Technical Prospects of Floating LNG
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GREEN TECHNOLOGY SOLUTIONS FOR DEEP SEA MINING LOGISTICS
- 1. SeaTech Trusted Solutions 0 GREEN TECHNOLOGY SOLUTIONS FOR DEEP SEA MINING LOGISTICS A Sea of Technology Mission Assurance of Optimum Performance with Design, Innovation & Technology. Vision A Sea of Technology Govinder Singh Chopra Managing Director - SeaTech Solutions International 13th December 2022
- 2. SeaTech Trusted Solutions 1 Contents Introduction 01 Integrated Logistics System 02 Lifecycle Costs Assessment 03 Green Technology Solutions 04 Conclusion 05
- 3. SeaTech Trusted Solutions 2 SeaTech Solutions I C E I n n o v a t i v e Customer-Ce nt ri c E x c e l l e n c e C O R E V A L U E S • Over 380 unique designs, 640 vessels sailing in 22 years • Consultancy and R&D • Customized Solutions • Green tech solutions for Decarbonisation / Digitalisation • Energy efficient designs meeting IMO 2030 targets Design Services Engineering Services Consultancy Services
- 4. SeaTech Trusted Solutions 3 Global Networks India •Mumbai •Kolkata •Visakhapatnam •Chennai •Delhi Germany Japan South Korea Myanmar China Vietnam Singapore (HQ) Thailand Australia Malaysia •Selangor •Johor USA *Future plan
- 5. SeaTech Trusted Solutions 4 Source: Maasmond Maritime World’s 1st Deep Sea Mining Vessel
- 6. SeaTech Trusted Solutions 5 Shipping to reduce annual average carbon intensity by at least 40% by 2030 compared to 2008 IMO GHG Strategy for Maritime Source: DNV GL(2018a) This IMO GHG strategy to be revised in 2023 2022
- 7. SeaTech Trusted Solutions 6 COP 27 Consensus Sharm El-Sherkh Implementation Plan Keep 1.5°C limit as per COP 26 Create fund for loss & damage from climate change Development banks to provide assistance Some countries demand to phase down all fossil fuels Next COP 28 in UAE November 2023
- 8. SeaTech Trusted Solutions 7 Basics of Green Low carbon footprint Lower energy demand Improve production rate Improve energy efficiency Lifecycle assessment Lower costs Customisation and optimisation
- 9. SeaTech Trusted Solutions 8 Basics of Integrated Logistics Source: Ecorys, 2014 Activities Phases 1a. Locating 1b. Sampling 1c. Drilling 2a. Resource modelling 2b. Reserve estimation 2c. Reporting codes 3a. Excavation 3b. Pre- processing (either ROV/vessel) 3c. Stock and dispatching 3d. Vertical transport 3e. Surface operation 3f. Support vessel 4a. Sea transport 4b. Terminal Operations 4c. Storage 4d. Land transport 5a. Comminution 5b. Classification 5c. Separation 5d. Tailings handling 5e. Metal extraction 1. Exploration 2. Resource assessment, evaluation and planning 3. Extraction, lifting and surface operations 4. Offshore and onshore logistics 5. Processing 6. Distribution and sales Integrated logistic system
- 10. SeaTech Trusted Solutions 9 Green Objectives for the Logistic Chain Source: e-flux Journal – Mining the Deep Sea GREEN EFFICIENCY LOWER OPEX • Mineral production rate to be maximised • Energy consumption to be minimised • Energy efficiency to be maximised • TLF to be minimised • Net zero GHG emissions • Seabed to refinery • Entire process from extraction to consumption • Lifecycle costs to be minimised
- 11. SeaTech Trusted Solutions 10 Integrated Logistic System
- 12. SeaTech Trusted Solutions 11 SUPPLIES / MAINTAINANCE SERVICES Seabed (MINING SITE) Production vessel Storage vessel Transport vessel Shore storage Refinery Road / rail Guidelines for Key Issues of Consideration Logistics and Maintenance • Definition of optimal maintenance cycles, planning of regular and emergency maintenance operations (transportation, inventory, etc.) • Planning of food and fresh water supply logistics Handling (Offshore) • Identify requirements for storage containers for ores onboard (e.g. transport moisture limitations, oxidation discharges) • Design of pipes/conveyors for safe loading of vessels in harsh weather conditions • Estimate downtimes • Planning of safe and efficient loading processes • Coverage for sediments to prevent oxidations Transport (Deposit – Port) • Capacity optimisation and transport planning: barge specifics, storage, transport • Barge “buy or charter” Handling (Port) • Development of guidelines for all port operations, e.g. environmental hazards, wastes and discharge • Contracting port operator and needed areas • Design barge unloading and truck loading equipment with respect to capacity needs • Define hardstand areas for stockpiles and covers Transport (Port – Mine) • Capacity optimisation and transport planning • Dump truck specification and “buy or charter” decision • Assessment of guidelines for transporting polymetallic sulphides • Analysis of safety and environment risk Storage • Estimation of production rates and design of logistics networks towards customers DSM Logistics / Supply Chain Source: Sustainable Seabed Mining: Guidelines and a new concept for Atlantis II Deep, 2012
- 13. SeaTech Trusted Solutions 12 Seabed to Production Vessel Lifting system Floating platform / production vessel Ship to ship transfer Transportation from/to production vessel Transport of ores to shore Supply/ Consumable to production vessel Crew Transfer for production vessel Integrated logistics Integrated Logistic System
- 14. SeaTech Trusted Solutions 13 Production Vessel 1. Mining of ores 2. Transport lifting system 3. Return of seawater to seabed 4. Processing and storage of ore on vessel 5. Ship-to-ship transfer of ores to storage vessel Transport Vessel 6. Transport of ores to shore Source: Nautilus Minerals Logistics
- 15. SeaTech Trusted Solutions 14 Lifecycle Costs Assessment
- 16. SeaTech Trusted Solutions 15 Lifecycle Costs Assessment • Multiple scenarios, all meeting required production rates • All meeting lower carbon footprint and GHG emission limits • Value engineering • Establish cost relationships and unit costs • Estimate costs for each element • Costs at present value future costs discounted to present value • Optimise for lowest cost residual cost Lifecycle costs Investment Operational costs Maintenance and replacement costs Disposed costs Lifetime
- 17. SeaTech Trusted Solutions 16 Major Cost Elements and Factors Affecting Cost • Required Power • Size of Vessel • Newbuild or Conversion • Dedicated or Generic • Operating Manpower • Material Handling • Mining Equipment / LARS • Vertical lift system • Dynamic Positioning Source: Nautilus Minerals
- 18. SeaTech Trusted Solutions 17 CAPEX Marine Mining Equipment Seafloor Production Tools (SPT) Riser And Lift System (RALS) Dewatering Plant (DWP) Typical Capital Cost Structure Seafloor production tools 25% Riser and lifter system 27% Dewatering plant 7% Marine 41%
- 19. SeaTech Trusted Solutions 18 OPEX Vessels PSV OPEX Financing Costs (Interest Payments) Running Costs Support Services Insurance Manning Directs Indirect Stores and Consumables Repair and Maintenance Scheduled Unscheduled Fuel ROV Charter PSV Bareboat Time Charter Combi Vessel Time Charter Mining Equipment Logistics (including Marine) 64% Ore Treatment & Refining 24% Mining Equipment 12% Source: NTNU, 2016 (Modified) Typical Operating Cost Structure
- 20. SeaTech Trusted Solutions 19 Crew Cost, 20% Fuel , 35% Vessel Bareboat Charter, 45% Optimisation for Reduced Marine Operating Costs Automation / digitalisation will reduce crew costs Fuel efficiency will reduce costs Fuel efficiency will reduce GHG emission
- 21. SeaTech Trusted Solutions 20 Green Technology Solutions
- 22. SeaTech Trusted Solutions 21 Green Solutions for Marine Design Customisation Reduced Total Logistic System Costs Green Solution Customized or Standard? Benefits of using standard or generic Customised and optimised solutions One size does not fit all
- 23. SeaTech Trusted Solutions 22 1. Properties of minerals to be mined 2. Mining and lifting process 3. Water depth 4. Distances from shore 5. Daily production rate 6. Shore refining capacity rate 7. Mineral Storage Capacity 8. Size and frequency of transport vessels 9. Operating Crew Complement 10. Level of automation rate 11. Maximum Excursion Limits for DP Critical Variables for Logistics System Optimisation
- 24. SeaTech Trusted Solutions 23 Green Solutions Scenario 1 Vessel 1 Mining Vessel 2 Storage Vessel 3 Transportation Vessel 4 Accommodation Barge Scenario 2 Vessel 1 Mining + Storage + Accommodation Vessel 2 Transportation Minimise energy demand Large energy consumers • Mining machines • Lifting ores up to surface • Dynamic positioning Optimise energy requirement
- 25. SeaTech Trusted Solutions 24 Lifting Methods pipe lifting system (PLS) Source: Sustainability of Deep Sea Mining Transport Plans, 2019 Production Rate Lifting Method Less than 800 ton/h CLB Greater than 800 ton/h PLS continuous line bucket lifting system (CLB)
- 26. SeaTech Trusted Solutions 25 Transport Efficiency • Transport Efficiency inverse of TLF • Transport performance, 𝐸𝑇 = 𝐹𝑝𝑎𝑦𝐿, where 𝐹𝑝𝑎𝑦 is payload weight, 𝐿 is transport distance • TLF (Transport Loss Factor) is ratio of mechanical energy required to overcome the friction and the transport performance, TLF= 𝐸𝑀 𝐸𝑇 • The lifting system for small particles consumes less energy and lower TLF. Source: Analysis of a Green Transport Plant for Deep Sea Mining Systems, 2018 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.005 0.01 0.015 0.02 0.025 0.03 0.035 0.04 0.045 0.05 TLF Particle diameter (m)
- 27. SeaTech Trusted Solutions 26 Energy Consumption For Lifting System • Energy consumption in the rigid pipe is the major energy consumptions in lifting system • Energy consumption will increase if lifting particle diameter is increasing • The lower the mineral volumetric concentration, the lesser the energy consumed, but lower production rate • Energy consumption depends on the production rate and method of lifting Source: Analysis of a Green Transport Plant for Deep Sea Mining Systems, 2018 0 20 40 60 80 Rigid Pipe Collecting machine Grinding machine Others (dewatering machine, pipe conveyor) Energy Consumption, % Energy Consumption in Lifting System
- 28. SeaTech Trusted Solutions 27 Green Solutions Innovate & optimise mining and lifting process Handle solid components only? Energy efficiency will be greatly improved by eliminating energy consumption in lifting up seawater ‘Do minimum’ – with least power & disturbance Reduce demands of the supporting ship Design the riser system to ‘tolerate’ more ship excursion, thereby saving energy spent on maintain vessel position. (Green DP)
- 29. SeaTech Trusted Solutions 28 Alternative / Future fuel for lower GHG emissions Fuel Efficiency for Low GHG Emissions Energy requirements are high (Fuel approximately 100 ton/day) Electrification for integrated power optimisation Carbon capture on shore for net zero
- 30. SeaTech Trusted Solutions 29 Electrification for Integrated Power Optimisation • Integrate power optimisation system • Manage the energy consumption to the operation profile • Facilitates automation • Operate internal combustion engine at optimum fuel efficiency • Lower maintenance of an electric power plant
- 31. SeaTech Trusted Solutions 30 Operating Profile Dynamic Positioning, 30% Dynamic Positioning, 30% 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% Mining Operation Cargo Discharge Power Demand Principal Modes of Operation 76% 80%
- 32. SeaTech Trusted Solutions 31 Energy Storage Systems (ESS) A powerhouse for ship efficiency and low/zero emission targets without changing vessel operations FREQUENCY & VOLTAGE REGULATION ELIMINATE BLACKSTART SHORT TERM TRANSIT- 100% ELECTRIC PROPULSION OPTIMIZE BOLLARD PULL POWER ON-STATION DYNAMIC LOAD MANAGEMENT UPS FOR HOTEL, NAV, EMERGENCY EQUIPMENT EMERGENCY GENERATOR PEAK SHAVING- ACHIEVE OPTIMUM AVERAGE FUEL CONSUMPTION IN ALL MODES DELIVER LAG-FREE CONTROLS REACTION Ref: SHIFT ENERGY
- 33. SeaTech Trusted Solutions 32 Semi dynamic positioning Spread mooring Thruster assist Dynamic Positioning
- 34. SeaTech Trusted Solutions 33 Alternative Fuels Availability Infrastructure & Storage Maturity of Technology Energy Density Price Green Credentials VLSFO/MGO LNG LPG Methanol Bio-fuels / e- fuels Ammonia Hydrogen Positive Partial Negative
- 35. SeaTech Trusted Solutions 34 Conclusion Green no longer an OPTION Regulatory push for green Integrated seabed to refinery logistics Green lowers life cycle cost Carbon credits & carbon tax Future ready green solutions Green makes business sense
- 36. SeaTech Trusted Solutions 35 Email: info@SeaTechSolutions.com Website: www.SeaTechSolutions.com MALAYSIA │ SINGAPORE │ INDIA │ MYANMAR │ THAILAND │ JAPAN │ VIETNAM │ CHINA │ SOUTH KOREA │ AUSTRALIA │ GERMANY “The activist is not the man who says the river is dirty. The activist is the man who cleans up the river. ”
