Role of Social Entrepreneurship in Rural Development of India

https://iaeme.com/Home/journal/IJM 959 editor@iaeme.com
International Journal of Management (IJM)
Volume 11, Issue 4, April 2020, pp. 959-976, Article ID: IJM_11_04_094
Available online at https://iaeme.com/Home/issue/IJM?Volume=11&Issue=4
ISSN Print: 0976-6502 and ISSN Online: 0976-6510
DOI: https://doi.org/10.34218/IJM.11.4.2020.094
© IAEME Publication Scopus Indexed
ROLE OF SOCIAL ENTREPRENEURSHIP IN
RURAL DEVELOPMENT OF INDIA -
PROBLEMS AND CHALLENGES
Dr. Jaheeda Begum
Assistant Professor of Political Science,
Government Degree College (Affiliated to Osmania University),
Hayath Nagar, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
ABSTRACT
The majority of the population in India lives in villages. The village is the back bone
of the country. Village or rural industries play an important role in the national
economy, particularly in the rural development. Developing the rural economy is one
of the key indicators towards a country’s success. Whether it be the need to look after
the welfare of the farmers or invest in rural infrastructure, Governments have to ensure
that rural development isn’t compromised. The economic development of our country
largely depends on the progress of rural areas and the standard of living of rural
masses. Village or rural industries play an important role in the national economy,
particularly in the rural development. Rural entrepreneurship is based on stimulating
local entrepreneurial talent and the subsequent growth of indigenous enterprises. It
recognizes opportunity in the rural areas and accelerates a unique blend of resources
either inside or outside of agriculture. Rural entrepreneurship brings an economic
value to the rural sector by creating new methods of production, new markets, new
products and generate employment opportunities thereby ensuring continuous rural
development. Social Entrepreneurship has the direct and primary objective of serving
the society along with the earning profits. So, social entrepreneurship is different from
the economic entrepreneurship as its basic objective is not to earn profits but for
providing innovative solutions to meet the society needs which are not taken care by
majority of the entrepreneurs as they are in the business for profit making as a sole
objective. So, the Social Entrepreneurs have the huge growth potential particularly in
the developing countries like India where we have huge societal disparities in terms of
the financial positions of the population. Still 22 percent of the Indian population is
below the poverty line and also there is disparity among the rural & urban population
in terms of families living under BPL. 25.7 percent of the rural population & 13.7
percent of the urban population is under BPL which clearly shows the disparity of the
poor people in the rural and urban areas. The need to develop social entrepreneurship
in agriculture is dictated by a large number of social problems. Such problems include
low living standards, unemployment, and social tension. The reasons that led to the
emergence of the practice of social entrepreneurship are the above factors. The

Role of Social Entrepreneurship in Rural Development of India - Problems and Challenges
research problem lays upon disclosing the importance of role of social entrepreneurship
in rural development of India. The paper the tendencies of social entrepreneurship in
India, to present successful examples of such business for providing recommendations
how to improve situation in rural areas in terms of social entrepreneurship
development. Indian government has made some steps towards development of social
enterprises, social entrepreneurship, and social innovation, but a lot remains to be
improved. The roots of family business go back only above 20 years and have rather
poor traditions in India. It is tightly related to rural areas especially than agriculture
economies are acting as family farms with potential of young social businesses.
Key words: Rural development, Social Entrepreneurship, Family Business,
Entrepreneurs, Problems, Challenges
Cite this Article: Jaheeda Begum, Role of Social Entrepreneurship in Rural
Development of India - Problems and Challenges, International Journal of Management
(IJM), 11(4), 2020, pp. 959-976.
https://iaeme.com/Home/issue/IJM?Volume=11&Issue=4
1. INTRODUCTION
In the era of globalization, entrepreneurship development in the rural context is a challenge.
According to latest census reports 68.84% people are living in rural areas of India. People in
rural areas suffer with unemployment, poor infrastructure facilities which may be solved with
the development of the rural entrepreneurs. Rural development in India is based on many factors
related to economic, political and legal, social activity. Rural areas have specific economic and
social situation. Mostly rural areas in India were based on farming and agriculture. The
changing demographic situation of emigrating citizens especially from rural areas,existing non-
living areas and buildings call for some specific activities and special attention in rural areas of
India. Innovative decisions are needed for solution of these problems. Social businesses became
oriented to diversified activity involving all kinds of businesses and entrepreneurship.
Agriculture, farming and other rural activities in farms now in India remain as the main. But
rural farming becomes more diversified and additional non-agricultural activities are becoming
more popular. The attention and practice paid to social entrepreneurship is not sufficient and
lacks deeper research in the field for further successful implementation. The scientific problem
of this article lays upon revealing the role anddevelopment of social entrepreneurship in rural
areas of India, especially putting attention on possibility of young people involvement in social
businesses in rural areas. Social entrepreneurship is a part of social economy which develops
and involves social innovations, different social groups and interaction among them, fosters
job creation places and social cohesion. Indian rural sector is no longer primitive and isolated.
Therefore, if entrepreneurships encouraged in rural and tribal areas looms large to solve the
problems of poverty, unemployment, and economic disparity, poor utilization of rural capacity,
low level of standard of living and backwardness of Indian economy. Rural industrialization is
viewed as an effective means of accelerating the process of rural development. Government of
India has been continuously assigning increasing importance and support for the promotion and
growth of rural entrepreneurship. According to latest definition of Government of India, "Any
industry located in rural area, village or town with a population of 20,000 and below and an
investment of Rs. 3 crores in plant and machinery are classified as a village industry." Rural
entrepreneurship is a new field in the area of entrepreneurship research. It has become one of
the supportive factors for rural economic development and agribusiness. The Make in India
Strategy adopted by the Prime Minister Modi aims to facilitate investment, foster innovation,
entrepreneurship, enhance skill development in the country. Mahatma Gandhi has rightly
pointed out that “India lives in villages”. Villages comprise the core of Indian society and

Jaheeda Begum
represent the real India. Rural entrepreneurs are those who carry out entrepreneurial activities
by establishing industrial and business units in the rural sector of the economy. In other words,
establishing industrial and business units in the rural areas refers to rural entrepreneurship.
Entrepreneurship can play an important role in rural development. Agriculture continues to be
the back bone of rural society. 70 per cent of holdings are held by small and marginal farmers
resulting in overcrowding on the agricultural land and diminishing farm produce. This results
in migration of farm worker in large numbers to the urban areas. Land being limited and unable
to absorb the labor force in agriculture, there is a need to develop rural industries to solve rural
unemployment and rural migration to cities. Growth and development of rural economy is an
essential pre-condition to the development of the country as a whole. The gap between rural
urban disparities should be lessened. The standard of living of the rural people should be
increased. Entrepreneurship in rural sector provides an answer to the above problems. In this
backdrop, the present paper addresses the problems and challenges for development of
entrepreneurship in the context of rural India. The hypothesis of the paper remains on the
positive development directions of social entrepreneurship based on complex view to the issue.
The paper aims to analyze current situation and tendencies of social entrepreneurship in India,
to present successful examples of such business for providing recommendations for further
research in the field and suggesting some solutions how to improve situation in rural areas in
terms of social entrepreneurship development.
2. OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
• To review past literature related to social entrepreneurship in India and abroad in
changing Environment
• To study scope of social entrepreneurship and rural Industries.
• To know basic principles of social entrepreneur applied to the rural development.
• To study the role of social entrepreneurs in economic development.
• To study effects of Globalization on Rural Entrepreneurship/Development
• To study the problems and challenges faced by the social entrepreneurs.
• To provide suggestions for development of rural entrepreneurship/development
3. REVIEW OF PAST STUDIES / LITERATURE
Daru, Gaur (2019) studied the importance of social entrepreneurship and the challenges faced
by the entrepreneurs in the developing countries like India, Pakistan and Bangladesh. He had
analyzed the case with an excellent social entrepreneur Muhammad Yunus, founder and
manager of Grameen Bank who has led a new path in the development of social
entrepreneurship and become the motivation for the other similar entrepreneurs to lead the
country’s overall growth.
Drucker, Peter F published a book on “Innovation and Entrepreneurship” which shared
the belief in the importance of innovation and entrepreneurship in the truly entrepreneurial
economy of US during the last ten to fifteen years. He had discussed Innovation &
Entrepreneurship under three main categories: The practice of Innovation, The practice of
Entrepreneurship, Entrepreneurial strategies So, all these phases are about identification of the
innovations in the entrepreneurial activities and then suggesting the appropriate strategies to
implement that entrepreneurial innovation in the society. He had researched and presented the
same through the use of mini-cases, examples and illustrations, both of the right and wrong
policies and practices.

Mississippi Delta and Grande Valley of America: Rural entrepreneurship in Mississippi
Delta and Grande Valley of America was not performing well. The regression model was used
to examine the cause of the poor performance in business by analyzing the human capital and
economic growth in that region. The region had been known as ‘Black Belt’ and majority of
the settlers were Africans who settled down in that region after the war. The reason for poor
performance of business was that entrepreneurship education and programs were not conducted
sufficiently. This resulted in poor performance of the entrepreneurial activity (Ralph D.
Christy & Wylin Dassel, 2000).
Swaziland: The smallest country in Southern Africa, Swaziland is classified as a middle-
income economy, but the distribution of income is unequal and nearly half the population lives
below the national poverty line. Its population is largely rural and the structure of the economy
has shifted over the years from an agricultural base to manufacturing. According to the
National Report to the World Summit on Sustainable development (2002), despite enjoying
relative peace and prosperity and good economic performance over past decades in terms of
growth and fiscal stability, Swaziland now faces a number of challenges. These include
maintaining macro-economic stability while providing better education and health, governance
issues and gender inequality, high unemployment rates, the need to attract new investment and
adapt to a changing trade environment.
The African Development Bank (1999) states that one of the main constraints in
Swaziland’s economic development is a relatively low industrial resource base including the
shortage of indigenous entrepreneurs. Over 70% of Swaziland’s population lives in villages, it
makes it all the more necessary to make an earnest attempt to create an environment and
supporting policies which will aid in the development of rural entrepreneurs. An assessment of
growth potentials of Swaziland show that the major potential sources of growth are in the
agricultural sector, including agro-industrial activities, as well as in tourism and mining. The
country’s ecological conditions are ideal for growing a wide range of crops and diversifying
commercial and traditional agriculture into high value horticultural crops, which have linkages
with agro-industrial activities. Given Swaziland’s pleasant and varied landscape, tourism
prospects are extremely buoyant and as yet under-exploited. There are also several
opportunities for growth in the mineral sector. Keeping in mind the various guidelines which
have been discussed above, the dawn of Swaziland’s rural economy lies in the hands of its
entrepreneurs.
Asian countries: The Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM) monitors the
entrepreneurial activities of Asian countries and the role that entrepreneurs play in economic
development in rural area. Cross-sectional analysis was used in examining the data from GEM
revealing the role of governments and international organizations in supporting the enterprises
thus contributing to economic growth (James Richardson, 2004). The relevant issues relating
to the local entrepreneurial state and the ways it facilitated the emergence of entrepreneurship
in rural area in China has spurred Li and Matley to conduct a study on the relationship between
entrepreneurship and small business development. They conducted a survey among 800
entrepreneurs randomly selected from Beijing, Shanghai and Guangzhou to examine the
relationship between entrepreneurship and small business development. The result shown that
there was no significant relationship between entrepreneurship and small business
development. (Jin Li and Harry Matley, 2006).
China: In China, the emergence and evolution of rural bio-energy entrepreneurship in rural
area was regarded as a business venture. In order to determine the business performance, the
data were collected from three sites within South East China (Liuminying, Shengchang and
Heyong) which is part of Fujian province. The framework designed by Jacobsson and Johnson
(2004) was used in cross- examining the factors supporting the growth of bio-energy

Jaheeda Begum
entrepreneurs. Factor analysis revealed that the networking among the entrepreneurs was the
key factor for the continuous growth in the bio-energy development (Lin Na, 2008).
Bangladesh: Development of entrepreneurship among the rural women in Bangladesh has
significant relationship with the micro credit system. Multivariate Analysis technique has been
used in identifying the factors relating to finance management among the rural women. A model
of micro credit program was developed to examine the factors that lead to the success of the
rural woman in managing their credit and sustaining the business as well. The outcome was that
the family members and spouses have given the support for the borrowers to maintain the
financial commitment (Sharmina Afin et al, 2008).
Israel: In Israel, twenty-two percent of the population is Kibbutz community’s people.
Factors influencing entrepreneurial intensity among the kibbutz communities were unknown.
Sibylle H., administered questionnaires on their activities for a period of ten years (1994 to
2004) by using the comprehensive questionnaire techniques. The factors that maintained the
entrepreneurial intensity among the kibbutz communities in Israel were organizational size and
age (Sibylle Heibrum, 2008).
North East England: The impact of educated rural immigrants setting up new business in
North East England was an issue for human capital and social economy. Bosworth investigated
the factors supporting their entrepreneurship by collecting data through postal survey. The
result revealed the rural immigrants having higher educational qualification engage in
networking among themselves and have contributed to the development of human capital and
social economy. (Gary Bosworth, 2009).
Entrepreneurs with rural origins prefer to start their businesses in rural areas and half of
entrepreneurs migrate back to their home in particular to take local comparative advantages. Li
Yu and Artz investigated on entrepreneurship activities and drew a connection between
migration and economic development, especially the role of business formation in rural
development. They found that the rural entrepreneurs start business within their vicinity
because they were able to obtain financial support from family members, friends and local
banks to start a business (Li Yu and Artz, 2009).
4. REVIEW OF INDIAN GOVERNMENT POLICIES AIDING RURAL
DEVELOPMENT
In India, most of the rural industries are Small-scale enterprises and they are given an important
place for both ideological and economic reasons. It is well documented that the small-scale
industries have an important role in the development of the country. It contributes almost 40%
of the gross industrial value added in the Indian economy. Government's approach and intention
towards industries in general and SSIs in particular are revealed in Industrial policy Resolutions.
There are many Government Policies for development and promotion of Small-Scale Industries
in India. These are mentioned as below: Industrial Policy Resolution (IPR) 1948, Industrial
Policy Resolution (IPR) 1956, Industrial Policy Resolution (IPR) 1977, Industrial Policy
Resolution (IPR) 1980, Industrial Policy Resolution (IPR) 1991, North East Industrial and
Investment Promotion Policy (NEIIPP), 2007, Small Industries Development Organization
(SIDO), Entrepreneurship Development Program (EDP) to train of women and youth. Ministry
of Agro and Rural Industries and Ministry of Small-Scale Industries have been merged into a
single Ministry, as a result, enactment of Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises Development
Act, 2006.
• Provision of Urban Amenities to Rural Areas (PURA) is a strategy for rural
development in India. This concept was given by former president Dr. A.P.J.Abdul
Kalam and discussed in his book “Target 3 Billion” which he co-authored with Srijan
Pal Singh. The genesis of PURA concept can be traced to the work done by Nimbkar

Agricultural Research Institute in early 1990s. It was shown in the study that energy
self-sufficient talukas can be a new development model for rural India in terms of
creation of jobs and better amenities to its population. The Government of India has
been running pilot PURA programs in several states since 2004.
• KVIC: The Khadi & Village Industries Commission (KVIC) established by an Act of
Parliament is a statutory organization engaged in promoting and developing khadi and
village industries for providing employment opportunities in the rural areas, thereby
strengthening the rural economy.
• Coir Sector: The coir industry is a labor-intensive and export-oriented industry. It uses
coir husk, a by-product of coconut. India is the largest coir producer in the world
accounting for more than 80% of the total world production of coir fiber. The coir sector
in India is very diverse and involves households, co-operatives, NGOs, manufacturers
and exporters. The Coir Board, a statutory body established under the Coir Industry Act
1953, looks after the promotion, growth and development of the coir industry, including
export promotion and expansion of the domestic market. The Coir Board implements a
number of schemes which include assistance for participation in exhibitions, training
for skill development and assistance under Mahila Coir Yojana, training, financial
assistance for modernization of existing units, undertaking R&D activities, etc.
• The Ministry of Agro and Rural Industries (ARI) implements two nation-wide
employment generation programmes, namely, Rural Employment Generation
Programme (REGP) and Prime Minister’s Rozgar Yojana (PMRY). Both these
programmes are credit-linked capital subsidy schemes which are implemented through
commercial banks. While the REGP is implemented by the KVIC, the PMRY is
implemented by the State Governments through the District Industries Centers (DICs).
• The Prime Minister’s Rozgar Yojana (PMRY) was launched on 2nd
October 1993 to
assist educated unemployed youth in setting up self-employment ventures. The main
objectives of REGP are to generate employment in rural areas, develop entrepreneurial
skills and aptitude among rural unemployed youth, achieve the goal of rural
industrialization and facilitate participation of banks in the village industries sector so
as to ensure higher credit flow to these industries.
• In the National Common Minimum Program (NCMP), the UPA government has
proposed to revamp the Khadi and Village Industries Commission (KVIC) and launch
new programs for the modernization of coir, handlooms, power-looms, garments,
rubber, cashew, handicrafts, food processing, sericulture, wool development, leather,
pottery and other cottage industries. In pursuance of the NCMP declaration and the
announcement of Finance Minister in his Budget speech of July 2004, a scheme titled
the “Scheme of Fund for Regeneration of Traditional Industries” (SFURTI) has been
notified in October 2005 for the integrated development of traditional clusters of khadi,
coir and village industries, including leather and pottery. Under SFURTI, Annual
Report 2006-07 it has been proposed to develop around 100 clusters (25 clusters for
khadi, 50 clusters for village industries and 25 clusters for coir industry) over a period
of five years commencing 2005-06.
A fruitful measure would be to reserve certain goods for production exclusively by the SSIs
and their intelligent outsourcing by the govt. to ensure maximum benefits. Also, the govt.
should advertise the indigenous goods worldwide so that the foreign folk also go in for the
ethnic items produced here like khadi, silk, wool, statues, gems, ornaments, etc. as these
represent the traditional art form and culture of the region. As far as the financial aids are
concerned, the govt. is doing good work to make things simple and possible for the interested

Jaheeda Begum
individuals by funding and financial support. Also, the setting up of institutes for technical
training and skill enhancement of the workforce is helping in a big way.
While globalization has put us on the map of superpower countries, SSIs have empowered
the common man to walk with the same stride as the big-wigs. For India to be a superpower, it
is must make efforts to strengthen each and every thread of its economic fabric to make the flag
of its success fly high.
5. TYPES OF RURAL INDUSTRIES
All the village industries come under the following broad categories:
Agro Based Industries: Sugar industries, Jaggery, Oil processing from oil seeds, Pickles, Fruit
juice, Spices, Dairy products etc.
Forest Based Industries: Wood products, Bamboo products, Honey, Coir industry, Making
eating plates from leaves.
Mineral based industry: Stone crushing, Cement industries, red oxide making, wall coating
powders etc.
Textile Industry: Spinning, Weaving, Coloring and Bleaching.
Engineering and Services: Tractors and Pump set repairs etc. Small and medium sized
industries to produce agricultural machinery, equipment for usage in rural areas etc.
Handicrafts: These include making of wooden or bamboo handicrafts that are local to that
area, traditional decorative products, toys and all other forms of handicrafts typical to the
region.
Services: There are a wide range of services including mobile repair, agriculture machinery
servicing, etc which are being undertaken under this category.
6. METHODOLOGY
The present study is based on both primary and secondary data. The preconditions for research
are based on scientificliterature analysis. Statistical data analysis and document analysis are
used for description of social entrepreneurship in Indian rural areas. Few concrete examples for
social entrepreneurship development in Indian rural areas are presented. The paper remains as
moredescriptive and analytical interms ofpresenting theproblemand further directions offuture
research.
Table 1 Performance of village or rural industries
Year Production
(Rs. In Crores)
Sales (Rs. In
Crores)
Cumulative Employment
(In lakh persons)
2010-11 3895.21 4319.38 42.49
2011-12 7140.52 8383.49 54.16
2012-13 9263.98 11000.00 62.57
2013-14 13527.19 18888.21 80.08
2014-15 16134.32 20819.09 90.11
2015-16 16753.62 21948.59 94.41
2016-17 17508.00 23254.53 98.72
2017-18 19198.85 24875.73 98.72
2018-19 21135.06 25829.26 103.65
2019-20 17448.31 20320.73 111.04
Source: Compiled from various issues of MSME annual reports
The above table reveals the performance of village or rural industries in respect of
production, sales and employment in India from 2010-2011 to 2012-13. The village industry
production was worth 3895.21 crore in 1997-98 which increased to 21135.06 crore in 2011-12.

It declined to 17448.31 crore in 2012-13. The decline in the production of village industry can
be attributed to decrease in the funds released as a part of budgetary support. Similar trends are
also observed in sales of village industries, as it depends on production, market and tastes of
the consumers. The total cumulative employment in the village industry increased from 42.49
lakh persons in 2010-2011 to 111.04 lakh persons in 2012-13.
Table 2 Family business peculiarities in India
Question Response Respondents
N %
Are your parents in business? (n=112) No 27 24.11
Yes 85 75.89
Are your family stakeholders of business? (n=100)
0–25% 20 20.00
26–50% 10 10.00
51–99% 12 12.00
100% 58 58.00
Are you one of stakeholders of this business? (n=110)
0% 83 75.45
1–25% 13 11.82
26–50% 4 3.64
51–99% 4 3.64
100% 6 5.45
Do you think about this business as family one?
(n=115)
No 61 53.04
Yes 54 46.96
According the research data it could be stated that young people are motivated to be
entrepreneurs, but it does not mean that they intend to start their activity in rural areas or,
especially, in agriculture. Still positive possibility remains for social entrepreneurship because
young people in India are keen for creating innovative with high value-added businesses. It
means the chance of social entrepreneurship development still exist with potential of educated
and young people.
Table-3: Assessment of significance of business goals’ orientation
Profit
Personal
relations
Professiona
l relations
Communication
with outer
environment
Responsibility
Career
development
Social
value
Strongly disagree 0 1 0 0 0 0 0
Disagree 0 6 0 0 0 0 0
Neither agree nor disagree 7 34 14 16 6 22 7
Agree 27 31 23 43 23 39 29
Strongly agree 70 32 67 45 75 43 68
Table 4 Importance to work for an organization which includes social and environmental aims
Social aims
Environmental aims Both Other None of those
Strongly disagree 0 0 0 1 17
Disagree 0 0 0 1 9
Neither agree nor
disagree
15 14 16 86 77
Agree 31 36 26 12 1
Strongly agree 58 54 62 4 0
According to respondents, there is a need of a unified understanding of the essence of social
entrepreneurship, social enterprises, social economy, etc. Many often-different concepts are
confused due to ignorance of the theoretical and legal basis, the need for information and
training, motivational and promotional activities. The answers highlight the role of government
policies and the efforts of local authorities, as well as the study of "foreign experience". Among
the benefits of the development of social entrepreneurship are pointed the following: an
opportunity to develop socially engaged business; a good opportunity for helping people in

Jaheeda Begum
need; satisfaction with work, etc. Respondents show fluctuations on whether society is ready to
accept and support social entrepreneurship (Table 5), most are rather neutral (36%) and agree
(34%). Dissenters are 8% and fully agree only 23% of respondents. This shows the need for a
more thorough study of the causes and seeks improvements once the answers to the above
questions highlight the advantages and benefits of social entrepreneurship that respondents are
well aware of and accept.
Table 5 The significance of different notions for sustainable development
Social
entrepreneurship
Social enterprise Non-profit
sector
Third
sector
Social
economy
Strongly disagree 0 0 1 0 0
Disagree 1 0 3 4 1
Neither agree nor disagree 4 11 36 48 20
Agree 24 23 28 22 25
Strongly agree 75 70 36 30 58
Table 6 Statements on whether society is ready to accept and support social entrepreneurship
Strongly disagree 0
Disagree 8
Neither agree nor disagree 37
Agree 35
Strongly agree 24
Table 7 Problems/barriers in social entrepreneurship development
Local
business
environment
Community
perceptions
Funding
opportunities
Lack
of
knowledge
Lack
of
advisory
services
Lack
of
legal
structure
Lack
of
state
policies
Credit
access
Marke
t
access
Other
Strongly disagree 0 1 0 1 4 0 0 0 0 0
Disagree 6 9 0 9 13 3 1 3 5 0
Neither agree nor disagree 24 25 9 15 17 25 12 33 35 99
Agree 40 34 33 27 34 32 30 35 30 1
Strongly agree 34 35 62 52 36 44 61 33 34 4
Among the various barriers and limitations for initiating sustainable social entrepreneurship
in rural areas are low skills, lack of financial resources, lack of information and knowledge
about the benefits of entrepreneurship (Table 7). The other restrictions in entrepreneurship can
be marked as uncertainty and ambiguity in the revenue from entrepreneurship, a risk of loss due
to poor public infrastructure. Respondents indicate that the concept of social entrepreneurship
is unknown to the majority of society, and information on social entrepreneurship among
business organizations in Bulgaria is insufficient, and there is a need to work systematically
and consistently to raise awareness and motivation for the development of social enterprises.
7. ROLE OF SOCIAL ENTREPRENEURS IN ECONOMIC
DEVELOPMENT
According to Joseph Schumpeter, the rate of economic progress of a nation depends upon its
rate of innovation which is turn depends on rate of increase in the entrepreneurial talent in the
population. According to Meir and Baldwin, development does not occur spontaneously as a
natural consequence when economic conditions in some senses are right. A catalyst is needed
which results in entrepreneurial activity to a considerable extent. The diversity of activities that
characterizes rich countries can be attributed to the supply of entrepreneurs. They channelize

the resources from less productive to more productive to create wealth. Through efficient and
effective utilization of national resources, they act as catalysts for economic development and
agents of social transformation and change. They play a vital role for the economic development
of a country in the following ways.
Decentralized Industrial Development, Better Distribution of Wealth and Investment:
Rural entrepreneurship play imperative role in the economic expansion of the country and
results in decentralized industrial development, better distribution of wealth and investment.
Reduction of Poverty and Unemployment: Rural entrepreneurship is labor intensive and
creates large scale employment opportunities for the rural people. Rural entrepreneurship
provides a solution to the growing problem of large-scale unemployment and underemployment
of rural India. Through entrepreneurship development program, unemployed people can opt for
self-employment. In this respect, several program like National Rural Employment Program
(NREP), Integrated Rural Development Program (IRDP), etc. are in operation in India to help
the potential entrepreneurs.
Check on migration of rural population: Rural population moves towards urban for various
reasons like income generation, searching good job, utilize various facilities etc. Rural
entrepreneurship will bring in or develop infrastructural facilities like roads, power, bridges etc.
It reduces the gaps and disparities in income between rural and urban areas. Rural
entrepreneurship can avoid the migration of people from rural to urban areas in search of jobs.
Formation of Capital: Entrepreneurs by placing profitable business proposition attract
investment to ensure private participation in the industrialization process. The otherwise idle
savings are channelized for investment in business ventures which in turn provides return.
Again, the savings are invested giving a multiplier effect to the process of capital formation.
Balanced regional development: Rural entrepreneurship controls the concentration of
industry in urban areas by setting small scale units in remote areas, successful entrepreneurship
development programs can help in achieving balanced regional development.
Promotion of artistic activities: Rural industries also help protect and promote the art and
handicrafts, i.e., the age-old rich heritage of the country.
Check on social evils: The growth of rural entrepreneurship reduces the social evils like
poverty, social tensions, atmospheric pollution, the growth of slums and ignorance of
inhabitants etc.
Awaken the rural youth: Rural entrepreneurship encourages young and promising
entrepreneurs to develop and carry out entrepreneurial activities in the rural sector.
Improves standard of living: Rural entrepreneurship will also increase the literacy rate of rural
people. Their education and self-employment will prosper the community, thus improving their
standard of living.
Proper utilization of local resources: Rural industries help in the maximum utilization of local
resources like raw materials and labor for productive purposes and thus increase productivity.
Efficient and effective use of limited resources by the entrepreneurs leads to overall economic
development of an area.
Improvement in per capita income: Rural entrepreneurship generates more output,
employment and wealth by exploiting new opportunities, thereby helping to improve the per
capita income of rural people.
General Employment: This is the real charm of being an entrepreneur. They are not the job
seekers but job creators and job providers. With the globalization process the government jobs
are shrinking leaving many unemployed. In the circumstances, the entrepreneurs and their
enterprises are the only hope and source of direct and indirect employment generation.

Jaheeda Begum
National Self-reliance: Entrepreneurs are the corner stores of national self-reliance. They help
to manufacture indigenous substitutes to imported products which reduce the dependence on
foreign countries. There is also a possibility of exporting goods and services to earn foreign
exchange for the country. Hence, the import substitution and export promotion ensure economic
independence and the country becomes self-reliance.
Planned Production: Entrepreneurs are considered as economic agents since they unite all
means of production. All the factors of production i.e., land, labor, Capital and enterprise are
brought together to get the desired production. This will help to make use all the factors of
production with proper judgment, perseverance and knowledge of the world of business. The
least combination of factors is possible avoiding unnecessary wastages of resources.
Promote prosperity: Improvements in local productivity can promote prosperity.
Earnings of foreign exchange: Rural entrepreneurship plays significant role in increasing the
foreign exchange earnings of the country through export of their produce.
8. EFFECTS OF GLOBALIZATION ON RURAL
ENTREPRENEURSHIP
It is very difficult to establish causal linkages, or to quantify the specific effects of globalization
on rural entrepreneurship. However, it is possible to broadly identify some advantages and
disadvantages of globalization on rural entrepreneurship in India.
1). Economies of Scale and Scope: Due to the access to global markets, abilities to specialize,
and to take advantages of economies of scale and scope.
2). Exposure to the global competition can result in high levels of productivity and efficiency.
3). Improved access to foreign technology and managerial expertise.
4). Accelerates economic growth: There are different opinions concerning the connection
between trade openness and rural entrepreneurship growth. Edwards (1998) concludes that
greater openness accelerates economic growth. In contrast, Hellinger (1986) suggested that a
certain level of national development is necessary before the objective of export-led growth can
be realized.
5). Effect of globalization on rural enterprises depends upon the changes in GDP and changes
in income distribution. The evidence suggests that the rural entrepreneur overall is substantially
included as beneficiaries from economic growth. However, the extent of inclusion varies
internationally.
6). Transfer of technology is one of the prominent features of globalization and one of the
major reasons for predicting improved growth. Many formerly small rural entrepreneurs saw
major improvements in their businesses, but the improvements were in a very limited area and
to a very limited number of entrepreneurs.
9. PROBLEMS FACED BY THE RURAL ENTREPRENEURS
Entrepreneurs are playing very important role in the development of an economy. They face
various problems in day-to-day work. Some of the major problems faced by rural entrepreneurs
are classified as under:
A. Financial Problems
B. Marketing Problems
C. Management Problems
D. Human Resource Problems
E. Other Problems

9.1. Financial Problems
a) Lack of funds: Finance is the back bone for any business. Most of the rural entrepreneurs
fail to get external funds due to absence of tangible security and credit in the market. The
procedure to avail the loan facility is too time-consuming that its delay often disappoints the
rural entrepreneurs. They are mainly depending on parents and relatives, popularized person in
the particular area for finance. They are not aware of the entrepreneurial supporting financial
institution like SIDCO (Small Industrial Development Corporation), SIDBI (Small Scale
Industrial Development Bank of India), DIC(District Industrial Center), IDBI(Industrial
Development Bank of India), IFCI(Industrial Finance Corporation of India), ICICI (Industrial
Credit and Investment Corporation of India) ,etc., These financial institutions are providing
finance to entrepreneurs to startup new venture and also modernize the existing business but
this institutions rules are regulations are not easy to avail the finance for the business.
b) Risk bearing Capacity: Generally, rural entrepreneurs have low risk bearing ability due to
lack of financial resources and external support. They expect regular income and restrict
themselves to invest in their business.
c) Poor infrastructure facilities: Due to lack of proper and adequate infrastructural facilities,
the growth of rural entrepreneurs is not very healthy. Infrastructure facilities like transport (bus,
train etc.), communication (telephone; fax, internet facilities etc.), power supply are very poor
in the rural areas compare with the cities. They are very much useful for the entrepreneurs to
successfully run their business.
9.2. Marketing Problems
a) Limited scale and scope of local market opportunities.
b) Lack of market information due to poor communication facility: The absence of effective
communication and access to the right information makes it difficult for rural entrepreneurs to
understand market trends and policies followed by the government on industrialization.
c) Competition: Rural entrepreneurs are facing tough competition from the large-scale
organizations and urban entrepreneurs. Rural entrepreneurs cannot compete with the urban
entrepreneurs due to lack of standardization and branding and quality of the products. The rural
producers are not collective in their approach for marketing their products because they are to
widely scattered and mostly uneducated.
d) Middleman: Middlemen exploit rural entrepreneurs. The rural entrepreneurs are heavily
dependent on middlemen for marketing of their products who pocket large amount of profit.
Storage facilities and poor means of transport are other marketing problems in rural areas. In
most of the villages, farmers store the produce in open space, in bags or earthier vessels etc. So,
these indigenous methods of storage are not capable of protecting the produce from dampness,
weevils etc. The agricultural goods are not standardized and graded.
e) Low quality products Today, consumers are more sensitive regarding the quality of the
products. Only some big firms follow the TQM (Total Quality Management) practices in their
production. Rural entrepreneur may not produce quality products due to lack of standardized
equipment and poor quality of raw materials.
9.3. Management Problems
a) Lack of IT knowledge and Technical Skills: Information technology is not very common in
rural areas. Due to low level of technical knowledge and skills, their performance may not be
better. Entrepreneurs rely on internal linkages that encourage the flow of goods, services,
information and ideas. The intensity of family and personal relationships in rural communities
can sometime be helpful but they may also present obstacles to effective business relationships.

Jaheeda Begum
Business deals may receive less than rigorous objectivity and intercommunity rivalries may
reduce the scope for regional cooperation. Decision making process and lines of authority are
mostly blurred by local politics in rural areas.
b) Non availability of skilled labors: In rural areas skilled labors may not be available easily to
the entrepreneurs. Generally skilled personnel are willing to work in urban areas due to high
salary and other amenities when compared to rural areas.
c) Legal Formalities: Rural entrepreneurs find it extremely difficult in complying with various
legal formalities in obtaining licenses due to illiteracy and ignorance
d) Procurement of Raw materials: In rural areas raw materials of the business mainly depend
on agriculture. If there are no rains, the business operations are affected. Thus, procurement of
raw materials is really a tough task for rural entrepreneur. They may end up with poor quality
raw materials, may also face the problem of storage and warehousing.
e) Lack of training facilities and extension services crate a hurdle for the development of rural
entrepreneurship.
f) Poor Quality of Products: Another important problem is growth of rural entrepreneurship is
the inferior quality of products produced due to lack of availability of standard tools and
equipment and poor quality of raw materials.
9.4. Human Resource Problems
a) Low Skill Level of Workers: Most of the entrepreneurs of rural areas are unable to find
workers with high skills. Turnover rates are also high in this case. They have to be provided
with on-the-job training and their training is generally a serious problem for entrepreneur as
they are mostly uneducated and they have to be taught in local language which they understand
easily.
b) Negative Attitude: The environment in the family, society and support system is not
conducive to encourage rural people to take up entrepreneurship as a career. It may be due to
lack of awareness and knowledge of entrepreneurial opportunities. The young and well
educated mostly tend to leave. Continuous motivation is needed in case of rural employee which
is sometime difficult for an entrepreneur to impart with.
9.5. Other Problems
a) Political and structural problems: Before establishing the business, entrepreneurs clear the
government complicated like business license, pollution and clearance etc. Due to low level of
education rural entrepreneurs may not complete this process fast.
b) Poor knowledge in the maintenance of accounts: Rural entrepreneurs are having poor
knowledge in the operation of various business transactions and maintenance of accounts and
records. This is because of their illiteracy.
c) Low Purchasing power: Purchasing power of the rural people is low compared to the urban.
d) Adverse social, cultural and industrial environment: Social evils, caste systems, fatalism,
religious superstitions, particularly in the country side, do not allow development of
adventurous spirit. Lack of skill and expertise in laborer, their tendency to migrate to cities and
consumer’s habit to buy goods produced by big companies create many problems for new
entrepreneurs.
10. CHALLENGES
1. Growth of Mall Culture
2. Poor Assistance
3. Power Failure

4. Lack of Technical knowhow
5. Capacity Utilization
6. Infrastructure Sickness
11. OPPORTUNITIES
Government Schemes for Rural Development, Regional Rural Development Centers,
Entrepreneurship Development Institute of India, Banking Technology, Rural Innovation
Funding (NABARD, Social Rural Entrepreneurship, Free entry into world trade, Improved risk
taking ability, Governments of nations withdrawn some restrictions, Technology and inventions
spread into the world, Encouragement to innovations and inventions, Promotion of healthy
completions among nations, Consideration increase in government assistance for international
trade, The establishment of other national and international institutes to support business among
the nations of the world, Benefits of specialization, Social and cultural development.
12. CONSTRAINTS TO RURAL DEVELOPMENT
The National Report to the World Summit on Sustainable development (2002) asserts that these
include inadequate access to development finance for investment; inadequate access to markets;
and, there is currently no agricultural policy that would harmonize marketing, supply of inputs
and extension services. A further constraint is the lack of knowledge and self-confidence of the
people in rural communities due to limited experience and lack of education. People who have
never been given a chance often have difficulties responding when all too rare opportunities
arise. The country’s government also has to accept that lack of knowledge and self-confidence
is a very serious constraint to development and should come up with a national training plan
and support infrastructure. Another constraint faced by the country is to move away from the
notion of poverty alleviation to wealth creation. Poverty alleviation focuses on the negative
aspects of life and the process is often paternalistic – “we will alleviate your poverty”. Wealth
creation on the other hand leads to a focus on business and ownership, a proven combination in
today’s world. In the words of Narayan J.P., (1962), “Rural industrialization would have to be
based on two factors: (a) Local resources, both human and material, (b) and local needs. ‘Local’
does not mean a single village; it might mean a village, a group of villages, a block or a district
- depending on the nature of the industry and the technology used. There are to be no pre-
conceived limitations or inhibitions of a doctrinaire or sentimental type in regard to such matters
as the use of power and technology. The aim and total long-term effect of rural industrialization
should be to convert the present lopsided purely agricultural communities into balanced agro-
industrial communities.”
13. SUGGESTIONS
Labor Intensive Techniques: As there is disguised unemployment in our agriculture sector,
labor intensive techniques should be adopted in rural industrial units.
Educate the Rural Entrepreneurs: Government and NGOs offered various schemes and
opportunity to the rural entrepreneurs. But they are unaware of these schemes and opportunities
due to their illiteracy. So they should to be educated by the conducting workshops and seminars
related to their business.
Offer finance with low rate of interest: Financial institutions like ICICI, SIDBI, IDBI, IFCI,
and SFC should provide finance to rural entrepreneurs with low rate of interest and limited
collateral security with liberal terms and conditions.
Government Role: Government should take steps to provide infrastructure, warehousing
facilities, offer assistance to marketing and to export the goods of rural entrepreneurs to foreign
countries.

Jaheeda Begum
Exploitation of Village resources: For example, where ever there is scope for wind and solar
energy, can be fully exploited for rural electrification.
Ancillary units: Several ancillary units should be established in rural areas which will lead to
better productivity of many engineering industries.
Micro credit schemes: Provisions should be made for micro credit system like SHGs to the
rural entrepreneurs who will boost up the economic development and employment generation
of the rural poor.
Past experiences and other observations should be considered to develop rural
entrepreneurship.
Market information of different products and innovative technology should be publicly
announced by the government in order to get its acceptance among the rural entrepreneurs.
Infrastructure facilities like land, power, raw materials and finance should be provided to the
rural entrepreneurs at concessional rates.
Credit Information of the rural entrepreneurs has to be developed so as to enable them to get
sufficient amount of loan from the banks at reasonable rate of interest.
SWOT Analysis: Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats of small businessmen
have to be identified and properly trained to motivate them to become entrepreneurs.
Innovators club should be established in villages to support the large mass of youth who are
interested in taking business as a career.
Marketing management skills should be improved among the rural entrepreneurs to face the
problems of entrepreneurship.
Management training is to be imparted to create awareness of innovative spirit among the
rural entrepreneurs.
Awards should be given to those entrepreneurs who demonstrate extraordinary success.
Entrepreneurship development cell should be established at all the villages level to provide
guidance and counseling to motivate the rural entrepreneurs regarding the use of modern
technology.
Separate financial fund for rural entrepreneurs should be provided by the Government. At the
same time they should be provided with adequate and timely financial assistance from all the
financial institutions and banks.
Special training programs for rural entrepreneurs in particular and in general for rural
population should be arranged by the Government to improve their knowledge and vocational
skills.
Rural youth need to be motivated to take up entrepreneurship as a career, with training and
sustaining support systems providing all necessary assistance.
Finance for Modernization: Sufficient finance must be given to modernize their outdated
technology, tools and implements in order to enable them to compete with the large-scale
industries.
Rural entrepreneur should more competitive and efficient in the local & international
market.
Successful rural entrepreneurs should show path for other rural entrepreneurs.
Several schemes and plans of government should be strongly executed at different levels for
the encouragement of rural entrepreneurs.
Interest free consumption credit should be provided by the Government, Banks and other
financial institutions to encourage buying the products produced by rural entrepreneurs.

Agriculture diversification by exploring the opportunities by farming completely a new range
of grains, fruits or vegetables.
Establishing agro-food processing units or related units like wine production, juice
production and many others.
Non-farm product business establishment by promoting local rural artisan work.
OPS (Opportunities, Problem identification& Solution) Approach: This approach helps an
entrepreneur especially neo-rural entrepreneur to explore opportunities include the scanning of
the environment to explore the possibilities to start the new venture or to support the already
established business in more professional manner. Identifying the exact nature of the problem
(External to the organization or internal to the organization? If problem of the business is related
with government policy it is external and if it is internal, it may be related with strategic issue
or operational issue or related with functional issues to set up an industrial unit), after
identification of the problem it is easier to utilize the opportunities available in the market to
explore further.
Encouraging the skilled and professional people who have left in the rural community to
come back in the main stream of the economic activities.
Reserve Certain Goods of Production exclusively for SSIs and their intelligent outsourcing
by the govt. to ensure maximum benefits.
There should be efficient regulated market for the marketing of rural products.
Grading, standardization should be promoted and promotional activities should be enhanced
for the benefit of rural industries.
To help to develop flexible manufacturing networks of co-operatives, micro and other
manufacturing businesses.
To develop and produce a particular product that none of the firms could manufacture alone
i.e., there should be link between them in the manufacture of that product.
To develop the ways and means by which diversify the product lines, markets and expand
distribution channel.
To promote co-operation between small firms in the network, thus promoting their
competitive efficiency.
To provide different services in the areas of finance, marketing, research and development.
To provide common services of daily matters in production and administration in order to
reduce transaction costs.
14. CONCLUSION
India still lacks the implementation of social innovation especially in rural areas. Some
preconditions as culture of social innovation and entrepreneurship, appropriate legal acts,
different financial sources, national and international networking of social innovators,
partnership between public sector, private sector and NGOs, involvement of target groups,
infrastructure for social innovation, effective control and monitoring of social innovation,
sufficient administrative skills are kept as essential for successful implementation of social
innovation policy and development of social enterprises in India. Rural areas are specific zones
for successful start of social entrepreneurial activity, but as the facts of research confirm
oriented actions are needed in the field. Entrepreneurs from rural areas are interested in creating
social enterprises. So, the first step in political level should be related to the issues of the Law
of Social entrepreneurship and social enterprises. Potential young social entrepreneurs are
willing to created new enterprises. The role of educational institutions, for example,
universities, remains important fostering the initiatives and actions. Further research in the field

Jaheeda Begum
might be developed comparing with different countries experience, for example, Italy, where
small business and entrepreneurship are more developed. As much as the authors want to pay
special focus on profitability analysis of social enterprises as much as risk assessment and
management issues. The development of social entrepreneurship in rural areas can have a
significant impact on their sustainable development by promoting entrepreneurial initiatives to
solve the severe socio-economic problems such as long-term unemployment, lack of
employment for disadvantaged people, integration, and employment of ethnic groups, a social
involvement of other people in a vulnerable position. To solve these issues, it is necessary to
create appropriate conditions for building social enterprises for successful integration and
sustainable tackling social exclusion and depopulation of rural areas. Social entrepreneurship
can improve the vitality of rural areas by providing new opportunities for diversification and a
more efficient use of local resources.
REFERENCES
[1] Annual Reports, Ministry of Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises, Government of India.
[2] Bortkeviciene V. (2014). Entrepreneurial competences implications for employability: ex-
pression and importance// Applied Research in Health & Social Sciences: Interface &
Interaction // Sveikatos ir Socialiniu Mokslu Taikomieji Tyrimai: Sandura ir Saveika. Vol. 11.
Iss. 1: 54–61.
[3] Dees, J. G. (1998). The meaning of social entrepreneurship. – Stanford: Draft report for the
Kauffman Center for Entrepreneurial Leadership.
[4] Dees, J. G., Anderson, B., Wei-Skillern, J. (2004). Scaling social impact // Stanford Social
Innovation Review. Vol. 4(1): 24–32.
[5] Greblikaitė, J. (2016). Development of Entrepreneurship in India: Becoming Social Entrepreneurs //
Entrepreneurship and Firm Performance. –New York: Nova Science’s Publishers. 81–92 p.
[6] Jaunimo verslumą skatinančių priemonių vertinimas (2012). LR Finansų ministerija. – http://
www.pwc.lt, www.vini.lt
[7] Mair, J., Marti, I. (2006). Social entrepreneurship research: A source of explanation, predic-
tion, and delight // Journal of World Business. Vol. 41: 36–44. –
https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230625655.
[8] Milius P, Sarkiene, J. (2008). Entrepreneurship Training for Innovative Start-Ups: The KTC
Case // Teaching Entrepreneurship. – Springer: PhysicaVerlag HD. 22–33 p.
[9] Socialinio verslo koncepcija (2015). LR Ūkio ministerija – http://www.ukmin.lt/uploads/doc-
uments/Verslo%20aplinka/Smulkus%20verslas/Socialinio_verslo_koncepcija_2015_%C4%A
F- sakymas.pdf. [2017 01 05].
[10] Startienė, G., Remeikienė R. (2012). Who becomes a self-employed? The case of India //
[11] Economic and Management. Nr. 17(1): 342–351. – https://doi.org/10.5755/j01.em.17.1.2288.
[12] Vveinhardt, J., Andriukaitiene, R. (2016). Diagnostics of management culture in order to im-
plement the concept of a socially responsible company: the case of a concern // Ekonomie a
management. Vol. 19. Iss. 3: 142–157.
[13] Vveinhardt, J., Andriukaitiene, R., Cunha, L. M. (2014). Social capital as a cause and conse-
quence of corporate social responsibility // Transformations in Business & Economics. Vol. 13:
No. 2A(32A): 483–505. – https://doi.org/10.15240/tul/001/2016-3-010.
[14] Weerawardena, J., Mort, S. G. (2006). Investigating social entrepreneurship: A multidimen-
sional model // Journal of World Business. Vol. 41: 21–35. –
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jwb.2005.09.001.

[15] Brijesh Patel and Kirit Chavda, “Rural Entrepreneurship in India: Challenges and Problems”,
International Journal of Advanced Research in Computer Science and Management Studies,
1(2), pp.28-37, 2013.
[16] D. Joel Jebadurai, “An Overview of Problems of Rural Entrepreneurs in India”, International
Journal of Advanced Research in Management and Social Sciences, 2(7), pp. 202-208, 2013.
[17] Dipanjan Chakraborty, “Socio-Economic Determinants of Growth of Rural Entrepreneurship in
Sonitpur District of Assam-An Empirical Study”, Journal of Behavioural Economics, Finance,
Entrepreneurship, Accounting and Transport, 2(1), pp. 26-34, 2014.
[18] H. Bhuvaneswari and S. Raju, “A Study on Rural Entrepreneurship with Sivaganga District”,
Global Journal for Research Analysis, 3(3), pp. 5-7, 2014
[19] P. Madhu Mohan Gandhi and S. Mohan, “Rural Entrepreneurship in India”, Tactful
Management Research Journal, 2(6), pp. 1-6, 2014.
[20] Kishor Choudhary. (2011), Effect of Globalization on Rural Entrepreneurship in India, Half
Yearly Global Economic Research Journal, ISSN 2249- 4081, Vol. I, Issue, pp. 88-92. Keyne,
J. (2000), “Rural Entrepreneurship Initiative”, Kauffman Centre for Entrepreneurial
Leadership, September Kumar A. “Rural industrialization in India: a strategy for rural
development” Mittal Publications, Delhi, 1989.
[21] Mehta, A. (2011), “Rural Entrepreneurship – A Conceptual Understanding with Special
Reference to Small Business in Rural India”, Elixir Marketing, Vol. 36
[22] Nandanwar Kalpana P. (2011), Role of Rural Entrepreneurship in Rural Development,
International Referred Research Journal, ISSN- 0974-2832, Vol. II, ISSUE-26, March.
[23] Petrin, T. (1994), “Entrepreneurship as an Economic Force in Rural Development”, Key Note
Paper presented at the 7th FAO / REU International Rural Development Summer School,
Herrsching, Germany, 8 – 14 September
[24] Rongsen, L. (1998), “Enterprises in Mountain-specific Products in Western Sichuan, China”, in
ADB / TA 3150-PRC: A Study on Ways to Support Poverty Reduction Projects, Final Report,
October
[25] Sharma, Swati and Vyas, Divya (2011), “Entrepreneurship in Rural India – A Need Analysis”,
International Journal of Business Economics and Management Research, Volume 2, Issue 4,
April
[26] Sandeep Saxena, “Problems Faced by Rural Entrepreneurs and Remedies to Solve It”, ISOR
Journal of Business and Management, 3(1), pp. 23-29, 2012.
[27] Santhi N. and Rajesh Kumar S. (2011), Entrepreneurship Challenges and Opportunities in India

Role of Social Entrepreneurship in Rural Development of India

Recomendados

Recomendados

Mais conteúdo relacionado

Mais procurados

Mais procurados (20)

Semelhante a Role of Social Entrepreneurship in Rural Development of India

Semelhante a Role of Social Entrepreneurship in Rural Development of India (20)

Mais de IAEME Publication

Mais de IAEME Publication (20)

Último

Último (20)

Role of Social Entrepreneurship in Rural Development of India