1. URBANIZATION & FUNCTIONALIST
VIEW.
Presented by: HUZAIFA MUSHTAQ.
(1611-312003)
Presented to: Ma’am NASREEN IQBAL.

2. URBAN AREA
An urban area is characterized by higher population density and
vast human features. Urban includes Cities, towns etc..
 There are about 7.1 billion people living on the planet.
 In 2009, the number of people living in urban areas (3.42 billion)
surpassed the number living in rural areas (3.41 billion) and since
then the world has become more urban than rural.
 Urban areas are created and further developed by the process
of URBANIZATION.

3. URBAN AREA

4. URBANIZATION
Urbanization (or urbanisation) is the increasing number of
people that live in urban areas.
It predominantly results in the physical growth of urban
areas.
The world is now undergoing with the largest wave of
urban growth in history.
Cities generate jobs and income. With good governance,
they can deliver education, health care and other services.

6. URBANIZATION
 Migration is a significant contributor to urbanization, as
people move in search of social and economic opportunity.
 By 2050 it is predicted that 64.1% and 85.9% of the
developing and developed world respectively will be
urbanized.
 Indeed, today, in Asia the urban agglomerations of Dhaka,
Karachi, Mumbai, Delhi, Manila, Seoul and Beijing are each
already home to over 20 million people.

8. ADVANTAGES OF URBANIZATION
 Growth in industrial productions: The production in various
industrial sectors like cement, iron and steel, textile, fertilizers etc.,
are helping in the economic growth of the country.
 Development in tourism industries: People from foreign countries
are attracted to good cities and towns having better transport
facilities. Tourism is a good source of foreign currency for a country.
 Improvement in Science, Culture etc.: Urban places are the
meeting point of all good facilities. Education, science and technology
developments take place in urban places improving the society as a
whole.

9. DIS-ADVANTAGES OF URBANIZATION
 The rapid inflows of rural population to urban places give rise to housing
problem and thus slums are developed in these places.
 The decrease in rural population effects the agricultural productions due
to shortage of workers in rural areas.
 The unemployment increases in urban areas. Due to the various criminal
activities, corruption etc. increases affecting the law and order system.

10. EXAMPLES OF SLUMS

12. FUNCITONALIST VIEW
Focuses on how changes in one aspect of social system affect
other aspects of society. It includes:
I. HUMAN ECOLOGY.
II. URBAN ECOLOGY.

13. HUMAN ECOLOGY
Human ecology is the relationship between humans and
their natural, social, and built environments.

14. URBAN ECOLOGY
Urban ecology is the scientific study of the relation of living
organisms with each other and their surroundings in the
context of an urban environment.

15. FUNCTIONALIST VIEW
There are 3 basic theories in it ;
1) Concentric-zone theory.
2) Demographic transition theory.
3) Multiple-nuclei theory.

16. CONCENTRIC-ZONE THEORY
 The Central Business District - the center of the city.
 A zone of mixed use with both commercial buildings and
residential ones.
 Working class housing; housing is cheap, standard of living is not
very high.
 Higher and Middle class residential zone; Better quality of life,
more expensive to live there.
 Commuter zone.

17. CONCENTRIC MODEL
# 1
CONCENTRIC
MODEL# 2

18. DEMOGRAPHIC-TRANSITION THEORY
 The changes in population growth rates and the effect on
population can be shown on the demographic transition
model/theory.
 In developed countries this transition began in the 18th century
and continues today.
 Less developed countries began the transition later and many are
still in earlier stages of the model.
 Having 4 main stages, 1 added recently.

19. STAGE 1: BIRTH RATE AND DEATH RATE ARE
BOTH HIGH. POPULATION GROWTH IS SLOW.
- Stage one of the demographic transition model is the most primitive
of the stages where there is a high birth and death rate.
- Because of this there is no great population growth.
- These countries or even tribes have very basic living standards such as
those in the Amazon rainforest.
- Where they hardly have any education, medicaments.

20. STAGE 2: BIRTH RATE REMAINS HIGH. DEATH
RATE IS FALLING. POPULATION BEGINS TO RISE
STEADILY
- In this stage of the demographic transition model there are a lot of
births, however the death rate has gone down.
- This results in a rise in population due to the fact that more infants
are surviving.
- Reasons for which more people may be surviving may be better
health care, improved sanitation such as water etc…

21. STAGE 3: BIRTH RATE STARTS TO FALL. DEATH RATE
CONTINUES TO FALL. POPULATION RISING.
- Stage three is the stage at which there is already a low death
rate as well as a declining birth rate;
therefore leading to a slight increase in population.
- The reason for the fall in births may be due to family
planning.

22. STAGE 4: DEATH & BIRTH RATE BOTH LOW
- Stage four is the one at which Switzerland is.
- There is a stable population without much change
because both the death and birth rate are low.

23. STAGE 5
- A country such as Sweden is currently entering into the
negative growth rate meaning that there are less births
than deaths.
- So that the country's population size is decreasing leading
to problems.

24. 5 STAGES OF DEMOGRAPHIC
TRANSITION THEORY

25. MULTIPLE-NUCLEI THEORY.
The model describes the layout of a city.
The core of multiple-nuclei theory is the observation that;
different activities (industry, retailing, residence) have different
location priorities and special needs, such as access to
transportation networks, water power.