CHAPTER 10: PERSONALITY
PSY 200 Jsrcc

PERSONALITY
• Is a pattern of enduring, distinctive thoughts, emotions, and behaviors that
characterize the way an individual adapts to the world.
• Is “an individual’ unique constellation of consistent behavioral traits

PSYCHODYNAMIC PERSPECTIVE
• Personality emphasize that personality is primarily unconscious (that is,
beyond awareness).

ICEBERG ANALOGY
• The conscious mind is the part of the iceberg above water; the unconscious
mind, the part below water. Notice that the id is totally
unconscious, whereas the ego and the superego can operate at either the
conscious or the unconscious level
• structures the id, the ego, and the superego

DIVISIONS OF THE PERSONALITY
• Id
• Consists of unconscious drives and is the individual's reservoir of sexual energy. This “it” is a pool
of amoral and often vile urges pressing for expression
• The primitive, instinctive component of personality that operates according to the pleasure
principle
• Ego
• Freudian structure of personality that deals with the demands of reality
• The decision-making component of personality that operates according to the reality principle
• Superego
• is the harsh internal judge of our behavior
• The moral component of personality that incorporates social standards avout what represents
right and wrong
• The superego is reflected in what we often call conscience and evaluates the morality of our
behavior

DEFENSE MECHANISMS
• Defense Mechanisms
• are tactics the ego uses to reduce anxiety by unconsciously distorting reality.
• Examples
• Displacement means directing unacceptable impulses at a less threatening
target
• Sublimation is a special form of displacement in which the person expresses an
unconscious wish in a socially valued way, such as a boxer who sublimates his
aggressive drive in the ring.
• projection, in which we see in others those impulses that we most fear or despise
in ourselves
• Repression is the most powerful and pervasive defense mechanism

ORAL STAGE
• The infant's pleasure centers on the mouth. Chewing, sucking, and biting are the
chief sources of pleasure that reduce tension in the infant

ANAL STAGE
• During a time when most children are experiencing toilet training, the child's
greatest pleasure involves the anus and urethra and their functions. Freud
recognized that there is pleasure in “going” and “holding it” as well as in the
experience of control over one's parents in deciding when to do either.

PHALLIC STAGE
• Phallic stage
• The name of Freud's third stage comes from the Latin word phallus, which means
“penis.” Pleasure focuses on the genitals as the child discovers that selfstimulation is enjoyable.
• the phallic stage has a special importance in personality development because
it triggers the Oedipus complex
• Oedipus complex/Identification
• is the boy's intense desire to replace his father and enjoy the affections of his
mother
•
Penis Envy
• the intense desire to obtain a penis by eventually marrying and bearing a son.

LATENCY STAGE
• This phase is not a developmental stage but rather a kind of psychic timeout. After the drama of the phallic stage, the child sets aside all interest in
sexuality. Although we now consider these years extremely important to
development, Freud felt that this was a time in which no psychosexual
development occurred
• Sexual urges repressed, play with same sex peers

GENITAL STAGE
• The genital stage is the time of sexual reawakening, a point when the source of sexual
pleasure shifts to someone outside the family. Freud believed that in adulthood the individual
becomes capable of the two hallmarks of maturity: love and work. However, Freud felt that
human beings are inevitably subject to intense conflict, reasoning that everyone, no matter
how healthy or well adjusted, still has an id pressing for expression. Adulthood, even in the
best of circumstances, still involves reliving the unconscious conflicts of childhood
• leads to adult sexuality

HORNEY
• Horney developed the first feminist criticism of Freud's theory. Horney's view
emphasizes women's positive qualities and self-evaluation.
• believed that the need for security, not for sex, is the prime motive in human
existence
• Reasoned that an individual whose needs for security are met should be
able to develop his or her capacities to the fullest extent.

JUNG’S COLLECTIVE UNCONSCIOUS
• Carl Jung (shared Freud's interest in the unconscious, but he believed that Freud
underplayed the unconscious mind's role in personality. In fact,
• believed that the roots of personality go back to the dawn of human existence
• The collective unconscious is Jung's name for the impersonal, deepest layer of
the unconscious mind, shared
• Carl Jung, Swiss psychiatrist who was a Freudian disciple, believed that we are
one of two personality types
• Introvert- shy, self-centered person whose attention is focused inward
• Extrovert- Bold, outgoing person whose attention is directed outward

ADLER’S INDIVIDUAL
PSYCHOLOGY
• individual psychology, people are motivated by purposes and goals—
thus, perfection, not pleasure, is their key motivator
• Argued that people have the ability to take their genetic inheritance
and their environmental experiences and act upon them creatively to
become the person they want to be.
• believed that birth order could influence how successfully a person
would strive for superiority
• Compensation is Adler's term for the individual's attempt to overcome
imagined or real inferiorities or weaknesses by developing one's own
abilities
• Adler believed that compensation is normal,

ROGERS’ SUNFLOWER ANALOGY
• Rogers was a pioneer in the development of the humanistic perspective.
• Rogers's theory includes the idea that we develop a self-concept, our conscious
representation of who we are and who we wish to become, during childhood
• First, Rogers said that regardless of what they do, people need unconditional
positive regard. Although an individual might lack unconditional positive regard in
childhood, he or she can experience this unconditional acceptance from others
later, in friendships and/or romantic relationships or during sessions with a therapist.
• Second, Rogers said that individuals can become more fulfilled by interacting with
people who are empathic toward them
• Genuineness is a third requirement in the individual's path to becoming fully
functioning

UNCONDITIONAL POSITIVE
REGARD
• Unconditional Positive Regard
• is Rogers's term for being accepted, valued, and treated positively regardless of
one's behavior.
• Conditions of Worth
• are the standards we must live up to in order to receive positive regard from others
• Self-Concept
• Who we are, and who we wanted to be
• Our conscious representation of who we are and who we wanted to be
• Three Key Ingredients to Psychological Well-Being
• Unconditional positive regard
• Empathy
• Genuineness

CONTRIBUTIONS AND CRITICISMS
• Humanistic psychologists also stress that we need to consider the whole
person and the positive bent of human nature
• Emphasis on conscious experience has given us the view that personality
contains a well of potential that can be developed to its fullest.
• Some critics believe that humanistic psychologists are too optimistic about
human nature and that they overestimate people's freedom and rationality
• May promote excessive self-love and narcissism by encouraging people to
think so positively about themselves

TRAIT THEORIES
• Trait Theories
• Theoretical views stressing that personality consists of broad, enduring
dispositions (traits) that tend to lead to characteristic responses
• Trait
• A characteristic of an individual, describing a habitual way of
behaving, thinking, and feeling
• Shy, outgoing, ambitious, lazy, easy-going, anal, high-strung, confident
grumpy, happy, friendly, etc.

ALLPORT
• Gordon Allport is the father of American personality psychology
• Rejected the notion that the unconscious was central to an understanding
of personality
• Believed that to understand healthy people, we must focus on their lives in
the present and not on their childhood experiences

THE FIVE-FACTOR MODEL: OCEAN
• The Five-Factor Model: OCEAN
• Big five factors of personality- the broad traits that are thought to describe the main dimensions of
personality are neuroticism
• Openness
• To experience is related to liberal values open-mindedness, tolerance and creativity
• Also associated with superior cognitive function and IQ across the life span
• Conscientiousness
• is a key factor in a variety of life domains
• is also linked to better-quality friendships. higher levels of religious, and a forgiving attitude
• Low levels of conscientiousness are linked to higher levels of criminal behavior
• Extraversion
• Are more likely than others to engage in social activities, experience gratitude, and shoe a strong
sense of meaning in life
• Extraverts are mire forgiving
• People rate extraverts as smiling and standing energetically and as dressing stylishly
• Agreeableness
• Is related to generosity and altruism, to reports of religious faith, and to more satisfying romantic
relationships
• Neuroticism
• Related to feeling negative emotion more often than positive emotion in one’s daily life and to
experiencing more lingering negative states
• Been shown as we to relate to more health complaints and is linked to coronary heart disease risk

PERSONALITY AND SUBJECTIVE WELLBEING
• Subjective well-being is a person’s assessment of his or her own level of
positive affect relative to negative affect and the individual’s evaluation of
his or her life in general

PERSONOLOGICAL AND LIFE
STORY PERSPECTIVES
• stress that the way to understand the person is to focus on his or her life
history and life story—aspects that distinguish the individual from everyone
else

MURRY
• The director of the Psychological Clinic at Harvard
• Murray coined the word personology to refer to the study of the whole
person
• Murray's research that has had the most impact on contemporary
personality psychology is his approach to motivation
• believed that our motives are largely unknown to us, so that measures of
motivation must be developed that do not just ask people to say what it is
they want

MCADAMS
• Dan McAdams developed the life story approach to identity
• Found that the life story is a constantly changing narrative that
provides our lives with a sense of coherence.
• also introduced the concept of intimacy motivation
• intimacy motive is an enduring concern for warm interpersonal encounters for
their own sake.
• Intimacy motive has been shown to relate to positive outcomes

BANDURA’S RECIPROCAL
DETERMINISM
• Bandura
• Self-Efficacy
• Take his ideas of observational learning and add cognition
• Knowing we can actually perform behaviors successfully, in the way we wish to
behave, leads to self-praise
• Observational Learning
• Bandura's belief that observational learning is a key aspect of
how we learn
• observational learning, we form ideas about the behavior of
others and then possibly adopt this behavior ourselves

PERSONAL CONTROL
• Locus of Control
• External locus of control refers to the perception that chance or outside forces
beyond our personal control determine our fate.
• Internal locus of control refers to the perception that we can control our own
fate.
• Self-efficacy
• is the belief that one has the competence to accomplish a given goal or task
• Bandura and others have shown that self-efficacy is related to a number of
positive developments in people's lives, including solving problems, becoming
more sociable, initiating and maintaining a diet or an exercise program, and
quitting smoking