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Special Perioperative Mechanical
    Ventilation Modes : HJV,
 HFOV, Non-invasive Ventilation
                  Elizeus Hanindito
               Dept. Anesthesiology
 Airlangga University – dr. Soetomo General Hospital
Non-invasive Mechanical Ventilation

• Delivery of ventilation to the lungs without an
  invasive airway (endotracheal or tracheostomy)
• Avoid the adverse effects of intubation or
  tracheostomy (early and late)
How does NIV work ?
• Reduction in inspiratory muscle work &
  avoidance of respiratory muscle fatigue
• Tidal volume is increased
• CPAP counterbalances the inspiratory
  threshold work related to intrinsic PEEP.
• NIV improves respiratory system compliance
  by reversing microatelectasis of the lung.
Advantages of NIV
• Noninvasiveness
  – Application (compared with endotracheal
    intubation)
   a.Easy to implement
   b.Easy to remove (allows intermittent application)
  – Improves patient comfort
  – Reduces the need for sedation
  – Oral patency (preserves speech, swallowing, and
    cough, reduces the need for nasoenteric tubes)
Advantages of NIV
• Avoid the resistive work imposed by the
  endotracheal tube
• Avoids the complications of endotracheal
  intubation
  – Early (local trauma, aspiration)
  – Late (injury to the the hypopharynx, larynx, and
    trachea, nosocomial infections)
Disadvantages of NIV
System
   – Slower correction of gas exchange abnormalities
   – Increased initial time commitment
   – Gastric distension
Mask
   –   Air leakage
   –   Transient hypoxemia from accidental removal
   –   Eye irritation
   –   Facial skin necrosis –most common complicationL
Lack of airway access & protection
   – Aspiration
NIPPV : Non-invasive mechanical ventilation.


Modes: CPAP
       BIPAP
          (CPAP + Pressure-Support)
Definition
CPAP : It is a modality of respiratory support in
  which increased pulmonary pressure is
  provided artificially during the expiratory
  phase of the respiration in a spontaneously
  breathing neonate.
CPAP

PRESSURE (cm H2O)
                                                 CPAP




                    0                                   TIME
                        SpontaneousVentilation
Continuous Positive Airway Pressure (CPAP)

• Increasing compliance , FRC
• Decreasing IP shunting , WOB
• Decreasing resistance , RR
• Indication : FRC , airway collapse , weaning , abnormal
  BGA
• RDS , apnea of prematurity , MAS
Indications of CPAP
• Respiratory distress : moderate /severe
  retraction , nasal flaring , grunting
• Post extubation.
• P aO2 < 60 with FiO2 > 0.6 ( O2 hood).
CPAP ranges
Ranges     ET Tube Nasal          Comment

Low        3—4         4—5        CPAP< 3 not useful


Medium     5—7         6—8        Good range


High       8--10       9--10      Adverse effects
                                  common

         Fi O2 controlled from 0.2 to 1.0 with CPAP.
                       Dr. Gautam Ghosh
Guidelines for CPAP
• Start with nasal CPAP of 5—6 cm & FiO2 0.4—0.5
• Increase CPAP by 1 cm if required
• Reach a CPAP of 8—9 cm.
• Now increase FiO2 in small steps of 0.05 up to 0.8
• Clinical /ABG / SpO2 > 30min in each step
• Do not raise FiO2 before pressure : may remove
  hypoxic stimulus -- apnea
• Revert to IMV if not responding
Optimum CPAP
•   Comfortable baby / pink / normal BP
•   No retraction / grunt
•   No cyanosis / normal CRT
•   SpO2 > 90-93 %
•   BGA : PaO2 60-80 / PaCO2 40-45 /p H 7.30-7.40.
Practical Points in CPAP
• Warm gases at 34—37° C & humidify.
• Gas flow (2.5 x minute ventilation) at 5-8 L/mnt
  minimum
• Look for nasal or oral blocks by secretion
• Oro-gastric suction is a must
• Stabilize the head with a cap and string
• Change CPAP circuit/prong every 3 days
• Asepsis
• Sedation (prn)
Failure of CPAP
•   Retraction / Grunt ++
•   Apnea on CPAP
•   PaO2 < 50 in FiO2 > 0.8 ( nasal CPAP >8cm)
•   PaCO2 > 55
•   Baby not tolerating CPAP.
•   Commonest cause : delay in starting
Weaning from CPAP
•   Reduce nasal CPAP to < 8 cm (1 cm decrement)
•   Reduce FiO2 by 0.05 to 0.4
•   Reach a level of CPAP 4cm / FiO2 0.4
•   Remove CPAP and replace a O2 hood.
CPAP delivery system
The CPAP delivery system consists of three
components:
• the circuit for continuous flow of inspired
  gases.
• the interface connecting the CPAP circuit
  to the infant’s airway.
• a method of creating positive pressure in
  the CPAP circuit.
Special perioperative mechanical ventilation modes
Special perioperative mechanical ventilation modes
Dual flow (IFD) CPAP
Bi-level mechanical ventilation
                   BIPAP



IPAP = 12

                                                              PS = 8

EPAP = 4




            BiPAP is CPAP plus Pressure Support Ventilation
Respiratory Rate
• 10-12/min - Adult

• 20 + 3    - Child

• 30- 40    - New born
HIGH FREQUENCY VENTILATION
Types of HFV
• High Frequency Oscillatory Ventilation
• High Frequency Jet Ventilation
• High Frequency Positive Pressure
  Ventilation
HFOV - General Principles
• A CPAP system with piston displacement of gas

• Active exhalation

• Tidal volume less than anatomic dead space
  (1 to 3 ml/kg)

• Rates of 180 – 900 breaths per minute

• Lower peak inspiratory pressures for a given
  mean airway pressure as compared to CMV
HFOV Objectives
• Support Lung
  – Oxygenation
  – CO2 Removal


• Reduce Vent Induced Lung Injury
Ventilator Associated Lung Injury
• All forms of positive pressure ventilation (PPV) can
  cause ventilator associated lung injury (VALI).

• VALI is the result of a combination of the following
  processes:
           –   Barotrauma
           –   Volutrauma
           –   Atelectrauma
           –   Biotrauma
Pressure and Volume Swings
   During CMV, there are swings between the zones of
    injury from inspiration to expiration.

   During HFOV, the entire cycle operates in the ―safe
    window‖ and avoids the injury zones.


                                                     INJURY
                                           HFOV


                                                          CMV
                                          INJURY
Gas entering the lungs travels centrally, while gas
       leaving the lungs swirls around it
Neonatal Uses of HFOV
• Hyaline membrane disease
• Persistent pulmonary hypertension
• Pulmonary interstitial emphysema
   (prevention and treatment)
• Sepsis / Pneumonia
• Congenital diaphragmatic hernia
• Meconium aspiration syndrome
Timing CMV  HFOV
• Inadequate oxygenation that cannot safely be treated
  without potentially toxic ventilator settings and, thus,
  increased risk of VALI.
• Objectively defined by:
   –   Peak inspiratory pressure (PIP) > 30-35 cm H2O
   –   FiO2 > 0.60 or the inability to wean
   –   Mean airway pressure (Paw) > 15 cm H2O
   –   Peak end expiratory pressure (PEEP) > 10 cm H2O
   –   Oxygenation index > 13-15
Ventilator Settings
•   Hertz = BPM
•   Power (Amplitude P)
•   Paw
•   FiO2
•   Bias Flow
•   Inspiratory time %
Initial Frequency Settings
• Guidelines for setting the initial frequency.

           Patient Weight         Hertz
          Preterm Neonates      10 to 15
           Term Neonates         8 to 10
               Children           6 to 8
                Adults            5 to 6

• Adjustments in frequency are made in steps of
  ½ to 1 Hz.
HFOV
                 Initial Settings
•   FiO2 = 1.0
•   Hz = 5.0
•   Power setting = 5
•   Paw = CMV + 5
•   Insp Time = 33%
•   Flow = 30
Weaning
• Wean FiO2 for Sat’s > 90%
• When FiO2 60%, wean Paw by 1
• Return to CMV when:
  – FiO2 < 40%
  – Paw 15-20
  – Amplitude < 40
HFOV: Conversion

• Pressure limited ventilation
• Delivered tidal volume ~6 ml/kg
• PEEP ~10 cm H2O
• Adjust for Paw same as HFOV
• FiO2 ~40 - 50%
Signs of Failure
• OI > 42 at 48 hrs HFOV
• Unable to wean FiO2 > 10% within 24 hours
• Unable to PaCO2 <100 with pH 7.25

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Special perioperative mechanical ventilation modes

  • 1. Special Perioperative Mechanical Ventilation Modes : HJV, HFOV, Non-invasive Ventilation Elizeus Hanindito Dept. Anesthesiology Airlangga University – dr. Soetomo General Hospital
  • 2. Non-invasive Mechanical Ventilation • Delivery of ventilation to the lungs without an invasive airway (endotracheal or tracheostomy) • Avoid the adverse effects of intubation or tracheostomy (early and late)
  • 3. How does NIV work ? • Reduction in inspiratory muscle work & avoidance of respiratory muscle fatigue • Tidal volume is increased • CPAP counterbalances the inspiratory threshold work related to intrinsic PEEP. • NIV improves respiratory system compliance by reversing microatelectasis of the lung.
  • 4. Advantages of NIV • Noninvasiveness – Application (compared with endotracheal intubation) a.Easy to implement b.Easy to remove (allows intermittent application) – Improves patient comfort – Reduces the need for sedation – Oral patency (preserves speech, swallowing, and cough, reduces the need for nasoenteric tubes)
  • 5. Advantages of NIV • Avoid the resistive work imposed by the endotracheal tube • Avoids the complications of endotracheal intubation – Early (local trauma, aspiration) – Late (injury to the the hypopharynx, larynx, and trachea, nosocomial infections)
  • 6. Disadvantages of NIV System – Slower correction of gas exchange abnormalities – Increased initial time commitment – Gastric distension Mask – Air leakage – Transient hypoxemia from accidental removal – Eye irritation – Facial skin necrosis –most common complicationL Lack of airway access & protection – Aspiration
  • 7. NIPPV : Non-invasive mechanical ventilation. Modes: CPAP BIPAP (CPAP + Pressure-Support)
  • 8. Definition CPAP : It is a modality of respiratory support in which increased pulmonary pressure is provided artificially during the expiratory phase of the respiration in a spontaneously breathing neonate.
  • 9. CPAP PRESSURE (cm H2O) CPAP 0 TIME SpontaneousVentilation
  • 10. Continuous Positive Airway Pressure (CPAP) • Increasing compliance , FRC • Decreasing IP shunting , WOB • Decreasing resistance , RR • Indication : FRC , airway collapse , weaning , abnormal BGA • RDS , apnea of prematurity , MAS
  • 11. Indications of CPAP • Respiratory distress : moderate /severe retraction , nasal flaring , grunting • Post extubation. • P aO2 < 60 with FiO2 > 0.6 ( O2 hood).
  • 12. CPAP ranges Ranges ET Tube Nasal Comment Low 3—4 4—5 CPAP< 3 not useful Medium 5—7 6—8 Good range High 8--10 9--10 Adverse effects common Fi O2 controlled from 0.2 to 1.0 with CPAP. Dr. Gautam Ghosh
  • 13. Guidelines for CPAP • Start with nasal CPAP of 5—6 cm & FiO2 0.4—0.5 • Increase CPAP by 1 cm if required • Reach a CPAP of 8—9 cm. • Now increase FiO2 in small steps of 0.05 up to 0.8 • Clinical /ABG / SpO2 > 30min in each step • Do not raise FiO2 before pressure : may remove hypoxic stimulus -- apnea • Revert to IMV if not responding
  • 14. Optimum CPAP • Comfortable baby / pink / normal BP • No retraction / grunt • No cyanosis / normal CRT • SpO2 > 90-93 % • BGA : PaO2 60-80 / PaCO2 40-45 /p H 7.30-7.40.
  • 15. Practical Points in CPAP • Warm gases at 34—37° C & humidify. • Gas flow (2.5 x minute ventilation) at 5-8 L/mnt minimum • Look for nasal or oral blocks by secretion • Oro-gastric suction is a must • Stabilize the head with a cap and string • Change CPAP circuit/prong every 3 days • Asepsis • Sedation (prn)
  • 16. Failure of CPAP • Retraction / Grunt ++ • Apnea on CPAP • PaO2 < 50 in FiO2 > 0.8 ( nasal CPAP >8cm) • PaCO2 > 55 • Baby not tolerating CPAP. • Commonest cause : delay in starting
  • 17. Weaning from CPAP • Reduce nasal CPAP to < 8 cm (1 cm decrement) • Reduce FiO2 by 0.05 to 0.4 • Reach a level of CPAP 4cm / FiO2 0.4 • Remove CPAP and replace a O2 hood.
  • 18. CPAP delivery system The CPAP delivery system consists of three components: • the circuit for continuous flow of inspired gases. • the interface connecting the CPAP circuit to the infant’s airway. • a method of creating positive pressure in the CPAP circuit.
  • 22. Bi-level mechanical ventilation BIPAP IPAP = 12 PS = 8 EPAP = 4 BiPAP is CPAP plus Pressure Support Ventilation
  • 23. Respiratory Rate • 10-12/min - Adult • 20 + 3 - Child • 30- 40 - New born
  • 25. Types of HFV • High Frequency Oscillatory Ventilation • High Frequency Jet Ventilation • High Frequency Positive Pressure Ventilation
  • 26. HFOV - General Principles • A CPAP system with piston displacement of gas • Active exhalation • Tidal volume less than anatomic dead space (1 to 3 ml/kg) • Rates of 180 – 900 breaths per minute • Lower peak inspiratory pressures for a given mean airway pressure as compared to CMV
  • 27. HFOV Objectives • Support Lung – Oxygenation – CO2 Removal • Reduce Vent Induced Lung Injury
  • 28. Ventilator Associated Lung Injury • All forms of positive pressure ventilation (PPV) can cause ventilator associated lung injury (VALI). • VALI is the result of a combination of the following processes: – Barotrauma – Volutrauma – Atelectrauma – Biotrauma
  • 29. Pressure and Volume Swings  During CMV, there are swings between the zones of injury from inspiration to expiration.  During HFOV, the entire cycle operates in the ―safe window‖ and avoids the injury zones. INJURY HFOV CMV INJURY
  • 30. Gas entering the lungs travels centrally, while gas leaving the lungs swirls around it
  • 31. Neonatal Uses of HFOV • Hyaline membrane disease • Persistent pulmonary hypertension • Pulmonary interstitial emphysema (prevention and treatment) • Sepsis / Pneumonia • Congenital diaphragmatic hernia • Meconium aspiration syndrome
  • 32. Timing CMV  HFOV • Inadequate oxygenation that cannot safely be treated without potentially toxic ventilator settings and, thus, increased risk of VALI. • Objectively defined by: – Peak inspiratory pressure (PIP) > 30-35 cm H2O – FiO2 > 0.60 or the inability to wean – Mean airway pressure (Paw) > 15 cm H2O – Peak end expiratory pressure (PEEP) > 10 cm H2O – Oxygenation index > 13-15
  • 33. Ventilator Settings • Hertz = BPM • Power (Amplitude P) • Paw • FiO2 • Bias Flow • Inspiratory time %
  • 34. Initial Frequency Settings • Guidelines for setting the initial frequency. Patient Weight Hertz Preterm Neonates 10 to 15 Term Neonates 8 to 10 Children 6 to 8 Adults 5 to 6 • Adjustments in frequency are made in steps of ½ to 1 Hz.
  • 35. HFOV Initial Settings • FiO2 = 1.0 • Hz = 5.0 • Power setting = 5 • Paw = CMV + 5 • Insp Time = 33% • Flow = 30
  • 36. Weaning • Wean FiO2 for Sat’s > 90% • When FiO2 60%, wean Paw by 1 • Return to CMV when: – FiO2 < 40% – Paw 15-20 – Amplitude < 40
  • 37. HFOV: Conversion • Pressure limited ventilation • Delivered tidal volume ~6 ml/kg • PEEP ~10 cm H2O • Adjust for Paw same as HFOV • FiO2 ~40 - 50%
  • 38. Signs of Failure • OI > 42 at 48 hrs HFOV • Unable to wean FiO2 > 10% within 24 hours • Unable to PaCO2 <100 with pH 7.25

Notas do Editor

  1. Interface antara pasien dg respirator tdk menggunakan alat invasif (intubasi,tracheostomy)
  2. Mengurangi WOB &amp; kelelahan , Vt ditingkatkan , membantu tenaga inspirasi berkaitan dg intrinsic PEEP , memperbaiki lung compliance dg membuka microatelectasis.
  3. Jelas menguntungkan dari segi kenyamanan , tdk perlu sedasi/analgesi , mudah dipasang/dilepas.
  4. Tdk ada resistensi spt pd pemasangan pipa ET
  5. Tentu saja efektivitas &lt; invasif , masuk lambung , iritasi wajah/mata/hidung , potensi aspirasi &gt; intubasi.
  6. Tunjangan nafas dimana pasien nafas spontan , tetapi pulmonary airway pressure selalu positif.
  7. Infant flow driver
  8. Initial SettingsAttach the patient circuit to the ventilator and enter the initial settings per the physician’s order. The IPAP setting can be adjusted to achieve the desired CO2 level and tidal volume.In the acute care settings, IPAP setting between 8 to 12 cm H2O are often clinically effective. Pressures above 20 cm H2O usually are not well tolerated and increase the risk of gastric distension and vomiting. Although most patients will swallow some air during noninvasive ventilation, it is usually not a problem unless peak pressure exceeds 20 to 25 cm H2O the gastric opening pressure. In most patients, the placement of a nasogastric tube is not necessary. (36)Typically, start EPAP at 4 cm H2O and increase to meet oxygenation goals. The more hypoxic the patient, the higher the initial EPAP setting. Pressure support equals the difference between IPAP and EPAP, referred to as Delta P. Similar to conventional ventilation, this value affects the volume delivered to the patient. Pressure support is increased by increasing the IPAP setting to achieve desired exhaled tidal volume. On the other hand, overall pressure support is decreased by the same amount EPAP is increased. When adjusting the IPAP or EPAP parameters independently, monitor the patient data for changes in the tidal volume.Next, enter the desired FIO2. A backup rate may be provided in the event the patient becomes apnic. If the backup rate is set to high, it may override the patient’s own effort to initiate a breath. This could trigger the apnea alarm to sound. Consider setting the back up rate to 8. After all the parameters have been entered, the interface can be fitted to the patient.