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PARAFILARIA & DIROFILARIA IMMITIS  HEARTWORM
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],General morphology of  Dirofilaria family -- 1
General morphology of  Dirofilaria family-- 2  ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],1 pair—post cloacal 2 pairs ---  lateral & posterior to cloacal opening 3 to 4 pairs –  near the tip of tail ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
General morphology of  Dirofilaria family -- 3 Female-- ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Microfilaria-- Accurately larvae are described on the basis of fixed points like  NR nerve ring ; Ex.P excretory pore ; Ex C excretory cell ; G1 ; G2 ;  G3 ; G4 genital cell 1, 2 , 3, 4 resp. ; A P anal pore ; L T C last tail cell FOR  D. immitis [found in dog & % Distance from the  Ant. End] 82 92.9 79.4 75.4 74.1 67.9 38.6 32.5 23.8 AP LTC G4 G3 G2 G1 EC EP NR
Morphology of  D. immitis :
Dirofilaria immitis microfilaria. (From Soulsby, E.J.L. 1969).  Dirofilaria immitis microfilaria morphology
Dirofilaria immitis   - microfilaria   Note the tapered anterior end. In most specimens you will see  a straight body and straight  or slightly curved) tail.  The width is > 6 um.
Microfilaria Microfilarial stage  as seen @  400X magnification [wiki-image] 1 st  stage microfilaria  in blood smear.
Scanning electron micrograph of tail of  D. immitis  showing alae. Under electron microscope
Kingdom  Animalia  (animals)  Eumetazoa  (metazoans) Bilateria  (bilaterally symmetrical animals)        Protostomia  (protostomes)  Ecdysozoa          Phylum  Nematoda  (nematodes)                   Class  Secernentea                   Order  Spirurida               Superfamily  Filarioidea                Family  Filariidae                  Genus  Dirofilaria                  Species  Dirofilaria immitis   Systemic classification of   D. immitis Kingdom:  Animalia Phylum:  Nematoda Class:  Secernentea Order:  Spirurida Family:  Filariidae Genus:  Dirofilaria Species:  Dirofilaria immitis
Different species of  Dirofilaria: Black bears Yamaguti [1941] D.Urci Subcut recoons Chandler[1942] D.Tenuis Subcut, IM CT, Pelvic region of wallabies & kangroo Linstow[1605] D. romeri Human Addario[1885] D. Conjuctivae Monkey Linstow[1899] D.Corynods Subcut tissues of dogs Railliet & Henry [1911] D. repens
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Development ….2
Life Cycle  pattern of  D.   immitis ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Life Cycle of  D.   immitis
The  male  mosquito  does not  bite The  female  mosquito  bites Male & female mosquito responsible for Heartworm Entomological sketches
A female mosquito blood feeding. Mosquitoes serve as intermediate hosts of other parasites such as Dirofilaria immitis the dog and cat heartworm and  Plasmodium species causing malaria in humans and birds. They are also vectors of  viruses  causing yellow fever and  encephalitis. Mosquito responsible for Dirofilariosis feeding on skin …..
PATHOGENESIS ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Diagnosis……1 ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Diagnosis……2 ,[object Object],[object Object],Clinical Signs of Heartworm Disease    ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
A, Thoracic radiograph from a cat with mild radiographic signs of heartworm disease. Note the right caudal pulmonary artery (arrow). The arrow is located in the ninth intercostal space, the site for comparison of the ninth rib with the pulmonary artery (right or left side).  If the pulmonary artery is greater than 1.6 times the size of the rib, it is suggestive of heartworm disease  (Schafer and Berry, 1995). B, Thoracic radiograph obtained from a more severely affected cat. Note the alveolar infiltrate in the caudal lung lobes. (From Schafer M, Berry CR: Cardiac and pulmonary artery mensuration in feline heartworm disease. Vet Radio Ultrasound 36:499, 1995.)   Diagnosis from X-ray….[feline]
Ascites is a fluid build up in the abdomen  seen in late stages of Heartworm Disease.  Ascites  Diagnosing the Canine Heartworm……
Worm load  in the canine heart See the worms protruding out from ventricular walls to be more specific from Interventricular septum & from the bas of the heart. This is  level 5  of worm load – the higher level.
Canine heart ….cut open See the length of worms. These are oriented from apex to the base. It gives idea about the morphology of worm.  University of Kansas
ECG of  Normal  & Inverted T-wave Inverted   T wave Normal T wave                     
 
Treatment ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Control ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Zoonotic aspects of  D.immitis D.immitis  is not important from zoonotic point of view.  However in some cases signs of respiratory infections are seen. But in most of such cases the parasite dies shortly as it enters  the lung of the human being. The granuloma is formed  around dead worms as it is being killed & absobed.  Many times this granuloma resembles with lung cancer on X-ray & biopsy is done for confirmation.  D. Tenuis ---- raccoons ---- eye infections D. Repens ---- dogs [Italy] ---- subcutaneous infections
PARAFILARIA Parafilaria multipapillosa   (Condamne & Drouilly ; 1878)   ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Parafilaria bovicola  (de Jesus ; 1934) ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Parafilaria antipini  (Rukhiadev ; 1947)   Indofilairia patabiramani  (Alwar ,  Seneviratna , Gopal   1959)  show same symptoms as  Parafilaria bovicola  (de Jesus ; 1934).
Life Cycle  pattern of  Parafilaria ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Treatment Nitroxynil  20 mg/kg  repeated after 72 hrs High doses of levamisol , fenbendazole  4-5 days
References :- ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Thank you… Sarang S. Desai V/05/0170 Guided by- Dr. Parampalle Department of Parasitology

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1003127 heart-worm

  • 1. PARAFILARIA & DIROFILARIA IMMITIS HEARTWORM
  • 2.
  • 3.
  • 4.
  • 5. Morphology of D. immitis :
  • 6. Dirofilaria immitis microfilaria. (From Soulsby, E.J.L. 1969). Dirofilaria immitis microfilaria morphology
  • 7. Dirofilaria immitis  - microfilaria Note the tapered anterior end. In most specimens you will see a straight body and straight or slightly curved) tail. The width is > 6 um.
  • 8. Microfilaria Microfilarial stage as seen @ 400X magnification [wiki-image] 1 st stage microfilaria in blood smear.
  • 9. Scanning electron micrograph of tail of D. immitis showing alae. Under electron microscope
  • 10. Kingdom Animalia (animals) Eumetazoa (metazoans) Bilateria (bilaterally symmetrical animals)       Protostomia (protostomes) Ecdysozoa        Phylum Nematoda (nematodes)               Class Secernentea               Order Spirurida            Superfamily Filarioidea              Family Filariidae              Genus Dirofilaria              Species Dirofilaria immitis Systemic classification of D. immitis Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Nematoda Class: Secernentea Order: Spirurida Family: Filariidae Genus: Dirofilaria Species: Dirofilaria immitis
  • 11. Different species of Dirofilaria: Black bears Yamaguti [1941] D.Urci Subcut recoons Chandler[1942] D.Tenuis Subcut, IM CT, Pelvic region of wallabies & kangroo Linstow[1605] D. romeri Human Addario[1885] D. Conjuctivae Monkey Linstow[1899] D.Corynods Subcut tissues of dogs Railliet & Henry [1911] D. repens
  • 12.
  • 13.
  • 14.
  • 15. Life Cycle of D. immitis
  • 16. The male mosquito does not bite The female mosquito bites Male & female mosquito responsible for Heartworm Entomological sketches
  • 17. A female mosquito blood feeding. Mosquitoes serve as intermediate hosts of other parasites such as Dirofilaria immitis the dog and cat heartworm and Plasmodium species causing malaria in humans and birds. They are also vectors of viruses causing yellow fever and encephalitis. Mosquito responsible for Dirofilariosis feeding on skin …..
  • 18.
  • 19.
  • 20.
  • 21. A, Thoracic radiograph from a cat with mild radiographic signs of heartworm disease. Note the right caudal pulmonary artery (arrow). The arrow is located in the ninth intercostal space, the site for comparison of the ninth rib with the pulmonary artery (right or left side). If the pulmonary artery is greater than 1.6 times the size of the rib, it is suggestive of heartworm disease (Schafer and Berry, 1995). B, Thoracic radiograph obtained from a more severely affected cat. Note the alveolar infiltrate in the caudal lung lobes. (From Schafer M, Berry CR: Cardiac and pulmonary artery mensuration in feline heartworm disease. Vet Radio Ultrasound 36:499, 1995.) Diagnosis from X-ray….[feline]
  • 22. Ascites is a fluid build up in the abdomen seen in late stages of Heartworm Disease. Ascites Diagnosing the Canine Heartworm……
  • 23. Worm load in the canine heart See the worms protruding out from ventricular walls to be more specific from Interventricular septum & from the bas of the heart. This is level 5 of worm load – the higher level.
  • 24. Canine heart ….cut open See the length of worms. These are oriented from apex to the base. It gives idea about the morphology of worm. University of Kansas
  • 25. ECG of Normal & Inverted T-wave Inverted T wave Normal T wave                    
  • 26.  
  • 27.
  • 28.
  • 29. Zoonotic aspects of D.immitis D.immitis is not important from zoonotic point of view. However in some cases signs of respiratory infections are seen. But in most of such cases the parasite dies shortly as it enters the lung of the human being. The granuloma is formed around dead worms as it is being killed & absobed. Many times this granuloma resembles with lung cancer on X-ray & biopsy is done for confirmation. D. Tenuis ---- raccoons ---- eye infections D. Repens ---- dogs [Italy] ---- subcutaneous infections
  • 30.
  • 31.
  • 32.