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Semelhante a Globalization: A Concise History
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Globalization: A Concise History
- 2. Globalization in its literal sense is the process of transformation of local phenomenon into global ones. A process by which the people of the world are unified into a single society and function together.
- 3. The term globalization is quite new, widely introduced and commonly used only in the late 1980s/early 1990s.
- 4. International Monetary Fund (IMF) identified four basic aspects of globalization: trade and transactions, capital and investment movements, migration and movement of people and the dissemination of knowledge.
- 5. • One division of its history is done by Thomas L. Friedman, who divides globalization‟s history in three parts. Globalization 1 1492 - 1800 Globalization 2 1800 - 2000 Globalization 3 2000 - present
- 6. However, a more popular division is done by A.G.Hopkins, who has divided the history into three Archaic Modern parts, as well. Globalization Globalization Earliest forms 1800s – 1600s present Protoglobalizatio n 1600 - 1800
- 7. Earliest forms – 1600s States began to interact and trade with others within close proximity as a way to acquire coveted goods that were considered a luxury. Merchants became connected and aware of others. The spread of goods, commodities and cultures to other regions.
- 8. Prerequisites There were three main prerequisites for globalization to occur. Eastern Origins • West adapts ideas and principles from the East. Distance • Difficult to wander too far away. • Interaction in Asia, Middle East, North Africa, Europe. Inter• States became dependenc dependent on each other. y
- 9. Archaic Globalization The result of increased interaction. Universalizing of kingship – Traveling men found prized possessions from far away lands. Trading & desire Pilgrimages – for better health Increased – Spices, precious exchange of cultures, especi stones, medicin ally. al drugs were exchanged.
- 10. Trade Routes and Empires Three major trade routes: Silk road, Syria to Baghdad route and the route through Egypt. There were two major empires; the Roman and the Chinese empires that were specifically influential in trade.
- 11. Silk Route
- 12. As a Result Mapping came of age by around, with increasingly accurate representations of Asia, Europe and much of Africa. Long distance travel resulted in caravans for protection of goods and a common rate of exchange for trading, eventually leading to banking.
- 13. As a Result Printing press by Johannes Gutenberg made books cheaper and easily accessible. Secular books were printed. More information dissemination lead to Renaissance and developments in all fields of life. Christopher Columbus discovers the “New World.” Johannes Gutenberg
- 14. Phase of increasing trade links and cultural exchange that characterized the period immediately preceding the advent of so-called 'modern globalization' in the 19th century.
- 15. This period is marked by trade arrangements (East India Company), the shift of domination to Western Europe, the rise of larger-scale conflicts between powerful nations and rise of new commodities.
- 16. Changes in Trade and Wars Switch from inter-nation trading of rarities to the trading of commodities. Shift of expansionism by large nations to Western Europe, nations began competing in an effort to achieve world domination. Anglo-Dutch Wars • Between England and Holland • 1652 - 1654 French and Indian Wars • Between Britain and France • Ended in 1763 American Revolutionary War • Between England and thirteen colonies of N.America • 1775 - 1783
- 17. Atlantic Slave Trade One of the main reasons for the rise of commodities was the rise in the slave trade, specifically the Atlantic slave trade. Due to increase in production, labor shortage rose and so did the use of slaves. The Atlantic slave traders, ordered by trade volume, were: the Portuguese, the British, the French, the Spanish, the Dutch, and the Americans. Current estimates are that about 12 million were slaves
- 19. As a Result Rise in commodity trade lead to a rise in plantation economy. Colonies were formed and that resulted in exchange of culture especially in the Americas. Global Disease increased. Exchange of food items.
- 20. As a Result New technologies were invented as the need arose. Guns, and particularly the naval cannon, played a major role. Increasing the size and versatility of ocean-going ships was a key gain. Calculation of direction and speed of wind and ship. Better and more efficient printing presses.
- 21. 1800 present Also known as contemporary globalization. Industrial Shaped Revolution gave it a jump start. by 19th century Imperialism. Transport Revolution.
- 22. After WWII, Bretton Woods Conference took place where the framework of international monetary policy, commerce and finance was laid. This lead to the founding of several international institutions intended to facilitate economic growth and lowered trade barriers. Lead to the formation of GATT and later, WTO.
- 23. UNO Created after failure of League of Nations in 1945. Platform for all countries in the world to discuss all aspects of government. • Health, politics, economics. • International Labor Organization. • Universal Declaration of Human Rights.
- 24. Internet and its effects Internet facilitated the expansion of the movement toward a global village. Creation of cheaper, faster and easier means of communication, the provision of a vast pool of information. E-commerce. Created a “global audience.” Social media - Focus now on individual contact.
- 25. As a Result Exports nearly doubled from 8.5% from total Gross World Product in 1970 to 16.2% in 2001. Aviation became affordable to middle classes in developed countries in the „70s. 1990 – the growth of low – cost communication networks accelerated the rate of communication between countries.
- 26. As a Result In late 19th and early 20th century the connectivity of the world‟s economies and cultures grew. Exchange of various commodities and ideas that were unique to one culture, became accessible to others. Rise of the East. Diseases – the SARS virus spread between three continents at an alarming speed.
- 28. Thank you!!