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Small Cell

Universitas Indonesia
    19 April 2012
Introduction 1/3
• Small Cell is an umbrella term for low-powered
  radio access nodes that operate in licensed and
  unlicensed spectrum that have a range of 10
  meter to several hundred meters.
• These contrast with a typical mobile macrocell
  which might have a range of up to several tens of
  kilometers.
• The term covers femtocells, picocells, microcells
  and metrocells.
Introduction 2/3
• Small cells operate in licensed spectrum, are
  operator-managed and feature edge-based
  intelligence – including what have been dubbed
  femtocells, picocells, microcells and metrocells.
• It will also support the crossover between small
  cells and other relevant technologies including:
  Wi-Fi, cloud RAN (which connects cellular radio to
  cloud-based intelligence over fibre), Distributed
  Antenna Systems, as well as macrocells as part of
  the new heterogeneous network (hetnet)
  environment.
Introduction 3/3
• The role of the Small Cell will be to tackle the practical
  challenges facing deployment.
• This includes finding appropriate small cell sites;
  delivering power and backhaul; managing interactions
  between small cells, macrocells and other wireless
  technologies; and effective interoperability and
  network management.
• Examples of this work include integrated Femto/Wi-Fi
  devices and networks;
   – enterprise multi-femto architectures;
   – public access small cell interference management;
   – standards and management processes which are generic
     across all small cell types; and
   – LTE small cell standards for all environments.
Outline
• General Application
• Technical Consideration
• Deployment Approach
Hierarchy of conventional cell types
Small Cell @ UI
Small Cell @ UI
Small Cell @ UI
What is a small cell
• Small cells are low-power wireless access
  points that operate in licensed spectrum, are
  operator-managed and feature edge-based
  intelligence.
• Small cells provide improved cellular
  coverage, capacity and applications for homes
  and enterprises as well as metropolitan and
  rural public spaces.
What is a small cell
• Types of small cells include femtocells, picocells, metrocells
  and microcells – broadly increasing in size from femtocells
  (the smallest) to microcells (the largest). Any or all of these
  small cells can be based on ‘femtocell technology’ - i.e. the
  collection of standards, software, open interfaces, chips and
  know-how that have powered the growth of femtocells.
Increasing proportions of traffic generated indoors
Basic femtocell network




       by Femto Forum Ltd
Some stand-alone and integrated femtocells




by Ubiquisys Ltd., ip.access Ltd., Radio Frame Networks Inc. and Airvana Inc
Zero-touch femtocell installation




                             by Ubiquisys Ltd
About Femtocell
• Simple, low cost, easy-to-install cellular access point for homes (& offices
  & metro areas)
• Delivering fast, reliable service to standard phones over licensed spectrum
• Supported in 3G and next-generation standards by 3GPP, 3GPP2, WiMAX
  Forum, Broadband Forum
About Small Cell
Femtocell Attributes (1/3)
The Femto Forum has created the following set of attributes, all of which are
    necessary for a device to qualify as a femtocell.
A femtocell is a low-power wireless access point, incorporating all of the following:
• Uses mobile technology. Femtocells use fully standard wireless protocols over the
    air to communicate with standard mobile devices, including mobile phones and a
    wide range of other mobile-enabled devices. Qualifying standard protocols include
    GSM, WCDMA, LTE,MobileWiMAX, CDMA and other current and future protocols
    standardised by 3GPP, 3GPP2 and the IEEE/WiMAXForum,which collectively
    comprise the technologies included in the ITU-R definition of IMT. The use of such
    protocols allows femtocells to provide services to several billion existing mobile
    devices worldwide and to provide services that users can access from almost any
    location as part of a wide-area network.
• Operates in licensed spectrum. By operating in spectrum licensed to the service
    provider, femtocells allow operators to provide assured quality of service to
    customers over the air, free from harmful interference but making efficient use of
    their spectrum.
Femtocell Attributes (2/3)
• Generates coverage and capacity. As well as improving coverage within
  the home, femtocells also create extra network capacity, serving a greater
  number of users with high data-rate services. They differ in this from
  simple repeaters or ‘boosters’ which may only enhance the coverage.
• Over Internet-grade backhaul. Femtocells backhaul their data over
  Internet-grade broadband connections, including DSL and cable, using
  standard Internet protocols. This may be over a specific Internet service
  provider’s network, over the Internet itself or over a dedicated link.
• Permits low prices. The large volumes envisaged for femtocells will allow
  substantial economies of scale, driving efficiencies in manufacturing and
  distribution in a manner similar to the consumer electronics industry and
  with pricing projected to be comparable with access points for other
  wireless technologies.
Femtocell Attributes (3/3)
• Fully managed by licensed operators. Femtocells only operate within
  parameters set by the licensed operator. While they have a high degree of
  intelligence to automatically ensure that they operate at power levels and
  frequencies that are unlikely to create interference, the limits on these
  parameters are always set by operators, not by the end user. The operator
  is always able to create or deny service to individual femtocells or users.
  This control is maintained whether the femtocell itself is owned by the
  operator or the end user.
• Self-organising and self-managing. Femtocells can be installed by the end
  customer. They set themselves up to operate with high performance
  according to the local and network-wide conditions regarding radio,
  regulatory and operator policies, with no need for intervention by the
  customer or operator. They continue to adjust themselves over time as the
  customer, operator and regulator needs evolve to maximise performance
  and reliability.
Applications for Femtocells (1/2)
Femtocells started as a means of delivering services to residential
   environments.
This remains a core application for femtocells and it enables femtocell
   technology to be produced in large volumes and low costs.
However, femtocells are not limited to this application and early deployments
   for other purposes are anticipated.

Current applications include:
• Residential – Femtocells are installed indoors within the home by the end
   user and may be stand-alone devices or integrated with other technology
   such as residential gateways. Access to the residential femtocell will often
   be closed – restricted to a specified group of users – but may also be open
   to all registered users in some cases. Typically these application needs will
   be met using class 1 femtocells.
Applications for Femtocells (2/2)
•   Enterprise – Enterprise femtocell deployments may be in small-office, home-office
    situations, in branch offices or in large enterprise buildings. Femtocells for this
    purpose are usually of class 1 or class 2 and will typically support additional
    functionality compared with residential devices such as handover between
    femtocells, integration with PBX and local call routing.Will primarily be used
    indoors, but could also be used to serve a corporate campus. Installation will
    probably be managed by the carrier, but may be achieved by the enterprise itself
    or its IT subcontractors. Access may be closed or open.
•   Operator – This class encompasses a wide variety of applications where operators
    use femtocells to solve specific coverage, capacity or service issues in both indoor
    and outdoor environments. These could be composed of class 1, 2 or 3 devices
    and will usually be open access. They will be installed by the operator or by third
    parties under the operator’s direction.
•   Others – These application classes are not exclusive and it is expected that other
    innovative ideas for the application of femtocells will emerge, for example on
    aircraft, trains or passenger ferries. In all cases the essential attributes of
    femtocells described earlier will be observed, enabling full compliance with
    relevant local customer, operator and regulatory requirements.
User Benefits (1/3)
So why would a mobile user wish to use a femtocell? It is essential that the answer to
   this question is well articulated and developed if femtocells are to be successful.
   There are many parts to the answer, and the most appropriate will differ according
   to the market and market segment into which femtocells are sold. Operators will
   choose the most appropriate for the users to whom they are selling femtocells.
• Coverage. The most fundamental user benefit is the provision of reliable coverage
   throughout the home. This allows users to rely on their mobiles as a prime means
   of making and receiving calls. Even where coverage is already nominally available
   in a home, currently users will often turn to a fixed line to avoid the risk of
   dropping a call and will typically suggest the use of fixed-line numbers to friends
   and business associates when an important call is expected. In many cases, home
   coverage is patchy, perhaps available only on upper floors or close to windows. In
   many markets, residential densities below a certain level will lead to no coverage
   at all due to the difficulty of operators providing coverage with an adequate
   business case using conventional solutions. In all of these cases, femtocells should
   result in mobile phones being able to be used in a better way, allowing users to
   rely on their mobiles at home as their prime – or only – personal communication
   device.
User Benefits (2/3)
• Femtozone call tariffs. Some femtocell operators include special tariffs for
  calls made or received on the femtocell, including a lower rate, a large
  bundle of minutes per month or matching the fixed-line rates. A wide
  range of tailored pricing options is possible, differentiating by user type,
  time of day, call destination and other dimensions. Some of these benefits
  may also be available to users when granted access to femtocells from the
  same operator in their friends’ or colleagues’ homes.
• Fast data and high call quality. The improved coverage and protection
  from interference available from femtocells enables mobile phones to
  work at the peak of their capability, including the highest possible data
  rates available over the air and the highest possible call quality. This is
  likely to lead to users making new uses of their phones and other mobile
  enabled devices, including relying on them for the most important
  business calls and using them as their primary personal Internet and
  entertainment devices.
User Benefits (3/3)
• Unlimited data services. Operators are likely to offer data services on
  femtocells which have far higher usage limits or are even
  uncapped, enabling users to use these services without fear of the
  associated charges. This will also encourage users to use such services for
  the first time, overcoming initial barriers to access and ultimately to adopt
  these services beyond the home as well.
• Compelling new femtozone services. As well as delivering existing mobile
  network services better and atmore attractive prices, femtocells can also
  deliver brand new services, which use the specific knowledge of the user’s
  location to offer extra benefits such as control of devices around the
  home, synchronisation of content to and from the mobile device and
  fast, high quality access to data stored on other devices on the home
  network such as media servers.
The range of user benefits associated with
               femtocells
Outline
• General Application
• Technical Consideration
• Deployment Approach
Comparison of femtocells
and other wireless devices
Femtocell Motivation
Reuse of frequencies in an idealised cellular network
             to increase system capacity
Range of increase in macrocell sites required
           to deliver additional indoor coverage depth,
depending on the attenuation per unit distance inside the buildings.
Most Mobile Data Use Occurs Indoors




Source: Informa’s Mobile Access at Home Report
Femtocell Standards
Most air interfaces included in the global ITU-R IMT family have active
  programmes to develop standards for femtocells. These include:

• 3GPP standards for Home Node-B, which is a WCDMA femtocell. Both FDD
  and TDD options are likely and a TD-SCDMA variant is also planned.
• 3GPP standards for Home eNode-B, which is an LTE femtocell. Both FDD
  and TDD options are envisaged.
• 3GPP2’s programme for femtocells for cdma2000, cdma2000 1x, HRPD, 1x
  EV-DO and UMB.
• WiMAX Forum’s programme for WiMAX femtocells based on IEEE
  standards.

In all cases femtocell standards will support deployments in all of the existing
    licensed spectrum bands in which macrocells operate.
Standards Progress
• April 2009: Release 8 provided end-to-end UMTS
  standard, with Broadband Forum management data
  model
• Release 9 provided feature enhancements for UMTS
  and end-to-end LTE femtocell support

• Phase 1 cdma femtocell standard expected shortly
• Phase II features are under consideration now

• Phase 1 expected for completion
• Phase II to include advanced network features and air
  interface optimization
Femto Standards
Allow Mixed Vendor Deployment
Important 3GPP Standards
• 3GPP TR 25.820, “3G Home NodeB Study Item Technical
  Report.
• 3GPP TS 22.220, “Service Requirements for Home NodeBs
  (UMTS) and eNodeBs (LTE).
• 3GPP TS 25.467, “UTRAN Architecture for 3G Home Node B
  (HNB); Stage 2 UTRAN Architecture for 3G Home NodeB
  (HNB).
Types of Femtocell
Individual femtocells are likely to come in various hardware types. Although individual
    standards differ in their definitions, the following broad classes can be identified,
    though these are not exclusive or prescriptive:
• Class 1. This is the class of femtocells that has emerged first and is currently best
    known. Femtocells in this class deliver a similar transmit power and deployment
    view to Wi-Fi access points (e.g. typically 20 dBm of radiated power2 or less) for
    residential or enterprise application. They will each deliver typically 4–8
    simultaneous voice channels plus data services, supporting closed or open access.
    Installed by the end-user.
• Class 2. Somewhat higher power (typically up to 24 dBm of radiated power),
    perhaps to support longer range or more users (say 8–16). Supports closed or
    open access. May be installed by the end-user or the operator. May be viewed as
    an evolution of picocell technology.
• Class 3. Still higher power for longer range or more users (e.g. 16 or greater).
    Typically carrier deployed and may well be open access. Could be deployed
    indoors (e.g. in public buildings) for localised capacity, outdoors in built-up areas to
    deliver distributed capacity or in rural areas for specific coverage needs.
Outline
• General Application
• Technical Consideration
• Deployment Approach
Smallcell Deployment Aspect
             • Pico
                – Maximizes the value of site
                – Full seamless mobility
                – Licensed spectrum to manage
                  potential interference
             • WiFi
                – Limited coverage need
                – Indoor, low-interfered
                  locations
                – Site and backhaul not a cost
             • Femto
                – No datarate benefit over WiFi
                – Interference and hand-over
                  issues
                – No capacity off-load
Historical Increases in Spectral Efficiency
Cell Range versus
Data Rate, Indoors and Outdoors
LTE Deployment Scenario
LTE Spectrum Options
hamdani2@telkom.co.id


 Thank You

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Small Cell @ UI

  • 2. Introduction 1/3 • Small Cell is an umbrella term for low-powered radio access nodes that operate in licensed and unlicensed spectrum that have a range of 10 meter to several hundred meters. • These contrast with a typical mobile macrocell which might have a range of up to several tens of kilometers. • The term covers femtocells, picocells, microcells and metrocells.
  • 3. Introduction 2/3 • Small cells operate in licensed spectrum, are operator-managed and feature edge-based intelligence – including what have been dubbed femtocells, picocells, microcells and metrocells. • It will also support the crossover between small cells and other relevant technologies including: Wi-Fi, cloud RAN (which connects cellular radio to cloud-based intelligence over fibre), Distributed Antenna Systems, as well as macrocells as part of the new heterogeneous network (hetnet) environment.
  • 4. Introduction 3/3 • The role of the Small Cell will be to tackle the practical challenges facing deployment. • This includes finding appropriate small cell sites; delivering power and backhaul; managing interactions between small cells, macrocells and other wireless technologies; and effective interoperability and network management. • Examples of this work include integrated Femto/Wi-Fi devices and networks; – enterprise multi-femto architectures; – public access small cell interference management; – standards and management processes which are generic across all small cell types; and – LTE small cell standards for all environments.
  • 5. Outline • General Application • Technical Consideration • Deployment Approach
  • 10. What is a small cell • Small cells are low-power wireless access points that operate in licensed spectrum, are operator-managed and feature edge-based intelligence. • Small cells provide improved cellular coverage, capacity and applications for homes and enterprises as well as metropolitan and rural public spaces.
  • 11. What is a small cell • Types of small cells include femtocells, picocells, metrocells and microcells – broadly increasing in size from femtocells (the smallest) to microcells (the largest). Any or all of these small cells can be based on ‘femtocell technology’ - i.e. the collection of standards, software, open interfaces, chips and know-how that have powered the growth of femtocells.
  • 12. Increasing proportions of traffic generated indoors
  • 13. Basic femtocell network by Femto Forum Ltd
  • 14. Some stand-alone and integrated femtocells by Ubiquisys Ltd., ip.access Ltd., Radio Frame Networks Inc. and Airvana Inc
  • 16. About Femtocell • Simple, low cost, easy-to-install cellular access point for homes (& offices & metro areas) • Delivering fast, reliable service to standard phones over licensed spectrum • Supported in 3G and next-generation standards by 3GPP, 3GPP2, WiMAX Forum, Broadband Forum
  • 18. Femtocell Attributes (1/3) The Femto Forum has created the following set of attributes, all of which are necessary for a device to qualify as a femtocell. A femtocell is a low-power wireless access point, incorporating all of the following: • Uses mobile technology. Femtocells use fully standard wireless protocols over the air to communicate with standard mobile devices, including mobile phones and a wide range of other mobile-enabled devices. Qualifying standard protocols include GSM, WCDMA, LTE,MobileWiMAX, CDMA and other current and future protocols standardised by 3GPP, 3GPP2 and the IEEE/WiMAXForum,which collectively comprise the technologies included in the ITU-R definition of IMT. The use of such protocols allows femtocells to provide services to several billion existing mobile devices worldwide and to provide services that users can access from almost any location as part of a wide-area network. • Operates in licensed spectrum. By operating in spectrum licensed to the service provider, femtocells allow operators to provide assured quality of service to customers over the air, free from harmful interference but making efficient use of their spectrum.
  • 19. Femtocell Attributes (2/3) • Generates coverage and capacity. As well as improving coverage within the home, femtocells also create extra network capacity, serving a greater number of users with high data-rate services. They differ in this from simple repeaters or ‘boosters’ which may only enhance the coverage. • Over Internet-grade backhaul. Femtocells backhaul their data over Internet-grade broadband connections, including DSL and cable, using standard Internet protocols. This may be over a specific Internet service provider’s network, over the Internet itself or over a dedicated link. • Permits low prices. The large volumes envisaged for femtocells will allow substantial economies of scale, driving efficiencies in manufacturing and distribution in a manner similar to the consumer electronics industry and with pricing projected to be comparable with access points for other wireless technologies.
  • 20. Femtocell Attributes (3/3) • Fully managed by licensed operators. Femtocells only operate within parameters set by the licensed operator. While they have a high degree of intelligence to automatically ensure that they operate at power levels and frequencies that are unlikely to create interference, the limits on these parameters are always set by operators, not by the end user. The operator is always able to create or deny service to individual femtocells or users. This control is maintained whether the femtocell itself is owned by the operator or the end user. • Self-organising and self-managing. Femtocells can be installed by the end customer. They set themselves up to operate with high performance according to the local and network-wide conditions regarding radio, regulatory and operator policies, with no need for intervention by the customer or operator. They continue to adjust themselves over time as the customer, operator and regulator needs evolve to maximise performance and reliability.
  • 21. Applications for Femtocells (1/2) Femtocells started as a means of delivering services to residential environments. This remains a core application for femtocells and it enables femtocell technology to be produced in large volumes and low costs. However, femtocells are not limited to this application and early deployments for other purposes are anticipated. Current applications include: • Residential – Femtocells are installed indoors within the home by the end user and may be stand-alone devices or integrated with other technology such as residential gateways. Access to the residential femtocell will often be closed – restricted to a specified group of users – but may also be open to all registered users in some cases. Typically these application needs will be met using class 1 femtocells.
  • 22. Applications for Femtocells (2/2) • Enterprise – Enterprise femtocell deployments may be in small-office, home-office situations, in branch offices or in large enterprise buildings. Femtocells for this purpose are usually of class 1 or class 2 and will typically support additional functionality compared with residential devices such as handover between femtocells, integration with PBX and local call routing.Will primarily be used indoors, but could also be used to serve a corporate campus. Installation will probably be managed by the carrier, but may be achieved by the enterprise itself or its IT subcontractors. Access may be closed or open. • Operator – This class encompasses a wide variety of applications where operators use femtocells to solve specific coverage, capacity or service issues in both indoor and outdoor environments. These could be composed of class 1, 2 or 3 devices and will usually be open access. They will be installed by the operator or by third parties under the operator’s direction. • Others – These application classes are not exclusive and it is expected that other innovative ideas for the application of femtocells will emerge, for example on aircraft, trains or passenger ferries. In all cases the essential attributes of femtocells described earlier will be observed, enabling full compliance with relevant local customer, operator and regulatory requirements.
  • 23. User Benefits (1/3) So why would a mobile user wish to use a femtocell? It is essential that the answer to this question is well articulated and developed if femtocells are to be successful. There are many parts to the answer, and the most appropriate will differ according to the market and market segment into which femtocells are sold. Operators will choose the most appropriate for the users to whom they are selling femtocells. • Coverage. The most fundamental user benefit is the provision of reliable coverage throughout the home. This allows users to rely on their mobiles as a prime means of making and receiving calls. Even where coverage is already nominally available in a home, currently users will often turn to a fixed line to avoid the risk of dropping a call and will typically suggest the use of fixed-line numbers to friends and business associates when an important call is expected. In many cases, home coverage is patchy, perhaps available only on upper floors or close to windows. In many markets, residential densities below a certain level will lead to no coverage at all due to the difficulty of operators providing coverage with an adequate business case using conventional solutions. In all of these cases, femtocells should result in mobile phones being able to be used in a better way, allowing users to rely on their mobiles at home as their prime – or only – personal communication device.
  • 24. User Benefits (2/3) • Femtozone call tariffs. Some femtocell operators include special tariffs for calls made or received on the femtocell, including a lower rate, a large bundle of minutes per month or matching the fixed-line rates. A wide range of tailored pricing options is possible, differentiating by user type, time of day, call destination and other dimensions. Some of these benefits may also be available to users when granted access to femtocells from the same operator in their friends’ or colleagues’ homes. • Fast data and high call quality. The improved coverage and protection from interference available from femtocells enables mobile phones to work at the peak of their capability, including the highest possible data rates available over the air and the highest possible call quality. This is likely to lead to users making new uses of their phones and other mobile enabled devices, including relying on them for the most important business calls and using them as their primary personal Internet and entertainment devices.
  • 25. User Benefits (3/3) • Unlimited data services. Operators are likely to offer data services on femtocells which have far higher usage limits or are even uncapped, enabling users to use these services without fear of the associated charges. This will also encourage users to use such services for the first time, overcoming initial barriers to access and ultimately to adopt these services beyond the home as well. • Compelling new femtozone services. As well as delivering existing mobile network services better and atmore attractive prices, femtocells can also deliver brand new services, which use the specific knowledge of the user’s location to offer extra benefits such as control of devices around the home, synchronisation of content to and from the mobile device and fast, high quality access to data stored on other devices on the home network such as media servers.
  • 26. The range of user benefits associated with femtocells
  • 27. Outline • General Application • Technical Consideration • Deployment Approach
  • 28. Comparison of femtocells and other wireless devices
  • 30. Reuse of frequencies in an idealised cellular network to increase system capacity
  • 31. Range of increase in macrocell sites required to deliver additional indoor coverage depth, depending on the attenuation per unit distance inside the buildings.
  • 32. Most Mobile Data Use Occurs Indoors Source: Informa’s Mobile Access at Home Report
  • 33. Femtocell Standards Most air interfaces included in the global ITU-R IMT family have active programmes to develop standards for femtocells. These include: • 3GPP standards for Home Node-B, which is a WCDMA femtocell. Both FDD and TDD options are likely and a TD-SCDMA variant is also planned. • 3GPP standards for Home eNode-B, which is an LTE femtocell. Both FDD and TDD options are envisaged. • 3GPP2’s programme for femtocells for cdma2000, cdma2000 1x, HRPD, 1x EV-DO and UMB. • WiMAX Forum’s programme for WiMAX femtocells based on IEEE standards. In all cases femtocell standards will support deployments in all of the existing licensed spectrum bands in which macrocells operate.
  • 34. Standards Progress • April 2009: Release 8 provided end-to-end UMTS standard, with Broadband Forum management data model • Release 9 provided feature enhancements for UMTS and end-to-end LTE femtocell support • Phase 1 cdma femtocell standard expected shortly • Phase II features are under consideration now • Phase 1 expected for completion • Phase II to include advanced network features and air interface optimization
  • 35. Femto Standards Allow Mixed Vendor Deployment
  • 36. Important 3GPP Standards • 3GPP TR 25.820, “3G Home NodeB Study Item Technical Report. • 3GPP TS 22.220, “Service Requirements for Home NodeBs (UMTS) and eNodeBs (LTE). • 3GPP TS 25.467, “UTRAN Architecture for 3G Home Node B (HNB); Stage 2 UTRAN Architecture for 3G Home NodeB (HNB).
  • 37. Types of Femtocell Individual femtocells are likely to come in various hardware types. Although individual standards differ in their definitions, the following broad classes can be identified, though these are not exclusive or prescriptive: • Class 1. This is the class of femtocells that has emerged first and is currently best known. Femtocells in this class deliver a similar transmit power and deployment view to Wi-Fi access points (e.g. typically 20 dBm of radiated power2 or less) for residential or enterprise application. They will each deliver typically 4–8 simultaneous voice channels plus data services, supporting closed or open access. Installed by the end-user. • Class 2. Somewhat higher power (typically up to 24 dBm of radiated power), perhaps to support longer range or more users (say 8–16). Supports closed or open access. May be installed by the end-user or the operator. May be viewed as an evolution of picocell technology. • Class 3. Still higher power for longer range or more users (e.g. 16 or greater). Typically carrier deployed and may well be open access. Could be deployed indoors (e.g. in public buildings) for localised capacity, outdoors in built-up areas to deliver distributed capacity or in rural areas for specific coverage needs.
  • 38. Outline • General Application • Technical Consideration • Deployment Approach
  • 39. Smallcell Deployment Aspect • Pico – Maximizes the value of site – Full seamless mobility – Licensed spectrum to manage potential interference • WiFi – Limited coverage need – Indoor, low-interfered locations – Site and backhaul not a cost • Femto – No datarate benefit over WiFi – Interference and hand-over issues – No capacity off-load
  • 40. Historical Increases in Spectral Efficiency
  • 41. Cell Range versus Data Rate, Indoors and Outdoors