The document defines Riemann sums and definite integrals. It discusses how Riemann generalized the concept of integration to allow for non-uniform subintervals. It provides examples of how definite integrals can be used to calculate quantities like area under a curve, arc lengths, average values, volumes, work, accumulated distances, and surface areas. It also provides examples of evaluating definite integrals using Riemann sums, limits, properties of integrals, and geometry.

1. UNDERSTAND THE DEFINITION OF RIEMANN SUM EVALUATE A DEFINITE INTEGRAL USING LIMITS EVALUATE A DEFINITE INTEGRAL USING PROPERTIES OF DEFINITE INTEGRALS 4.3a Riemann Sums and Definite Integrals

2. So far our rectangles have all been the same width. This was only done for computational convenience. The following example shows that it is not necessary to have subintervals of equal width. http://youtu.be/W2309ZF5MYg Exact Area under a Curve

3. Georg Friedrich Bernhard Riemann (1826-1866) was a German mathematician attributed with the physics and mathematics that formed the structure on which Einstein’s Theory of General Relativity is based. Definite integrals had been used long before Riemann, but he generalized the concepts to cover a broader range of functions Finding area under a curve is just one of many applications of integration. They are also used to find arc lengths, average values, centroids, volumes, work, accumulated distance, accumulated sales, and surface area.

4. The sums we found in 4.2 are some examples of Riemann sums, but there are more general Riemann sums than those we have already seen. ∆ is what we are calling one of these partitions, and  ∆  is the norm which is the widest of all these partitions. If all the partitions are the same size, then we are back to  ∆  = ∆x = (b-a)/n As  ∆  approaches zero, that forces n to approach infinity. http://youtu.be/fjJYRapK3SY

5. Notice that the definite integral looks a lot like the indefinite integral (antiderivative) that we saw in 4.1. We will see the connection with the Fundamental Theorem of Calculus, but for now, just know that the definite integral represents a NUMBER, while the indefinite integral represents a family of functions! For a function to be integrable on [a, b], it must be continuous on [a, b]. This is shown with the next theorem.

6. Evaluate the definite integral Let c i be chosen to come from right endpoint, Let Δ x i = Δ x = (b-a)/n = 3/n c i = -2 + 3i/n f(x) = 2x Since this is negative, it does not represent an area. For it to be area, the function must be continuous and nonnegative in the interval. Ex 2 p. 274

8. We will learn in the next section some techniques to find definite integrals. For now you will find them by applying the limit definition or figuring them out by using geometry. Ex 3 p. 275

9. Ex 4 p. 276 Evaluating Definite Integrals

10. Ex 5 p276 Using the Additive Interval Property

11. Ex 6 p. 277 Find given:

13. 4.3a p. 278/ 1-12, 15, 18, 21, 24, 27 Have a great weekend!