Parron Vera Miguel Angel3 1National School of Arts and Trades of Casablanca (ENSAM-Casablanca), University Hassan II. Avenue Hassan II.B.P: 145, Mohammedia – Morocco 2Modeling and Simulation of Mechanical Systems Laboratory, Faculty of Sciences at Tetouan, University Abdelmalek Essaadi, BP. 2121, M'hannech, 93002, Tetouan, Morocco, 3Mechanical and Civil Engineering Department, Polytechnic High School of Algeciras, University of Cadiz, Ramon Pujol avenue, Algeciras 11202, Spain 123 ABSTRACT Soil erosion is a complex phenomenon which yields at its final stage insidious fluid leakages under the hydraulic infrastructures known as piping and which provokes their rupture. In this work, the water erosion is modeled in the water/soil interface during the hole erosion test (HET). The Hole Erosion Test is commonly used to quantify the rate of piping erosion. The aim of this work is to predict the erosion of soil in the water/soil interface by using the Fluent package and three dimensional modeling. This modelling makes it possible describing the effect of the flow on erosion in the interface water/soil by using the k −e turbulence model equations, and predicts a non uniform erosion along the hole length unlike the usual one dimensional models. In particular, the flow velocity is found to increase noticeably the erosion rate. Effects on the wall-shear stress resulting from varying flow velocity and applied hydraulic gradient are analyzed. Keywords: Piping, Soil erosion, Turbulence, k −e model, Near-wall boundary, Hole Erosion Test. 1. INTRODUCTION Soil erosion is a complex phenomenon which yields at its final stage insidious fluid leakages under the hydraulic infrastructures known as piping and which provokes their rupture. Many dam ruptures events have occurred throughout the world, some of them were reported by Foster and al. [1]. Then main cause was piping phenomenon that occurred in the foundation soil or in the dam structure. Serviceability of hydraulic infrastructures needs considering vulnerability of soil to internal erosion under the action of a seepage flow, [2, 3]. A simplified one-dimensional
  • 2. International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET), ISSN 0976 – 6308 (Print), ISSN 0976 – 6316(Online), Volume 5, Issue 7, July (2014), pp. 123-129 © IAEME model for interpreting the Hole Erosion Test (HET) with a constant pressure drop was developed by Bonelli and Brivois [4, 5]. This model yielded a characteristic erosion time which was found to be depending on the initial hydraulic gradient and the soil coefficient of erosion. A three-dimensional modeling of fluid flow taking place in the hole inside the hole erosion test sample test was performed by means of enhanced CFD software package. The hole wall had been assumed to be rigid and to have ideal circular cylindrical geometry. Unlike the early models which are essentially one-dimensional, the two-dimensional modeling had shown that the wall-shear stress is not uniform along the hole wall [6]. For instance, the inlet side of the sample hole undergoes generally much more erosion than the outlet side. But, one-dimensional modeling of this test could not predict this eroded shape since it yields uniform erosion at the whole fluid/soil interface inside the soil sample hole. The aim of this study is to describe the biphasic turbulent flow at the origin of erosion taking place inside the porous soil sample by considering the influence of variation of the flow velocity on rate erosion. A Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) approach is used to investigate the shear stress that develops at the water/soil interface and which represents the main mechanical action that causes surface erosion. When the shear stress is calculated by means of Fluent, the classical linear erosion law is used to estimate erosion rate. This law gives erosion rate, considered to be the amount of mass departure due to erosion per unit time and by unit surface area, by e&er = cer (t −t cr ) where er c and cr t are constants depending on the considered soil material. For a cylindrical hole, the rate er e& can be related to time variation of local radius by / er de& = r dR dt where d r is the dry density of soil and R is hole radius. The erosion law yields that er e& is proportional to the amount of shear exceeding the critical shear cr t for which erosion begins. The standard HET is such that, the fluid domain which is assumed to be axisymmetric extends over 117 mm in the axial z-direction and 3 mm in the radial r-direction (Figure 1). Fig.1: Geometry of the HET tube 124
  • 3. International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET), ISSN 0976 – 6308 (Print), ISSN 0976 – 6316(Online), Volume 5, Issue 7, July (2014), pp. 123-129 © IAEME 2. THREE-DIMENSIONAL MODELING APPROACH OF THE HET The turbulence modelling is achieved by means of Fluent software package. Fluent is a general purpose Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) code that has been applied to various problems in the fields of fluid mechanics and heat transfer. This code has been validated through numerous investigations. Fluent is especially appropriate for the complex physics involved in heat and mass transfer and considers mixtures by modeling each fluid species independently or as a homogenized medium, [7]. Flow taking place inside the hole is turbulent. To perform realistic simulation of turbulence, the exact instantaneous Navier-Stokes governing equations are habitually time-averaged or ensemble-averaged. The obtained averaged equations contain further unknown variables, and turbulence models are introduced to determine them in terms of known quantities. Various turbulence models have been proposed in the literature; however there is no single turbulence model which could be universally applied for all classes of problems. The choice of a pertinent model for a given problem will depend on the actual physics of the flow, the degree of accuracy required and the computational cost tolerated. Reference [8] gives a detailed discussion on how to perform at best the appropriate choice of a turbulence model. Among the various models, the standard k −e model which was proposed first by Launder and Spalding [9] has become the most popular when dealing with practical engineering flow calculations. This model relies on phenomenological considerations and integrates empiricism to perform closure of equations. ¶ ¶ ¶ μ ¶ + = + + + − − + r r μ re k ku G G Y S 125 3. STANDARD K-PSILON MODEL The simplest complete models'' of turbulence are two-equation models in which the solution of two separate transport equations allows the turbulent velocity and length scales to be independently determined. The standard k- model in FLUENT falls within this class of turbulence model and has become the workhorse of practical engineering flow calculations in the time since it was proposed by Launder and Spalding [ 9]. Robustness, economy, and reasonable accuracy for a wide range of turbulent flows explain its popularity in industrial flow and heat transfer simulations. It is a semi-empirical model, and the derivation of the model equations relies on phenomenological considerations and empiricism. As the strengths and weaknesses of the standard k- model have become known, improvements have been made to the model to improve its performance. The standard k- model [9] is a semi-empirical model based on model transport equations for the turbulence kinetic energy (k) and its dissipation rate (). The model transport equation for k is derived from the exact equation, while the model transport equation for was obtained using physical reasoning and bears little resemblance to its mathematically exact counterpart. In the derivation of the k- model, the assumption is that the flow is fully turbulent, and the effects of molecular viscosity are negligible. The standard k- model is therefore valid only for fully turbulent flows. 4. TRANSPORT EQUATIONS FOR THE STANDARD K-PSILON MODEL The turbulence kinetic energy, k, and its rate of dissipation, , are obtained from the following transport equations: ( ) ( ) ( ) t k i k b M k ¶ t ¶ x ¶ xj i s ¶ x k j (1)
  • 4. International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET), ISSN 0976 – 6308 (Print), ISSN 0976 – 6316(Online), Volume 5, Issue 7, July (2014), pp. 123-129 © IAEME ¶ ¶ ¶ ¶ μ e e e + = + + + − + er re μ r u C G C G C S ¶ ¶ ¶ s ¶ t x xj x k k 126 And 2 ( ) ( ) ( t ) ( ) i 1 k 3 b 2 i j e e e e e (2) In these equations, Gk represents the generation of turbulence kinetic energy due to the mean velocity gradients. Gb is the generation of turbulence kinetic energy due to buoyancy. YM represents the contribution of the fluctuating dilatation in compressible turbulence to the overall dissipation rate. 1 C e , 2 C e , and 3 C e are constants. k s and e s are the turbulent Prandtl numbers for k and , respectively. Sk and Se are user-defined source terms. Although the default values of the model constants are the standard ones most widely accepted, you can change them (if needed) in the Viscous Model panel. 5. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS The analysis presented in this section focuses on the simulation of the turbulent fluid flow taking place inside a cylindrical pipe having a rigid wall that replicates the geometry of the hole in the HET. The fluid domain which is assumed to be axisymmetric extends 170 mm in the axial z-direction and 30 mm in the radial r-direction. The origin of the reference frame is placed at the entrance section. Modeling under fluent has been performed by using water density and dynamic viscosity at the temperature 20°C for which 3 r = 1000 kg / m andh = rμ = 0.001 Pa.s . The four values of flow considered are given in table 1: Table (1): Reynolds number and velocity of flow considered in this study Reynolds Velocity (m / s ) Debit. 10-5 ( 3 m / s ) T.I(%) 3000 0.5 1.413 5.8 20000 3.34 9.43 4.6 The solution method chosen under Fluent is Volume Of Fluid (VOF). The viscous Model selected is the standard k −e model and the near-wall treatment is conforming to the enhanced wall treatment with pressure gradient effects. The boundary conditions that were used are: - Inlet at the left extremity of the domain with gauge pressure value specified and turbulence specification method corresponding to turbulence intensity T.I (%) and hydraulic diameter equal to the radius R. turbulence intensity can be calculated as: 1/8 T.I 0.16 Re− = × - Outlet at the right extremity of the domain with gauge pressure fixed at 0, turbulence specification method was used with turbulence intensity T.I (%) and hydraulic diameter equal to the radius R.
  • 5. International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET), ISSN 0976 – 6308 (Print), ISSN 0976 – 6316(Online), Volume 5, Issue 7, July (2014), pp. 123-129 © IAEME - Symmetry type axis at the axis of symmetry which is the bottom side of the domain as presented 127 in figure 1. - Wall at the top side of the domain, (figure 1), where the enhanced near-wall treatment with pressure gradient effects option is selected. Default convergence statements were selected. They assure that continuity, velocities, turbulent kinetic energy and its dissipation rate are stationary within a relative tolerance limit fixed at 10-6.The solution converges in approximately 300 iterations. Figures 2 and 3 give the Profiles of Wall Shear Stress on wall as function of Reynolds number. Fig.2: Profiles of Wall Shear Stress on wall for R=3000 Fig.3: Profiles of Wall Shear Stress on wall for Re=20000
  • 6. International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET), ISSN 0976 – 6308 (Print), ISSN 0976 – 6316(Online), Volume 5, Issue 7, July (2014), pp. 123-129 © IAEME
  • 7. Fig.4: Erosion rate as function of inlet velocity (Reynolds number) (in Pascal) Table 2 gives the erosion rate (in 10 4 kg / s − ) which corresponds to the amount of mass departure per unit time due to erosion. This amount is obtained by integrating the erosion law over the whole length of the hole and by multiplying the result by the initial circumference of the hole. The classical linear erosion law ( ) er er s e = c t −t was used, with the erosion constants 4 5.5 10 / er c s m − = × and 0.2 s t = Pa as identified for a soil sample containing 50% kaolinit clay and 50% of sand that was tested in [10]. TABLE (2): EROSION RATE IN 4 10 kg / s − AS FUNCTION OF REYNOLDS NUMBER Re t (Pa) er e Re=3000 0.52 1.6 Re=20000 17 92.2 Figures 2 and 3 show that the wall-shear is not uniform along the whole hole length. The wall-shear stress at the inlet extremity can exceed multiple times its permanent value in the plateau zone inside the hole. This is in contrast with the habitual hypothesis used to derive one-dimensional modeling of the HET. The obtained results, as shown in figure 4, indicate that erosion rate increase with Reynolds 128 number and wit the axial coordinate. The obtained results state clearly the three-dimensional character of flow taking place inside the hole and show strong variations in comparison with two-dimensional and one-dimensional approaches. Predicting the erosion in its initial stage can be done under the assumptions that the wall is rigid and that the linear erosion law is valid. This was performed and results are summarized in table 2 where it could be observed that the Reynolds number has strong effect on the amount of erosion rate. The erosion rate increases as function the flow velocity with a maximum value at the inlet extremity. At the inlet extremity wall-shear stress is maximal and erosion is maximal. 6. CONCLUSIONS A three-dimensional modeling of fluid flow taking place in the hole inside the hole erosion test sample test was performed by means of enhanced CFD software package. The hole wall had been assumed to be rigid and to have ideal circular cylindrical geometry. Unlike the early models
  • 8. International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET), ISSN 0976 – 6308 (Print), ISSN 0976 – 6316(Online), Volume 5, Issue 7, July (2014), pp. 123-129 © IAEME which are essentially one-dimensional, the three-dimensional modeling had shown that the wall-shear stress is not uniform along the hole wall (in the water/soil interface). It was possible then through using a linear erosion law to predict non uniform erosion along the hole length. Studying the effect of Reynolds number has shown that it has important effect on the wall-shear stress and thus would affect in its turn surface erosion that develops at the fluid soil sample interface. This enabled qualitatively understanding why the eroded profile of the hole wall as observed during experiment is not uniform. 129 7. REFERENCES [1] M.A. Foster, R. Fell, M. Spannangle. The statistics of embankment dam failures and accidents. Canadian geotechnical Journal 37 (2000) 100-1024. [2] Fjar E., Holt R.M., Horsrud P., Raaen A.M., Risnes R., Petroleum related rock mechanics, revised edition Elsevier, Amsterdam, 2004. [3] Lachouette D. Golay F., Bonelli S. One dimensional modelling of piping flow erosion. C. R. Mecanique 336 (2008) 731–736. [4] D. Lachouette, F. Golay, S. Bonelli. One dimensional modelling of piping flow erosion. Comptes Rendus de Mécanique 336 (2008), 731-736. [5] S. Bonelli, O. Brivois. The scaling law in the hole erosion test with a constant pressure Drop. International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics, 32(2008) 1573-1595. [6] Kissi Benaissa, Parron Vera Miguel Angel, Rubio Cintas Maria Dlolores, Dubujet Philippe, Khamlichi Abdellatif, Bezzazi Mohammed, El Bakkali Larbi. Predicting initial erosion during the Hole Erosion Test by using turbulent flow CFD Simulation. Applied Mathematical Modelling. 36 (2012) 3359–3370. [7] A. Escue, J. Cui. Comparison of turbulence models in simulating swirling pipe flows. Applied Mathematical Modelling. (2010) doi:10.1016/j.apm.2009.12.018. [8] Fieldview reference Manual, Software Release Version 10, Intelligent Light, 2004. [9] Launder, B.E., Spalding, D.B. Lectures in Mathematical Models of Turbulence. Academic Press, London, England, 1972. [10] T.L. PHAM. Erosion et dispersion des sols argileux par un fluide. In French. Ph.D Thesis, Order number: D.U. ED: 430. Ecole Nationale des Ponts et Chaussées, Paris, France, 2008. [11] A. Rizk, A. Aldeberky and N. Guirguis, “Comparison Between Natural Cross and Hybrid Ventilation for Hot Climate by Using CFD” International Journal of Civil Engineering Technology (IJCIET), Volume 5, Issue 2, 2014, pp. 71 - 80, ISSN Print: 0976 – 6308, ISSN Online: 0976 – 6316.