IHA Congress 2011 - Session 4a - Hydropower's greenhouse gas footprint: where's the truth?

1. Session 4a Wednesday 15 June, 3.30-5pm Hydro’s greenhouse gas footprint: where is the truth? Chair: Moderator: Victor Pochat, UNESCO Joel A Goldenfum, IHA Panellists: Jorge Damazio, CEPEL Paul Jacobson, EPRI Tormod Schei, Statkraft Alain Tremblay, HydroQuebec Vincent Chanudet, EDF Marco Aurélio dos Santos, UFRJ

2. Session 4a Wednesday 15 June, 3.30-5pm All human activities have a GHG footprint. Freshwater reservoirs are no exception

3. Session 4a Wednesday 15 June, 3.30-5pm All human activities have a GHG footprint. Freshwater reservoirs are no exception lack of scientific consensus on how to assess the GHG status of freshwater reservoirs

4. Session 4a Wednesday 15 June, 3.30-5pm Negative perception on Hydro After: Philip Fearnside Danny Cullenward Alexandre Kemenes Nature 444|30 Nov 2006

5. Session 4a Wednesday 15 June, 3.30-5pm Negative perception on Hydro "As these trees become inundated by these upstream reservoirs, they die and they release their carbon that they've been sequestering for hundreds, if not thousands of years,” James Cameron, director of Avatar (http://edition.cnn.com/2010/SHOWBIZ/04/20/james.cameron.rain.forest/index.html)

6. Session 4a Wednesday 15 June, 3.30-5pm What are the reasons for this bad perception ? worst cases generalized conclusions majority of the available literature data: large gross emissions from young reservoirs, including natural and unrelated anthropogenic sources, conducting to overestimates of the GHG emissions.

7. Session 4a Wednesday 15 June, 3.30-5pm The concept of NET GHG EMISSIONS Change in GHG emissions caused by the creation of a reservoir. Differencebetween scenarios WITHand WITHOUT the reservoir (portion of the river basin influenced by the reservoir)

8. Session 4a Wednesday 15 June, 3.30-5pm Complexity of the processes involved

9. Session 4a Wednesday 15 June, 3.30-5pm Complexity of the processes involved

10. Session 4a Wednesday 15 June, 3.30-5pm Where is the carbon coming from ? Internal + External Sources ?

14. Session 4a Wednesday 15 June, 3.30-5pm Efforts developed so far

15. Session 4a Wednesday 15 June, 3.30-5pm Session 4a Wednesday 15 June, 3.30-5pm The panellists

16. Session 4a Wednesday 15 June, 3.30-5pm Session 4a Wednesday 15 June, 3.30-5pm The panellists Dr. Jorge Damazio, Project Manager CEPEL Brazil

17. Session 4a Wednesday 15 June, 3.30-5pm Session 4a Wednesday 15 June, 3.30-5pm The panellists Dr. Paul T. Jacobson Program Manager, Waterpower Environment Sector, Electric Power Research Institute USA

18. Session 4a Wednesday 15 June, 3.30-5pm Session 4a Wednesday 15 June, 3.30-5pm The panellists Tormod A. Schei Climate Policy - Statkraft Corp, Norway IPCC Expert

19. Session 4a Wednesday 15 June, 3.30-5pm Session 4a Wednesday 15 June, 3.30-5pm The panellists Dr. Alain Tremblay, Senior Advisor, Hydro Quebec Production (Generation) Canada

20. Session 4a Wednesday 15 June, 3.30-5pm Session 4a Wednesday 15 June, 3.30-5pm The panellists Dr. Vincent CHANUDET Environmental Projects EDF Hydro Engineering Centre France

21. Session 4a Wednesday 15 June, 3.30-5pm Session 4a Wednesday 15 June, 3.30-5pm The panellists Dr. Marco Aurelio dos Santos, Assistant Professor COPPE, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

22. Session 4a Wednesday 15 June, 3.30-5pm Session 4a Wednesday 15 June, 3.30-5pm The panellists

23. Session 4a Wednesday 15 June, 3.30-5pm The key topics Key topic 1: International and national initiatives to assess the GHG emissions from freshwater reservoirs Key topic 2: The ramifications for greenhouse gas inventories and calculated offsets Key topic 3: Examples of application

24. Session 4a Wednesday 15 June, 3.30-5pm Hydro’s greenhouse gas footprint: where is the truth? Key topic 1: International and national initiatives to assess the GHG emissions from freshwater reservoirs Dr. Jorge Damazio, Project Manager CEPEL Brazil Paul T. Jacobson, Ph.D. Program Manager, Waterpower Environment Sector, Electric Power Research Institute USA

25. Session 4a Wednesday 15 June, 3.30-5pm Hydro’s greenhouse gas footprint: where is the truth? Key topic 1: International and national initiatives to assess the GHG emissions from freshwater reservoirs The IEA-Hydro Initiative Hydropower Agreement Annex XII and how it relates to the UNESCO/IHA GHG Project Dr. Jorge Damazio, Project Manager CEPEL Brazil

26. IEA Hydro Annex XII: Hydropower and the Environment Task 1: Managing the Carbon Balance of Freshwater Reservoirs IHA WORLD CONGRESS Foz do Iguaçu, Brazil Jun 2011 Jorge Machado Damazio DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY OPTIMIZATION AND ENVIRONMENT ELECTRIC ENERGY RESEARCH CENTER

28. The IEA Implementing Agreement for Hydropower Technologies and Programmes (IEA Hydro) started in 2009 a Annex XII Task on “Managing the Carbon Balance in Freshwater Reservoirs”

29. Through a comprehensive work program

30. increase knowledge on processes connected to reservoir GHG emissions,

31. establish best practice guidelines for planning studies on the carbon balance in reservoirs,

32. standardize GHG flux evaluation methods and

34. Brazilleads the initiative with CEPEL as the Project Manager

35. Work by universities and research institutions from ExCo member countries.

36. Brazil: CEPEL, COPPE-UFRJ, UFJF, UFPR, UFPA, USP, IIEGA, INPE, LACEN

37. Finland: Finnish Forest Research Institute

38. Japan: Environmental Science Research Laboratory, CRIEPI

39. USA: Oak Ridge National Laboratory

41. Field Measurements

42. Data Base Raw data edition interface Documentation insertion interface

44. Volume 1: Guidelines for the Quantitative Analysis of Net GHG Emissions from Reservoirs

45. Volume 2: Modeling

46. Since February 2009 four Annex meetings + fourworkshops (including HYDRO 2009, in Lyon, FR, and HYDRO 2010, Lisbon)

47. Volume 1 to be sent for peer-review in October 2011.

48. Field measurements started and scheduled to 2011-2012

49. Reservoir modeling tools - completed in 2012

50. Volume 2: Modeling completion 2012

51. Guidelines to manage GHG emissions, drafted end of 2012

53. Field knowledge benefits from UNESCO-IHA 2010 Guidelines publication

54. It correctly remember us a number of problems still without established procedures – ex: how to consider equivalence between different GHGs

55. Firmness of scientific basis enhanced by the publication

57. Session 4a Wednesday 15 June, 3.30-5pm Hydro’s greenhouse gas footprint: where is the truth? Key topic 1: International and national initiatives to assess the GHG emissions from freshwater reservoirs Reactions and discussion

58. Session 4a Wednesday 15 June, 3.30-5pm Hydro’s greenhouse gas footprint: where is the truth? Key topic 2: The ramifications for greenhouse gas inventories and calculated offsets What are the recent developments in the IPCC understanding on GHG emissions from reservoirs? Tormod A. Schei Climate Policy - Statkraft Corp, Norway IPCC Expert

59. The IPCC Special Report on Renewable Energy Sources and Climate Change Mitigation Findings regarding GHG from hydropower reservoirs Tormod A. Schei, CLA Hydropower june, 2011

60. 37 The process 2006: process initiated 2008: ”Scoping” -140 experts and scientist Structure, topics, list of contents decided 2009: - First of 7 meetings of Lead Authors (CLAs/LAs) 2011: 9th of may – Report adopted Consensus on content > 120 authors > 350 external experts – comments, inputs, corrections, 2 rounds 194 governments and their experts – 2 rounds 24 766 comments ~ 2000 comments – hydro chapter alone ~ 4000 referred papers/reports Treatment of the individual comment published online Hydropower

62. This could assist in keeping concentrations of greenhouse gases at 450 parts per million.

63. This could contribute towards a goal of holding the increase in global temperature below 2 degrees Celsius – an aim recognized in the United Nations Climate Convention's Cancun Agreements.

64. At the end of 2010 concentrations where 390 ppm

67. The concept of ”small” and ”large” hydro rejected

68. Hydropower – a continuum in scaleHydropower

69. Reservoirs Research and Field surveys involving 14 universities and 24 countries: All freshwater systems, whether they are natural or manmade, emit GHGs due to decomposing organic material. They also bury some carbon in the sediments In some cases, natural water bodies and freshwater reservoirs absorb more CO2 than they emit. However: High gross emissions have been shown – for some reservoirs 41

70. Mitigating climate change 42 Hydropower

71. 43 Reservoirs Figure SPM.8. | Estimates of lifecycle GHG emissions (g CO2-eq / kWh) for broad categories of electricity generation technologies, plus some technologies integrated with CCS. Land-use related net changes in carbon stocks (mainly applicable to biopower and hydropower from reservoirs) and land management impacts are excluded; …………..

72. 44 The concept of net emissions acknowledged Only gross emissions assessed “Characterizing a reservoir as a net emitter of GHGs --- is an area of active research and currently without consensus “ The SRREN defines net emissions as : Gross emissions minus pre-impoundment emissions and minus unrelated anthropogenic sources (UAS) “(i.e., excluding unrelated anthropogenic sources and pre-existing natural emissions)”

73. The CDM Power density indicator, PDI (W/m2) Eligibility for CDM credits Storage Hydro treated differently from other RE and Run of River The PDI state the level of GHG based on installed capacity and surface area of reservoir 45

74. 46 The CDM Power density indicator, PDI (W/m2) “There is little link, however, between installed capacity, the area of a reservoir and the various biogeochemical processes active in a reservoir.” “Hypothetically, two identical storage HPPs would, according to the PDI, have the same emissions independent of climate zones or of inundated biomass and carbon fluxes.” “As such, the PDI rule may inadvertently impede the development of socially beneficial hydropower projects, while at the same time supporting less beneficial projects”

75. 47 Thank you for listening !

76. Mitigating freshwater scarcity Freshwater scarcity Today about 700 million people By 2035 about three billion people 45,000 large dams world wide ~75% built for irrigation, flood control, navigation, urban water supply schemes ~25% for used for hydropower alone – or as multipurpose reservoirs Multipurpose hydropower – e.g. water supply, irrigation, flood control, navigation, recreation, tourism, etc. – and energy Need for dams creating available water – the HPP as enabling financial mechanism 48

77. Session 4a Wednesday 15 June, 3.30-5pm Hydro’s greenhouse gas footprint: where is the truth? Key topic 2: The ramifications for greenhouse gas inventories and calculated offsets Reactions and discussion

78. Session 4a Wednesday 15 June, 3.30-5pm Hydro’s greenhouse gas footprint: where is the truth? Key topic 3: Examples of application Dr. Alain Tremblay, Senior Advisor, Hydro Quebec Production (Generation) Canada Dr. Vincent CHANUDET Environmental Projects EDF Hydro Engineering Centre France Dr. Marco Aurelio dos Santos, Assistant Professor COPPE, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

79. Session 4a Wednesday 15 June, 3.30-5pm Hydro’s greenhouse gas footprint: where is the truth? Key topic 3: Examples of application How is HydroQuebec addressing the issue of Net GHG emissions assessments? Dr. Alain Tremblay, Senior Advisor, Hydro Quebec Production (Generation) Canada

84. Boreal reservoirs = Low GHG emitters

87. Session 4a Wednesday 15 June, 3.30-5pm Hydro’s greenhouse gas footprint: where is the truth? Key topic 3: Examples of application The Nam Theun 2 Project and its relation to the UNESCO/IHA GHG Research Project Dr. Vincent CHANUDET Environmental Projects EDF Hydro Engineering Centre France

89. GHG emissions

90. Hydrobiology

92. 36 sampling stations

93. More than 70 measured parameters

94. ≈ 5000 results per month

96. 3D process based model

97. Extended monitoring (e.g. hydrobiology)

98. Measurements on other Lao reservoirsHow muchistoomuch ??

99. Session 4a Wednesday 15 June, 3.30-5pm Hydro’s greenhouse gas footprint: where is the truth? Key topic 3: Examples of application The Brazilian experience Dr. Marco Aurelio dos Santos, Assistant Professor COPPE, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

100. StudywithEletrobras/MinistryofSciencyandTechnology – 1998/1999 Average Bubble Emission CO2 CH4 Average Diffusive Emission CO2 CH4

101. Studywith Furnas – Carbon Balance of Furnas Reservoirs – 2003/2008 (5 yearsproject)

102. EmissionsatFurnas ReservoirsStudied

105. PreImpoundmentStudies – Belo Monte ReservoirArea

106. Session 4a Wednesday 15 June, 3.30-5pm Hydro’s greenhouse gas footprint: where is the truth? Key topic 3: Examples of application Reactions and discussion

107. Session 4a Wednesday 15 June, 3.30-5pm Hydro’s greenhouse gas footprint: where is the truth? Take-home messages from the panellists Jorge Damazio, CEPEL Paul Jacobson, EPRI Tormod Schei, Statkraft Alain Tremblay, HydroQuebec Vincent Chanudet, EDF Marco Aurélio dos Santos, UFRJ

108. Session 4a Wednesday 15 June, 3.30-5pm Hydro’s greenhouse gas footprint: where is the truth? Wrap-up Dr. Joel A. Goldenfum, Project Manager – UNESCO/IHA GHG Project IHA

110. difficult to have a representative sample of existing and planned reservoirs;

112. Hydro’s greenhouse gas footprint: where is the truth? Field Data from a RANGE of representative reservoirs Scientific Research

113. Hydro’s greenhouse gas footprint: where is the truth? Cooperative efforts Data sharing Intellectual property Data ownership Confidentiality Capacity Building