Basic info about the European Enlightenment ...

1. Age of Reason and
Enlightenment
• 1650-1815 = Age of Reason
• 1700-1789= Enlightenment

3. • Scientific Revolution
precedes the
Enlightenment…..
• WHO WERE some of
these scientists ??

4. Scientific Revolution
• Copernicus
• Vesalius
• Francis Bacon
• Galileo
• Keplar
• Harvey
• Descartes
• Boyle
• Leeuwenhoek
• Newton

5. Copernicus: Polish astronomer
• Sun is the center of the
universe: Heliocentric
Theory
• 1473-1543
• Contrary to church
teachings that the earth
was the center of the
universe and the church
was the center of the
Earth

7. Kepler
• 1571-1630
• German astronmer
• Planets follow elliptical,
not a circular orbit when
revolving around the
sun
• Important for satellite
development

8. Galileo
• 1564-1642
• Law of falling bodies
• Improved telescope
• Confirmed Copernican Theory
• In March 1610, he “The Starry
Messenger”, revealing his discoveries
that the moon was not flat and
smooth, but a sphere with mountains
and craters.
• He found Venus had phases like the
moon, proving it rotated around the
sun. He also discovered Jupiter had
revolving moons, which didn’t
revolve around the earth.

9. Francis Bacon
• English scientist
• 1561-1564
• Scientific Method
• Observation and
experimentation

10. Descartes
• 1596-1650
• French scientist
• Discoverer of analytic
geometry
• Laws of optics
• Famous quote:
COGITO ERGO SUM
• I think, therefore I am

12. Vesalius
• Flemish physician
• 1514-1564
• Dissected human bodies
• Founder of anatomy

14. Harvey
• 1578-1657
• English physician
• Blood circulation

15. Boyle
• 1627-1691
• English chemist
• Discovered laws of
GASES
• Fundamental to modern
chemistry

16. Leeuwenhoek
• 1632-1723
• Dutch
• Perfected the
microscope

17. Isaac Newton
• 1642-1727
• English mathematician
• Astronomer
• Law of Gravity
• Laws of motion

18. The Characteristics of the
Enlightenment
1.1. RationalismRationalism  reason is thereason is the
arbiter of all things…..NOT RELIGIONarbiter of all things…..NOT RELIGION
2.2. CosmologyCosmology  is the study of theis the study of the
origin, evolution, and fate of the universeorigin, evolution, and fate of the universe
AND Man’s PLACE in the UNIVERSEAND Man’s PLACE in the UNIVERSE
3.3. SecularismSecularism  application of theapplication of the
methods of science to religion &methods of science to religion &
philosophy.philosophy.

19. The Characteristics of the
Enlightenment
4.4. Scientific MethodScientific Method
 Mathematical analysisMathematical analysis
 ExperimentationExperimentation
 Inductive reasoning.Inductive reasoning.
5.5. UtilitarianismUtilitarianism  the greatest goodthe greatest good
forfor
the greatest number.the greatest number.
6.6. ToleranceTolerance  No opinion is worthNo opinion is worth
burning your neighbor for.burning your neighbor for.

20. 7.7. Optimism & Self-ConfidenceOptimism & Self-Confidence
 The belief that man is intrinsicallyThe belief that man is intrinsically
good.good.
 The belief in social progress.The belief in social progress.
8.8. FreedomFreedom
 Of thought and expression.Of thought and expression.
 Bring liberty to all men (modernBring liberty to all men (modern
battle against absolutism).battle against absolutism).
8.8. Education of the MassesEducation of the Masses

21. The Characteristics of the
Enlightenment
10.10.Legal ReformsLegal Reforms
 Justice, kindness, and charityJustice, kindness, and charity  nono
torture or indiscriminanttorture or indiscriminant
incarceration.incarceration.
 Due process of law.Due process of law.
 Cesare BECCARIACesare BECCARIA
11.11.ConstitutionalismConstitutionalism
 Written constitutionsWritten constitutions  listinglisting
citizens, rightscitizens, rights

22. The Origins of
Enlightenment?► SCIENTIFICSCIENTIFIC::
 Science allowedScience allowed
alternatives to bealternatives to be
imagined inimagined in
everything fromeverything from
politicspolitics
to religion.to religion.

23. William Blake’s Newton,
1795

24. The Royal Academy of Sciences,
Paris

25. Zoology & Biology
A dissection at the Royal Academy,A dissection at the Royal Academy,
London.London.

26. Chemistry Labs & Botany
Gardens

27. Natural History Collections
► Cocoa plantCocoa plant
drawing.drawing.
► Sir HansSir Hans
SloaneSloane
(1660-1753).(1660-1753).
► Collected fromCollected from
Jamaica.Jamaica.

28. Natural History Collections
James Petiver’s BeetlesJames Petiver’s Beetles
(London apothecary)(London apothecary)

29. Private Collections
The Origins of Modern Museums.The Origins of Modern Museums.

41. The Origins of
Enlightenment?► RELIGIOUSRELIGIOUS::
 physico-theologyphysico-theology –– anan
attemptattempt
(inspired by science) to explain God’s(inspired by science) to explain God’s
Providence by reference to hisProvidence by reference to his work inwork in
naturenature & not primarily through his biblical& not primarily through his biblical
Word.Word. support of a “rational”support of a “rational”
religion, free from mysteries,religion, free from mysteries,
miracles, and superstitions.miracles, and superstitions.

42. The Origins of
Enlightenment?► RELIGIOUSRELIGIOUS::
 DeismDeism
V The belief in the existence of aThe belief in the existence of a
God or supreme being but aGod or supreme being but a
denial of revealed religion,denial of revealed religion,
basingbasing
one’s belief on theone’s belief on the lightlight ofof
naturenature
and reasonand reason..
 Deists saw no point in any particularDeists saw no point in any particular
religion; they recognized only areligion; they recognized only a distantdistant
GodGod, uninvolved in the daily life of man., uninvolved in the daily life of man.

43. The Origins of
Enlightenment?► RELIGIOUSRELIGIOUS::
 PantheismPantheism
V The belief that God andThe belief that God and
nature are one and the same.nature are one and the same.

44. Centers of the Enlightenment

45. The “Enlightened” Individual The
Philosophe
► Not really original thinkers as a whole, butNot really original thinkers as a whole, but
were great publicists of the new thinkingwere great publicists of the new thinking 
CHANGE & PROGRESS!CHANGE & PROGRESS!
► They were students of society who analyzed itsThey were students of society who analyzed its

46. The “Great Debate”
Reason
& Logic
Reason
& Logic
Traditions
and
Superstitions
Traditions
and
Superstitions
 rationalismrationalism
 empiricismempiricism
 tolerancetolerance
 skepticismskepticism
 DeismDeism
 Science =Science =
TruthTruth
 nostalgia fornostalgia for
thethe
pastpast
 organizedorganized
religionsreligions
 Religion =Religion =
TruthTruth
 irrationalismirrationalism
 emotionalismemotionalism

47. John Locke (1632-1704)
► Letter onLetter on
TolerationToleration,,
16891689
► Two Treatises ofTwo Treatises of
GovernmentGovernment,,
16901690
► Some ThoughtsSome Thoughts
ConcerningConcerning
EducationEducation, 1693, 1693

48. John Locke’s Philosophy (I)
► The individual must become aThe individual must become a
“rational“rational
creature.”creature.”
► Virtue can be learned andVirtue can be learned and
practiced.practiced.
► Human beings possess free will.Human beings possess free will.
 they should be prepared for freedom.they should be prepared for freedom.
 obedience should be out of conviction,obedience should be out of conviction,
not out of fear.not out of fear.
► Legislators owe their power to aLegislators owe their power to a contractcontract
with the peoplewith the people..
► Neither kings nor wealth are divinely ordained.Neither kings nor wealth are divinely ordained.

49. John Locke’s Philosophy (II)
► There are certain natural rightsThere are certain natural rights
that are endowed by God to allthat are endowed by God to all
human beings.human beings.
 life, liberty, property!life, liberty, property!
► The doctrine of the DivineThe doctrine of the Divine
Right of Kings was nonsense.Right of Kings was nonsense.
► He favored a republic as theHe favored a republic as the
best form of government.best form of government.

50. Subscriptions to Diderot’s
Encyclopedie

51. Thomas Paine (1737-1809)
► CommonCommon
SenseSense, 1776, 1776
► The RightsThe Rights
of Manof Man,,
17911791

52. The American “Philosophes”
John AdamsJohn Adams
(1745-1826)(1745-1826) Ben FranklinBen Franklin
(1706-1790)(1706-1790)
ThomasThomas
JeffersonJefferson
(1743-1826)(1743-1826)
……...…life, liberty, and the pursuit of...…life, liberty, and the pursuit of
happiness…………...happiness…………...

53. Voltaire (1712-1778)
► AKAAKA  FrancoisFrancois
Marie Arouet.Marie Arouet.
► I may not agreeI may not agree
with what you havewith what you have
to say,to say,
but I will defendbut I will defend
to the death yourto the death your
right toright to
say it.say it.
►

54. Edward Gibbon (1737-1794)
 He pointed outHe pointed out
problems withproblems with
contemporary Englandcontemporary England
► The Decline andThe Decline and
Fall of the RomanFall of the Roman
EmpireEmpire (6 volumes),(6 volumes),
1787.1787.

55. The Baron de Montesquieu (1689-
1755)
►On the SpiritOn the Spirit
ofof
LawsLaws, 1758, 1758
►Three types ofThree types of
government:government:
 Monarchy.Monarchy.
 Republic.Republic.
 Despotism.Despotism.
A separation ofA separation of
political powerspolitical powers
ensured freedom andensured freedom and
liberty.liberty.

56. Jean Jacques Rousseau (1712-
1778)
► ManMan
naturallynaturally
good, butgood, but
corrupted bycorrupted by
civilizationcivilization
► ““SocialSocial
Contract”Contract”
argues thatargues that
Govt. aGovt. a
necessarynecessary

57. ROUSSEAU
• “EMILE”. A book
written by ROUSSEAU
about education…..
– Education should be
about self
expression….not
REPRESION….
– Learn by doing and not
just by reading books

58. Rousseau’s Philosophy (II)
 Virtue exists in the ”state ofVirtue exists in the ”state of
nature,” but lost in “society.”nature,” but lost in “society.”
 Government must preserve “virtue”Government must preserve “virtue”
andand
”liberty.””liberty.”
 Man is born free, yet everywhere he is inMan is born free, yet everywhere he is in
chains.chains.
 The concept of theThe concept of the ”Noble Savage.””Noble Savage.”
 Liberty, Equality, Fraternity.Liberty, Equality, Fraternity.
 Civil libertyCivil liberty  invest ALL rights andinvest ALL rights and
liberties into a society.liberties into a society.

59. Rousseau’s Philosophy (III)
► InIn The Social ContractThe Social Contract::
 The right kind of political orderThe right kind of political order
could make people truly moral andcould make people truly moral and
free.free.
 Individual moral freedom could beIndividual moral freedom could be
achieved only by learning to subjectachieved only by learning to subject
one’s individual interests to theone’s individual interests to the
““General WillGeneral Will.”.”
 Individuals did this by entering into aIndividuals did this by entering into a
social contract not with their rulers,social contract not with their rulers,
but with each other.but with each other.
V This social contract was derivedThis social contract was derived
from human nature, not fromfrom human nature, not from

60. PopularizinPopularizin
gg
thethe
EnlightenmeEnlightenme

61. A Parisian Salon

62. Madame Geoffrin’s Salon

63. Denis Diderot (1713-1784)
►All thingsAll things
must bemust be
examined,examined,
debated,debated,
investigatedinvestigated
withoutwithout
exception andexception and
withoutwithout
regard forregard for

64. Subscriptions to Diderot’s
Encyclopedie

65. Diderot’s Encyclopédie

66. The Encyclopédie
► Complete cycle ofComplete cycle of
knowledge…………...…knowledge…………...…
change the general way ofchange the general way of
thinking.thinking.
► 28 volumes.28 volumes.
► Alphabetical, cross-referenced,Alphabetical, cross-referenced,
illustrated.illustrated.
► First published in 1751.First published in 1751.
► 15001500 livreslivres a set.a set.

67. Pages from Diderot’s
Encyclopedie

68. Pages from Diderot’s
Encyclopedie

69. Pages from Diderot’s
Encyclopedie

70. Subscriptions to Diderot’s
Encyclopedie

71. Reading During the
Enlightenment►Literacy:
 80%%% o/o for men; 60 o/o women.80%%% o/o for men; 60 o/o women.
► Books were expensive (one day’sBooks were expensive (one day’s
wages).wages).
► Many readers for each book (20 : 1)Many readers for each book (20 : 1)
 novels, plays & other literature.novels, plays & other literature.
 journals, memoirs, “private lives.”journals, memoirs, “private lives.”
 philosophy, history, theology.philosophy, history, theology.
 newspapers, political pamphletsnewspapers, political pamphlets..

72. An Increase in Reading

73. An Increase in Reading

74. “Must Read” Books of the Time

75. ““EnlightenedEnlightened
Despotism”Despotism”

76. Frederick the Great of Prussia (r.
1740-1786)
► 1712 -– 1786.1712 -– 1786.
► Succeeded his father,Succeeded his father,
Frederick William IFrederick William I
(the “Soldier King”).(the “Soldier King”).
► He saw himselfHe saw himself
as theas the “First“First
Servant of the State.”Servant of the State.”

77. Catherine the Great (r. 1762-
1796)
► GermanGerman
Princess.Princess.
► 1729 -– 1796.1729 -– 1796.

78. 1767:1767: Catherine summons theCatherine summons the
LegislativeLegislative
CommissionCommission..
1768-1774:1768-1774: Russo-Turkish WarRusso-Turkish War..
1771-1775:1771-1775: Pugachev RebellionPugachev Rebellion isis
suppressed.suppressed.
1772: First partition of Poland.1772: First partition of Poland.
1785:1785: Charter of NobilityCharter of Nobility..
1793: Second partition of Poland.1793: Second partition of Poland.
Reformer? OR Despot?

79. Reformer? OR Despot?

80. The Partitions of Poland
--
17721772
--
17931793
--
17951795

81. Russian Expansionism in the
Late 18c

82. Joseph II of Austria (r. 1765-
1790)
► 1741 -– 1790.1741 -– 1790.
► His motherHis mother
waswas
MariaMaria
Theresa.Theresa.

83. Habsburg Family Crest

84. 1772: First partition of Poland.1772: First partition of Poland.
1778-1779: He failed to annex Bavaria to Austrian lands.1778-1779: He failed to annex Bavaria to Austrian lands.
1781: Declared the1781: Declared the Toleration PatentToleration Patent..
1781:1781: Abolition of serfdom and feudal duesAbolition of serfdom and feudal dues..
1785: He failed to exchange the Austria1785: He failed to exchange the Austria
Netherlands for Bavaria.Netherlands for Bavaria.
1787-1792: Austria joined Russia in the Russo-Turkish1787-1792: Austria joined Russia in the Russo-Turkish
War, but little was gained.War, but little was gained.
1795: Third partition of Poland.1795: Third partition of Poland.
Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor

85. Joseph II of Austria

86. The Legacy of the
Enlightenment?
1.1. The democratic revolutions begunThe democratic revolutions begun
in America in 1775 and andin America in 1775 and and
especially in Paris in the lateespecially in Paris in the late
1780s, put every Western1780s, put every Western
government on the defensive.government on the defensive.
2.2. Reform, democracy, andReform, democracy, and
republicanism had been placedrepublicanism had been placed
irrevocably on the Westernirrevocably on the Western
agenda.agenda.

87. The Legacy of the
Enlightenment?
3.3. New forms of civil society arose –--New forms of civil society arose –--
clubs, salons, fraternals, privateclubs, salons, fraternals, private
academies, lending libraries, andacademies, lending libraries, and
professional/scientificprofessional/scientific
organizations.organizations.
4.4. 1919cc
conservatives blamed it forconservatives blamed it for
the modern “egalitarian disease”the modern “egalitarian disease”
(once reformers began to criticize(once reformers began to criticize
established institutions, theyestablished institutions, they
didn’t know where and when todidn’t know where and when to

88. The Legacy of the
Enlightenment?
5. Theoretically endowed with full5. Theoretically endowed with full
civil and legal rights, thecivil and legal rights, the
individualindividual had come into existencehad come into existence
as a political and social force to beas a political and social force to be
reckoned with.reckoned with.