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Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Current Trends in Engineering and Management ICCTEM -2014 
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING 
17 – 19, July 2014, Mysore, Karnataka, India 
AND TECHNOLOGY (IJMET) 
ISSN 0976 – 6340 (Print) 
ISSN 0976 – 6359 (Online) 
Volume 5, Issue 9, September (2014), pp. 217-221 
© IAEME: www.iaeme.com/IJMET.asp 
Journal Impact Factor (2014): 7.5377 (Calculated by GISI) 
www.jifactor.com 
EVALUATION AND COMPARISON FOR FUEL PROPERTIES OF 
SIMAROUBA AND CALOPHYLLUM BIODIESEL 
1Abhishek V, 2Nithyananda B S, 3Anand A, 4Dr. G V Naveen Prakash 
1, 2, 3, 4(Department of Mechanical Engineering, Vidyavardaka college of Engineering, Mysore-570002, Karnataka, India) 
217 
ABSTRACT 
Diesel engines plays a pivotal role in the transportation sector as diesel engines have wide applications in 
transportation, from railways to waterways to roadways the diesel engine finds an application in every field. It can also 
be said that Diesel engine is a popular prime mover in rural areas, particularly in the places where electrical power is not 
available. The rapid depletion of fossil fuel with increased environmental concern has stimulated worldwide efforts to 
produce alternative to diesel. Biodiesel has recently become very attractive, because of its environmental benefits 
due to its production from renewable sources. Biofuels have become a matter of global importance because of 
the need for an alternative energy at a cheaper price and with less pollution. The objective of this paper is to investigate 
the fuel properties of biodesel extracted from simarouba and calophyllum seeds. The objective is achieved by 
transesterifying the oil using transesterification setup. The fuel properties are then investigated by using lab equipments 
which are validated with ASTM standards. 
Keywords: Calophyllum Oil, Simarouba Oil, Transesterification. 
1. INTRODUCTION 
A lot of work in this field has been already done and in many of the counties biodiesel is commercially in use. 
There are thousands of edible and non-edible oils that can be extracted on this planet as renewable source, as methyl 
esters of these oils possess different physical properties and chemical compositions. The esters also changes depending 
upon the oil as well as type of catalyst whether it is acid or base. The engine parameters like speed, set-up and Engine 
type will vary with different oil and its blend. 
Oil accounts for about 36 % of India's total energy consumption. India today is one of the top ten oil-guzzling 
nations in the world and the third largest oil user in Asia behind China and Japan. The oil production in India today is 
peaking at 45 million tonnes compared to its demand of 160 million tonnes, thereby relaying heavily on the net oil 
imports to meet up with the demand. It is estimated that by 2020 India’s net imports of oil will be at 92% compared to oil 
production of 8 %. Such dependency on imports for a primary energy source can put India in a vulnerable position in the 
future, major changes have to be made in order to avoid such situations, and biodiesels are one such option which can 
help a country like India in reducing its dependency on oil producing countries for its oil needs. 
2. OBJECTIVE 
The main objective of the study is to produce biodiesel from calophyllum and simarouba and compare the fuel 
properties for the blends of biodiesel. 
IJMET 
© I A E M E
Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Current Trends in Engineering and Management ICCTEM -2014 
17 – 19, July 2014, Mysore, Karnataka, India 
218 
3. METHODOLOGY 
 Oil extraction from seeds 
 Oil filtering 
 Estimation of 'FFA' percentage 
 Esterification/Transesterification process 
 Washing of biodiesel 
 Drying of biodiesel 
 Evaluation of properties of biodiesel. 
3.1 Fuel properties of Diesel, Calophyllum biodiesel and its blends. 
Table 1 shows the fuel properties of Diesel and Calophyllum biodiesel and its blends. Biodiesel blends of 
Calophyllum methyl esters with diesel on 5, 10, 15, 20 and 25% volume basis was prepared and fuel properties are 
measured following standard procedure. 
Table 1: Fuel properties of Diesel, Calophyllum biodiesel and its blends 
Properties Units Diesel B5 B10 B15 B20 B25 B100 
Viscosity Cst 2.32 2.68 2.73 2.82 2.90 2.98 5.81 
Density Kg/m3 806.0 812.2 817.9 823.1 827.9 834.9 864.0 
Flash point oC 52 58 61 64 66 69 160 
Fire point oC 61 66 68 72 75 77 175 
Calorific value KJ/Kg 43796 42920 42532 42060 41578 41072 37400 
3.2 Fuel properties of Diesel, Simarouba biodiesel and its blends 
Table 2 shows the fuel properties of Diesel and simarouba biodiesel and its blends. Biodiesel blends of 
simarouba methyl esters with diesel on 5, 10, 15, 20 and 25% volume basis was prepared and fuel properties are 
measured following standard procedure. 
Table 2: Fuel properties of Diesel, Simarouba biodiesel and its blends 
Properties Units Diesel B5 B10 B15 B20 B25 B100 
Viscosity Cst 2.32 2.45 2.68 2.80 2.83 3.07 5.3 
Density Kg/m3 806.0 825 827 829 831 836 867 
Flash point oC 52 56 60 64 67 69 163 
Fire point oC 61 64 67 70 74 78 175 
Calorific value KJ/Kg 43796 42870 42465 41960 41458 40907 37500 
4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 
The raw calophyllum oil having FFA of 32% is treated with two processes. The first process is esterification in 
which the Calophyllum oil is treated with concentrated sulphuric acid as catalyst to remove excess % of FFA. After 
esterification process the FFA of calophyllum is found to be 2.5%. This oil is taken into second process 
transesterification, where oil is treated with NaOH catalyst. This reduces the FFA to 0.86%. After processing through 
above two treatments the oil is washed with warm water and heated to 110oC to remove excess water in it. The dried oil 
is now free from all impurities. Then the processed Calophyllum oil is the biodiesel which further blended with diesel 
on a 5, 10, 15, 20 and 25% volume basis and fuel properties are determined using standard procedure. 
The raw simarouba oil having FFA of 3.08% is treated with one process. The oil is taken into 
Transesterification process where it is treated with NaOH catalyst reducing to 0.38%. By processing through the above 
treatment the oil is washed with warm water and heated to 110oC to remove excess water in it. The dried oil is now free 
from all impurities. Then the processed simarouba oil is the biodiesel which is further blended with diesel on a 5, 10, 
15, 20 and 25% volume basis and fuel properties are determined using standard procedure.
Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Current Trends in Engineering and Management ICCTEM -2014 
17 – 19, July 2014, Mysore, Karnataka, India 
4.1 Comparison of properties of simarouba and calophyllum 
Comparision for viscosity of calophyllum and 
simarouba biodiesel blends 
Fig.1: viscosity vs blends 
Comparision for density of calophyllum and simarouba 
Fig.2: Density vs Blends 
7 
6 
5 
4 
3 
2 
1 
880 
870 
860 
850 
840 
830 
820 
810 
800 
790 
780 
In Fig 1, the kinematic viscosity of different blends of simarouba and calophyllum biodiesel blends B5, B10, 
B15 B20, B25 are higher than the viscosity of diesel. But it is observed that the viscosity of calophyllum biodiesel is 
slightly higher than blends of simarouba biodiesel. 
The density of different blends of simarouba and calophyllum biodiesel is increased with the increase in blend 
percentage as shown in Fig 2.The high density of biodiesel can be reduced by heating. It is clear from above figure that 
density of calophyllum biodiesel is lesser than that of blends of simarouba biodiesel. 
The flash points of different blends of methyl esters are increased with the increase in methyl ester percentage as 
shown in Fig 3. It is also observed that the flash points of blends B5 and B10 are close to diesel.Also the flash point for 
different blends of calophyllum and simarouba are very close to each other. 
219 
0 
DIESEL B5 B10 B15 B20 B25 B100 
Viscosity Cst 
BLENDS 
CALLOPYLLUM SIMROUBA 
770 
DENSITY 
kg/m3 
 
biodiesel blends 
CALOPHYLLUM 
SIMAROUBA
Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Current Trends in Engineering and Management ICCTEM -2014 
17 – 19, July 2014, Mysore, Karnataka, India 
Comparision for flash point of calophyllum and simarouba 
Fig.3: Flash point vs blends 
180 
160 
140 
120 
100 
80 
60 
40 
20 
Comparision for fire point of calophyllum and simarouba 
Fig.4: Fire point vs blends 
200 
180 
160 
140 
120 
100 
80 
60 
40 
20 
The fire points of different blends of methyl esters are increased with the increase in methyl ester percentage 
as shown in Fig 4. It is also observed that the fire points of blends B5 and B10 are close to diesel. Also the fire point for 
different blends of calophyllum and simarouba are very close to each other. 
220 
0 
FIRE POINT0c 
biodiesel blends 
CALOPHYLLUM 
SIMAROUBA 
0 
FLASH POINT 
0c 
biodiesel blends 
CALOPHYLLUM 
SIMAROUBA
Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Current Trends in Engineering and Management ICCTEM -2014 
17 – 19, July 2014, Mysore, Karnataka, India 
Comparision for calorific value of calophyllum and 
simarouba biodiesel blends 
DIESEL B5 B10 B15 B20 B25 B100 
Fig.5: Calorific value vs blends 
46000 
44000 
42000 
40000 
38000 
36000 
34000 
CALORIFIC VALUE 
KJ/KG

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Evaluation and comparison for fuel properties of simarouba and calophyllum biodiesel

  • 1. Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Current Trends in Engineering and Management ICCTEM -2014 INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING 17 – 19, July 2014, Mysore, Karnataka, India AND TECHNOLOGY (IJMET) ISSN 0976 – 6340 (Print) ISSN 0976 – 6359 (Online) Volume 5, Issue 9, September (2014), pp. 217-221 © IAEME: www.iaeme.com/IJMET.asp Journal Impact Factor (2014): 7.5377 (Calculated by GISI) www.jifactor.com EVALUATION AND COMPARISON FOR FUEL PROPERTIES OF SIMAROUBA AND CALOPHYLLUM BIODIESEL 1Abhishek V, 2Nithyananda B S, 3Anand A, 4Dr. G V Naveen Prakash 1, 2, 3, 4(Department of Mechanical Engineering, Vidyavardaka college of Engineering, Mysore-570002, Karnataka, India) 217 ABSTRACT Diesel engines plays a pivotal role in the transportation sector as diesel engines have wide applications in transportation, from railways to waterways to roadways the diesel engine finds an application in every field. It can also be said that Diesel engine is a popular prime mover in rural areas, particularly in the places where electrical power is not available. The rapid depletion of fossil fuel with increased environmental concern has stimulated worldwide efforts to produce alternative to diesel. Biodiesel has recently become very attractive, because of its environmental benefits due to its production from renewable sources. Biofuels have become a matter of global importance because of the need for an alternative energy at a cheaper price and with less pollution. The objective of this paper is to investigate the fuel properties of biodesel extracted from simarouba and calophyllum seeds. The objective is achieved by transesterifying the oil using transesterification setup. The fuel properties are then investigated by using lab equipments which are validated with ASTM standards. Keywords: Calophyllum Oil, Simarouba Oil, Transesterification. 1. INTRODUCTION A lot of work in this field has been already done and in many of the counties biodiesel is commercially in use. There are thousands of edible and non-edible oils that can be extracted on this planet as renewable source, as methyl esters of these oils possess different physical properties and chemical compositions. The esters also changes depending upon the oil as well as type of catalyst whether it is acid or base. The engine parameters like speed, set-up and Engine type will vary with different oil and its blend. Oil accounts for about 36 % of India's total energy consumption. India today is one of the top ten oil-guzzling nations in the world and the third largest oil user in Asia behind China and Japan. The oil production in India today is peaking at 45 million tonnes compared to its demand of 160 million tonnes, thereby relaying heavily on the net oil imports to meet up with the demand. It is estimated that by 2020 India’s net imports of oil will be at 92% compared to oil production of 8 %. Such dependency on imports for a primary energy source can put India in a vulnerable position in the future, major changes have to be made in order to avoid such situations, and biodiesels are one such option which can help a country like India in reducing its dependency on oil producing countries for its oil needs. 2. OBJECTIVE The main objective of the study is to produce biodiesel from calophyllum and simarouba and compare the fuel properties for the blends of biodiesel. IJMET © I A E M E
  • 2. Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Current Trends in Engineering and Management ICCTEM -2014 17 – 19, July 2014, Mysore, Karnataka, India 218 3. METHODOLOGY Oil extraction from seeds Oil filtering Estimation of 'FFA' percentage Esterification/Transesterification process Washing of biodiesel Drying of biodiesel Evaluation of properties of biodiesel. 3.1 Fuel properties of Diesel, Calophyllum biodiesel and its blends. Table 1 shows the fuel properties of Diesel and Calophyllum biodiesel and its blends. Biodiesel blends of Calophyllum methyl esters with diesel on 5, 10, 15, 20 and 25% volume basis was prepared and fuel properties are measured following standard procedure. Table 1: Fuel properties of Diesel, Calophyllum biodiesel and its blends Properties Units Diesel B5 B10 B15 B20 B25 B100 Viscosity Cst 2.32 2.68 2.73 2.82 2.90 2.98 5.81 Density Kg/m3 806.0 812.2 817.9 823.1 827.9 834.9 864.0 Flash point oC 52 58 61 64 66 69 160 Fire point oC 61 66 68 72 75 77 175 Calorific value KJ/Kg 43796 42920 42532 42060 41578 41072 37400 3.2 Fuel properties of Diesel, Simarouba biodiesel and its blends Table 2 shows the fuel properties of Diesel and simarouba biodiesel and its blends. Biodiesel blends of simarouba methyl esters with diesel on 5, 10, 15, 20 and 25% volume basis was prepared and fuel properties are measured following standard procedure. Table 2: Fuel properties of Diesel, Simarouba biodiesel and its blends Properties Units Diesel B5 B10 B15 B20 B25 B100 Viscosity Cst 2.32 2.45 2.68 2.80 2.83 3.07 5.3 Density Kg/m3 806.0 825 827 829 831 836 867 Flash point oC 52 56 60 64 67 69 163 Fire point oC 61 64 67 70 74 78 175 Calorific value KJ/Kg 43796 42870 42465 41960 41458 40907 37500 4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The raw calophyllum oil having FFA of 32% is treated with two processes. The first process is esterification in which the Calophyllum oil is treated with concentrated sulphuric acid as catalyst to remove excess % of FFA. After esterification process the FFA of calophyllum is found to be 2.5%. This oil is taken into second process transesterification, where oil is treated with NaOH catalyst. This reduces the FFA to 0.86%. After processing through above two treatments the oil is washed with warm water and heated to 110oC to remove excess water in it. The dried oil is now free from all impurities. Then the processed Calophyllum oil is the biodiesel which further blended with diesel on a 5, 10, 15, 20 and 25% volume basis and fuel properties are determined using standard procedure. The raw simarouba oil having FFA of 3.08% is treated with one process. The oil is taken into Transesterification process where it is treated with NaOH catalyst reducing to 0.38%. By processing through the above treatment the oil is washed with warm water and heated to 110oC to remove excess water in it. The dried oil is now free from all impurities. Then the processed simarouba oil is the biodiesel which is further blended with diesel on a 5, 10, 15, 20 and 25% volume basis and fuel properties are determined using standard procedure.
  • 3. Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Current Trends in Engineering and Management ICCTEM -2014 17 – 19, July 2014, Mysore, Karnataka, India 4.1 Comparison of properties of simarouba and calophyllum Comparision for viscosity of calophyllum and simarouba biodiesel blends Fig.1: viscosity vs blends Comparision for density of calophyllum and simarouba Fig.2: Density vs Blends 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 880 870 860 850 840 830 820 810 800 790 780 In Fig 1, the kinematic viscosity of different blends of simarouba and calophyllum biodiesel blends B5, B10, B15 B20, B25 are higher than the viscosity of diesel. But it is observed that the viscosity of calophyllum biodiesel is slightly higher than blends of simarouba biodiesel. The density of different blends of simarouba and calophyllum biodiesel is increased with the increase in blend percentage as shown in Fig 2.The high density of biodiesel can be reduced by heating. It is clear from above figure that density of calophyllum biodiesel is lesser than that of blends of simarouba biodiesel. The flash points of different blends of methyl esters are increased with the increase in methyl ester percentage as shown in Fig 3. It is also observed that the flash points of blends B5 and B10 are close to diesel.Also the flash point for different blends of calophyllum and simarouba are very close to each other. 219 0 DIESEL B5 B10 B15 B20 B25 B100 Viscosity Cst BLENDS CALLOPYLLUM SIMROUBA 770 DENSITY kg/m3 biodiesel blends CALOPHYLLUM SIMAROUBA
  • 4. Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Current Trends in Engineering and Management ICCTEM -2014 17 – 19, July 2014, Mysore, Karnataka, India Comparision for flash point of calophyllum and simarouba Fig.3: Flash point vs blends 180 160 140 120 100 80 60 40 20 Comparision for fire point of calophyllum and simarouba Fig.4: Fire point vs blends 200 180 160 140 120 100 80 60 40 20 The fire points of different blends of methyl esters are increased with the increase in methyl ester percentage as shown in Fig 4. It is also observed that the fire points of blends B5 and B10 are close to diesel. Also the fire point for different blends of calophyllum and simarouba are very close to each other. 220 0 FIRE POINT0c biodiesel blends CALOPHYLLUM SIMAROUBA 0 FLASH POINT 0c biodiesel blends CALOPHYLLUM SIMAROUBA
  • 5. Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Current Trends in Engineering and Management ICCTEM -2014 17 – 19, July 2014, Mysore, Karnataka, India Comparision for calorific value of calophyllum and simarouba biodiesel blends DIESEL B5 B10 B15 B20 B25 B100 Fig.5: Calorific value vs blends 46000 44000 42000 40000 38000 36000 34000 CALORIFIC VALUE KJ/KG
  • 6. The calorific values of different blends of simarouba and calophyllum biodiesel are lesser than the calorific value of diesel as shown in Fig 5. The biodiesel blends B10 and B20 have calorific values closer to diesel. Calorific value of simarouba and calophyllum blends is almost same upto B15 and calorific value of simarouba is slightly higer than calophyllum biodiesel. 221 5. CONCLUSION The engine performance is highly influenced by the factors like viscosity, density and volatility of fuel. For biodiesel, these factors are mainly decided by the effectiveness of the transesterification process. The simarouba and calophyllum biodiesel can provide a useful substitute for diesel thereby reducing our dependency on foreign countries for oil and improving the economic scenario of our country. Based on the experimental investigation the following conclusions can be drawn. • Simrouba and calophyllum biodiesel blends can be directly used in diesel engines as an alternative fuel without any engine modification. • The fuel properties of different blends of biodiesel are nearer to the diesel and blends B5 ,B10 ,B15 and B20 is giving good results. • The fuel properties of biodiesel B100 are not in good agreement with the diesel so it is advisable not to use B100 biodiesel in CI engines. • The simarouba biodiesel shows better fuel properties than the calophyllum biodiesel up to blend B20. 6. REFERENCES [1] Y. V. V. Satyanarayana Murthy, “Performance of tobacco oil-based bio- diesel fuel in a single cylinder direct injection engine”, International Journal of the Physical Sciences Vol. 5(13), 2010, pp2066-2074. [2] Chincholkar Saurabh Srivastav, A Rehman, Savita Dixit and Atul Lanjewar, “Biodiesel as an alternative fuel for pollution control in diesel engine”, Asian J. Exp. Sci in 2005, pp13-22. [3] Rehman A, Pandey R K, Dixit S and Sarviya R M “Performance and Emission Evaluation of Diesel Engine Fueled with Vegetable Oil”, Int. J. Environ. Res,2008 pp463-470. [4] G Amba Prasad Rao and P Rama Mohan, “Performance Evaluation of DI and IDI Engines with Jatropha Oil based Biodiesel “IE (I) journal.MC, 2004, pp72. [5] Nithyananda B.S, Anand A Dr. G. V. Naveen Prakash, “Performance Study on Diesel Engine Using Different Blends of Neem Biodiesel”, International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA), ISSN: 2248-9622 Vol. 3, Issue 4, Jul-Aug 2013, pp.1778-1781.