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EGYPTIAN
CIVILIZATION
INTRODUCTION
AND GEOGRAPHY
EGYPT CIVILIZATION
▪ Ancient Egypt -- a land of mysteries.
▪ The civilization of Ancient Egypt is known for its stupendous
achievements in a whole range of fields, including art and
architecture, engineering, medicine and statecraft.
▪ The civilization of Ancient Egypt was one of the earliest in world
history.
▪ It is usually held to have begun around 3000 BC.
Categories of stable kingdom
▪ The history of the ancient Egypt grew up with the series of stable
kingdoms. Historians had divided this series or periods of kingdom in
to three categories such as
▪ Old kingdom of the early bronze age.
▪ Middle kingdom of the middle bronze age
▪ New kingdom of the late bronze age.
▪ It was during these times that Ancient Egypt was at its strongest. The
times between the Kingdoms are called intermediate periods.
UPPER AND
LOWER EGYPT
The Nile River flows from
south to north, emptying into
the Mediterranean Sea at
the Nile Delta. The
northernmost part of the
Nile, being the end of the
river, is referred to as Lower
Egypt This was one of
Egypt's early kingdoms,
known at the time as
the Black Land
To their south, near the
origins of the Nile,
was Upper Egypt. It was
known as the Red Land
RED AND BLACK LAND
The ancient Egyptians thought of Egypt as being divided into two types
of land, the 'black land' and the 'red land
▪ The 'black land' was the fertile
land on the banks of the Nile.
The ancient Egyptians used this
land for growing their crops.
This was the only land in
ancient Egypt that could be
farmed because a layer of rich,
black siltwas deposited there
every year after the Nile
flooded.
▪ The 'red land' was
the barren desert that
protected Egypt on two sides.
These deserts separated
ancient Egypt from
neighbouring countries and
invading armies. They also
provided the ancient Egyptians
with a source
for precious metals and semi-
precious stones.
Fun Facts about Ancient Egypt
▪ Egyptian men and women wore makeup.It was thought to have healing powers, plus it
helped protect their skin from the sun.
▪ They used moldy bread to help with infections.
▪ They were one of the first civilizations to invent writing. They also used ink to write and
paper called papyrus.
▪ The Ancient Egyptians were scientists and mathematicians. They had numerous inventions
including ways to build buildings, medicine, cosmetics, the calendar, the plow for farming,
musical instruments, and even toothpaste.
▪ Ancient Egypt plays a major role in the Bible. The Israelites were held captive there as
slaves for many years. Moses helped them escape and led them to the Promised Land.
▪ The Pharaoh kept his hair covered. It was not to be seen by regular people.
▪ Cats were considered sacred in Ancient Egypt.
KINGDOMS
DIVISION OF KINGDOM:
The archaeologists have realized that the ancient Egyptian history could be divided
into three separate periods,
▪ The Old Kingdom
▪ The Middle Kingdom
▪ The new Kingdom.
DIVISION OF KINGDOM
The archaeologists have realized that the ancient Egyptian history could be divided
into three separate periods,
▪ The Old Kingdom
▪ The Middle Kingdom
▪ The New Kingdom
Old Kingdom (2686-2181bc)
At that time, Pharaohs had enjoyed the absolute
power.
 Huge number of pyramids were built.
Built at Giza of Egypt.
First step pyramid built by king Djozer.
 Pyramids were built with limestone, burial
chambers built with granite and outer castings
were carved out of fine limestone.
 Even today, the archaeologists and scientists are
unable to discover the actual process of building
such great pyramids.
Middle Kingdom
Egypt strengthened its army base to protect herself from
the enemies.
The trade along with arts, science and literature
flourished.
During this time period the pharaohs became wise rulers.
Those pharaohs came from Thebes and they brought
their local God Amenemhat with them.
People started believing him and began to worship as the
king of the Gods.
During The Middle Kingdom, the pharaohs were buried
inside the hidden tombs instead of expensive pyramids.
These intelligently hidden tombs were very hard to
discover.
The New Kingdom (1549–1069 BC)
 Established a period of unprecedented
prosperity
Strengthening diplomatic ties with their
neighbors.
Military campaigns waged under Tuthmosis
I and his grandson Tuthmosis III
 Hatshepsut generally promoted peace and
restored trade routes.
When Tuthmosis III died in 1425 BC, Egypt
extending their empire from Niya in north
west Syria to the fourth waterfall of the Nile
in Nubia
cementing loyalties and opening access to
critical imports such as bronze and wood.
ARCHITECTURE
TOMBS
PYRAMIDS
VALLEY OF THE KINGS
By: Syeda Wafa Zainab
EGYPTIAN CIVILIZATION AND CULTURE
▪ The first royal tombs called mastabas were built at Abydos.
▪ Mastaba tombs surround the pyramids of the Old Kingdom.
▪ Courtiers and families of the monarch were buried there.
▪ Built on the west side of the Nile.
▪ The souls of kings went on to enjoy life with the Gods.
▪ The souls of the nobles continued to inhabit the tomb and needed to be nourished
by daily offerings of food and drink.
▪ A false door was carved on the interior tomb wall near the entrance to the shaft.
▪ Often an image of the deceased was carved in the false door in order to entice the
soul to enter the body.
▪ For the comfort and well-being of the deceased, the burial chamber was filled with
material goods and food offerings.
EGYPTIAN CIVILIZATION AND CULTURE
▪ One of the world's greatest architectural wonders.
▪ A pyramid is a tomb, a four-sided stone structure that symbolizes the sacred
mountain, humanity's universal striving to reach the heavens
▪ The ancient belief in raising the human spirit towards the gods is the quintessential
purpose behind the construction of pyramids.
▪ Approximately 80% of the building materials are found in the lower half.
▪ Since pyramids are solid, no walls or pillars were required to support the structure.
▪ The pyramid built by King Sahure (2491-2477 B.C., Old Kingdom) is the largest of
the three at Abousir and the one that is best preserved.
EGYPTIAN CIVILIZATION AND CULTURE
▪ The Pyramid Age began during the Old Kingdom (2650-2134 B.C.)
▪ The first pyramids were built by King Djoser in the third dynasty.
▪ The famous architect and scholar Imhotep designed the Step Pyramid, a pharaoh's
tomb at Saqqara that looks like a stairway to heaven.
▪ In the fourth dynasty, the Pharaoh Snefru built the first geometrically true pyramids
at Dahshur, south of Saqqara.
▪ He started by adding a smooth casing over the steps of two pyramids that were built
by his predecessors.
▪ He then built two pyramids of his own.
▪ The pyramids built during the fifth dynasty had a core of rubble and mud bricks, and
a limestone facing.
EGYPTIAN CIVILIZATION AND CULTURE
▪ Most famous pyramids are found at Giza.
▪ They were built by three pharaohs — Cheops (or Khufu*), Chephren (Khafre*) and
Mycerinus (Menkaure*) .
▪ Great Pyramid of Cheops is the largest of the three at Giza.
 2.5 million limestone blocks.
 Average weight estimated at 2.5 tons.
 The entire structure was encased in a fine white polished limestone brought from
the hills at Tura, on the opposite side of the Nile.
 When completed, the Great Pyramid stood 146.6 metres (481 feet) tall, and its base
was 230.3 metres (756 feet) square.
 The capstones (pyramidions) of all the pyramids were made of solid polished
granite.
EGYPTIAN CIVILIZATION AND CULTURE
▪ The Great Sphinx at Giza, near Cairo, is probably the most famous sculpture in the
world.
▪ With a lion's body and a human head, it represents Ra-Horakhty, a form of the
powerful sun god, and is the incarnation of royal power.
▪ The face of the Great Sphinx is believed to be that of Chephren, the fourth-dynasty
pharaoh who built the second-largest pyramid in the Giza triad. In the image of the
Sphinx, the pharaoh was seen as a powerful god.
▪ Carved out of a natural limestone outcrop, the Sphinx is 19.8 metres (65 feet) high
and 73.2 metres (240 feet) long. It is located a short distance from the Great
Pyramid.
▪ The Sphinx differs from other deities in that it has an animal body and a human
head, whereas most other deities have human bodies and animal heads.
EGYPTIAN CIVILIZATION AND CULTURE
▪ The Valley of the Kings is famous for its royal tombs.
▪ The Valley of the Kings was located in the ancient necropolis of Thebes, the capital
of Egypt during the New Kingdom.
▪ These beautifully painted tombs have been designated a World Heritage Site by
UNESCO.
▪ For over a thousand years, the kings, queens and nobles of the New Kingdom (1500-
1070 B.C.) were buried in this valley, which is the world's most magnificent burial
ground.
▪ Their walls were painted and sculpted with magnificent murals depicting scenes of
daily life and the land of the gods.
GOVERNMENT
PHARAOHS
ROYAL WOMEN
ROYAL SYMBOLS
▪ Government and religion were inseparable in ancient Egypt.
▪ The pharaoh was the head of state and the divine representative of the gods on
earth.
▪ Religion and government brought order to society through the construction
of temples, the creation of laws, taxation, the organization of labour, trade with
neighbours and the defence of the country's interests.
SOCIAL HIERACHY
 The pharaoh was at the top
 Next to him, the most powerful
officers were the viziers, the
executive heads of the
bureaucracy.
 Then were the high priests,
followed by royal overseers
(administrators)
 At the bottom of the hierarchy
were the scribes, artisans,
farmers and laborers.
THE PHARAOH
▪ Comes from bible
▪ first used by Joseph and Moses in the "Second Book of Kings"
▪ The pharaohs began ruling Egypt in 3000 B.C., when Upper and Lower Egypt were
united.
▪ The pharaoh was assisted by a hierarchy of advisors, priests, officials and
administrators, who were responsible for the affairs of the state and the welfare of
the people.
▪ Believed to be:
▪ ruler
▪ Priest
▪ god
▪ ruled on earth (not heaven)
ROLES:
Old kingdom
▪ considered themselves to
be living gods who ruled
with absolute power. They
built pyramids as
testimony of their
greatness but left no
official records of their
achievements.
Middlekingdom
▪ the pharaohs no longer
considered themselves to
be living gods, but rather
the representatives of the
gods on earth. They left
records of their deeds, but
these were no more than a
string of titles and
laudatory epithets.
EGYPTIAN CIVILIZATION AND CULTURE
ROYAL WOMEN
▪ Royal mothers, wives and daughters derived their status from their relationship with
the king. Kings had many wives and royal families were large.
▪ The most prolific was Rameses II, who had eight wives and over a hundred children.
▪ To keep the royal bloodline pure, kings often married within their family, a sister or
half sister, for example. In a few cases, they married their daughters, although it is
not clear whether or not these marriages were true conjugal unions.
The nobleman
Hunefer and his wife
with arms raised in
praise of the gods.
ROYAL INSIGNIA
VULTURE HEADDRESS
▪ The vulture's wings and body were
spread over a tightly fitted cap, and
the head jutted out at the front. The
uraeus (cobra) head could be
substituted for the vulture head. Both
the vulture and the cobra served to
protect the wearer from harm. They
were the most characteristic marks of
kingship and may have also been, by
association, a symbol of divine
queenship.
PAIR OF FALCON PLUMES
▪ Royal symbol worn by women from
the thirteenth dynasty onward was a
pair of falcon plumes mounted on a
circular support. Similar double-
feather headdresses were worn by
Min, the fertility god, Amun, the
creator god, and Hathor, the powerful
goddess who controlled the cycles of
nature.
KING’S DAUGHTER
▪ Girls born to royal wives were given the title "king's daughters"
to distinguish them from those of non-royal wives.
▪ Royal wives were called the king's principal wives to
distinguish them from the others, although the principal wife
was not always of royal birth.
▪ An example is Queen Tiy, the wife of Amenhotep III,
Tutankhamun's grandfather.
ROYAL SYMBOLS
Egyptian art is rich in symbols related to royalty
and its religious beliefs.
By learning to read these symbols, one can gain a better understanding and
appreciation of Egyptian art . Below are a few of the most common symbols.
SOME POPULAR SYMBOLS
▪ Ankh
In the shape of a mirror or a knot, the
ankh is a symbol of life.It was often
carried by deities or people in a funeral
procession, or offered to the king as the
breath of life.
▪ Cartouche
A cartouche is an elliptical outline
representing a length of rope that
encloses the names of royal persons in
hieroglyphs. It symbolized the pharaoh's
status as ruler of all that the sun
encircled.
▪ Crook and Flail
The crook and flail are two of the most
prominent items in the royal regalia. Kings
held them across their chest. The crook, in
the shape of a shepherd's staff, is a sceptre
symbolizing government and that may be
related to the concept of a good shepherd
leading his flock.
Vulture
The vulture was the symbol of Upper Egypt.
Pharaohs wore the uraeus (cobra) and the
head of a vulture on their foreheads as
symbols of royal protection. The goddess
Nekhbet was also portrayed as a vulture.
▪ Menit Necklace
This heavy beaded necklace with a
crescent front piece and a
counterweight at the back is associated
with the goddess Hathor. It serves as a
medium to transfer the goddess's power
to the pharaoh.
Sistrum
A ceremonial instrument, the sistrum is
a rattle that is often shaped like the
ankh symbol. It is associated with the
goddess Hathor, and its sound is
thought to bring protection and divine
blessing through fertility and rebirth.
OTHER SYMBOLS
ARE:
Crowns and Headgear
OTHER SYMBOLS ARE:
▪ Crowns and Headgear
▪ Gold
▪ Isis Knot
▪ Lotus
▪ Reed and Bee
BEAUREUCRACY
MILITARY
PEOPLE
BUREAUCRACYis not a modern invention; it was
conceived by the Egyptians over 5,000 years ago. The creation of
a bureaucracy in the Old Kingdom was a key factor in the
inception of the Egyptian civilization. The king was the supreme
head of state. Next to him, the most powerful officer in the
hierarchy was the vizier, the executive head of the bureaucr.acy.
The position of vizier was filled by a prince or a person of
exceptional ability. His title is translated as "superintendent of all
works of the king"
▪ As the supreme judge of the state, the vizier ruled on all petitions and
grievances brought to the court. All royal commands passed through his
hands before being transmitted to the scribes in his office. They in turn
dispatched orders to the heads of distant towns and villages, and
dictated the rules and regulations related to the collection of taxes.
 The king was surrounded by the court, friends and
favoured people who attained higher administrative
positions. The tendency was to fill these positions on
the basis of heredity. One of the most ardent wishes
of these administrators was to climb the bureaucratic
ladder through promotions and to hand their offices to
their children.
 Many concepts in modern bureaucracies can be
traced to the Egyptians. The hierarchical structure
and code of ethics of the Egyptian bureaucracy are
echoed in modern governments. Ancient Egyptian
bureaucrats, who aspired to higher positions, were
counselled to obey their superiors and keep silence in
all circumstances, in other words, not to contradict or
challenge the wisdom of those in charge. They were
expected to have tact and good manners, be faithful in
delivering messages, and display humility that verged
on subservience. It is perhaps for these reasons that
Egyptian officials were called civil servants, a
designation that governments have adopted down
through the ages.
he Ancient Egyptian army
was divided into two forces
Army
navy.
THE MILITARYTY
To reinforce their image as powerful divine rulers, the
PHARAOHS represented themselves in writings and
sculptured reliefs on temple walls. They often
DEPICTED
THEMSELVES AS WARRIORS who single-handedly killed
scores of enemies and slaughtered a whole pride of lions.
▪ The military took part in warfare and trade missions, helping to
maintain Egypt's sovereignty and expand its territories. The deserts and
the Mediterranean gave the country a natural means of protection. Still,
invasions did occur. In the Old Kingdom, the small military units were
reinforced by farmers when necessary. During times of internal
instability, private armies were established, which included non-
Egyptian mercenaries. During the reign of Ramses II (New Kingdom),
vast improvements were made in military technology and tactics.
The Narmer palette is the earliest artifact
depicting an Egyptian king wearing the
crowns of both Upper and Lower Egypt. It
commemorates King Narmer's victory over
Lower Egypt and the subsequent union of
Upper and Lower Egypt in the late Pre-
dynastic Period (3000 B.C.).
Full-scale replica, Royal Ontario Museum
The people
▪ RICH EGYPTIAN
 homes made of wood/brick
 along the Nile
 Servants, artisans
▪ AVERAGE EGYPTIAN
 farmers
 villages on estates of rich
 homes made of reeds or sunbaked mud.
 (built high to avoid the yearly flood)
 also built monuments, roads etc.
MUMMIFICATION
MUMMIFICATION
▪ The earliest ancient Egyptians buried their dead in small pits in the desert.
▪ Sand dehydrated the bodies quickly, creating natural 'mummies'.
▪ Later, the ancient Egyptians began burying their dead in coffins to protect them
from wild animals in the desert.
▪ For example, the body had to be preserved through mummification and given a
properly furnished tomb with everything needed for life in the afterworld.
MATERIAL USED IN MUMMIFICATION
▪ Linen
▪ Sawdust
▪ Beeswax
▪ Resin
▪ Natron
▪ Onion
▪ Nile mud
▪ Linen pads
PURPOSE
▪ The purpose of mummification was to keep the body intact so it could be
transported to a spiritual afterlife.
▪ This practice reached its height during the eleventh and twelfth centuries.
.
THE SOUL
▪ There are three elements to the Egyptian concept of the soul: Ka, Ba
and Akh.
• The royal Ka symbolized a pharaoh's right to rule, a
universal force that passed from one pharaoh to the next.
• BA is represented as a human-headed bird that leaves the
body when a person dies. The face of Ba was the exactly
same of the deceased person.
• AKH concept of light,spirit of a person that becomes ONE
with light after death.
LIFE AFTER DEATH
▪ The journey to the afterworld was considered full of danger. The mummy passed
through the underworld, which have long knives, fire-spitting dragons and reptiles
with five heads.
▪ Upon arriving ,the deceased had to pass through seven gates, reciting accurately a
magic spell.
▪ If successful, they arrived at the Hall of Osiris, the place of judgement.
▪ Here the gods of the dead performed the "weighing of the heart" ceremony.
CONTINUE…
▪ The person's heart was then placed on a scale and balanced by a
feather that represented, the goddess of truth and justice.
▪ If the heart was equal in weight to the feather, the person reach
otherwise the person would not survive in the afterlife.
.
MYTHS
GODS AND
GODDESSES
KINGSHIP
PRIESTS
RELIGION
▪ MYTH
▪ GOD AND GODDESSES
▪ KINGSHIP
▪ PRIEST
MYTH
▪ Myths are stories that become part of humanity's collective memory.
▪ It is possible to interpret them.
▪ The ancient Egyptians believed that the basic principles of life, nature and society
were determined by the gods at the creation of the world.
MYTH
▪ It all began with the first stirring of the High God in the primeval waters.
▪ The earth was created out of chaos by the god Atum.
▪ The earth was seen as a sacred landscape, a reflection of the sky world where the
gods resided.
GOD AND GODDESSES
▪ There are large number of Gods.
Ra: Ra was the sun god and the most important god to the Ancient Egyptians. Ra was
said to have created all forms of life and was the supreme ruler of the gods.
Isis: was the mother goddess. It was thought that she would protect and help people in
need.
Osiris: Osiris was ruler of the underworld and god of the dead.
Horus: Horus was the god of the sky.
Thoth: Thoth was the god of knowledge. He blessed the Egyptians with writing,
medicine, and mathematics.
kingship
▪ kings were considered divinely appointed representatives of the gods on earth.
▪ If they did not conduct the affairs of state in a wise and just manner, they would not
be admitted into the holy land when they died.
PRIEST
▪ Priests worked at the temples, conducting the daily rituals of clothing, feeding and
putting to bed the sculpted images that represented the deities to whom the
temples were dedicated.
▪ The higher-ranking priests were called the first servants of the god.
▪ Lower-ranking ones performed various duties, such as studying and writing
Egyptian clothing
and jewelry
What did the people of Ancient Egypt
wear?
▪ Egypt is a hot country and so people wore lightweight clothes which kept them cool. We can see what they wore
from the many paintings and sculptures they left behind.
▪ The Egyptian climate with its hot summers and mild winters favored light clothing made from plant fibers,
predominantly linen
▪ The manufacture of clothes was apparently mostly women's work. It was generally done at home, but there
were workshops run by noblemen or other men of means.
▪ The most important textile was linen. It was produced from flax, the quality ranging from the finest woven
linen, the byssus for royalty, to the coarse cloth peasants wore
▪ Most young children went around completely naked. When they were six years old they began to wear clothes
that would protect them from the intense dry heat.
Men clothing
▪ poor
▪ Most clothes were made from linen made from flax
▪ Men wore a loincloth (a bit like a skirt).
▪ These sometimes
▪ had a belt.
▪ The design of these changed through the ages.
RICH
▪ They would sometimes wear a shirt
▪ They wore make-up, jewellery and headdresses for special occasions.
▪ The pharaoh also wore animal skins such as leopard over their shoulders as a sign of wealth
Women clothing
▪ Women wore linen dresses with one or two shoulder straps. These often had pleats
or folds.
▪ Rich women would wear dresses decorated with beads and feathers for special
occasions.
▪ They would also wear
jewellery, head-dresses and make-up.
JEWELERY
▪ Men and women wore jewellery because they thought it made them look pleasing to
the gods.
▪ In addition to iron, gold and
▪ gemstones, archaeologists believe that
▪ some jewellery was even made from
▪ fragments of meteorite!
▪ Amulets were worn for good luck.
MAKEUP
▪ Rich Egyptians wore make up. They would use green or blue mineral powder as eye
shadow, and would use a dye called henna to redden their lips and nails.
▪ A black eyeliner called Kohl was also worn to deflect the sun’s glare and prevent eye
infections.
▪
SHOES
▪ Ancient Egyptians went barefoot most of the time.
▪ For special occasions, men and women wore sandals made of plaited reeds.
DAILY LIFE
FOOD
SHELTER
TRANSPORTATION
Daily life
▪ Food
▪ Shelter
▪ transportation
Food
Agriculture
The ancient Egyptians cultivated
emmer and barley, and several other
cereal grains (staple food crops,
especially grains such as wheat and
barley) , all of which were used to
make the two main food staples of
bread and beer. Flax plants, uprooted
before they started flowering, were
grown for the fibers of their stems.
Livestock was important to the
Egyptian economy, supplying meat,
milk, hides, and dung for cooking
fuel.
•A variety of vegetables were grown and eaten by
the ancient Egyptians including
•onions,
•leeks,
•garlic,
• beans,
• lettuce,
• lentils,
• cabbages,
• radishes and turnips.
• They ate fruit as a dessert and they included
melons, plums, figs, grapes, raisins and dates.
•The ancient Egyptian civilization was among the
first to regard hunting and fishing as both a sport
and a source of food.
Shelter
•Most ancient Egyptians lived in an area concentrated
along the lower portion of Nile river in Northeastern Africa,
which is now modern day Egypt.
•The houses they live in were made of bricks and had no
foundations. The bricks were made of mud and
chopped straw, molded and dried in the hot Egyptian sun.
•Egyptian civilization - Architecture. The ancient
Egyptians built their pyramids, tombs, temples and
palaces out of stone, the most durable of all building
materials.
Transportation
•The Egyptians didn't build roads to travel around their empire. They didn't need to. Nature had already
built them a superhighway right through the middle of their empire called the Nile River.
•Most of the major cities in Ancient Egypt were located along the banks of the Nile River. As a result, the
Egyptians used the Nile for transportation and shipping from very early on.
•They became expert at building boats and navigating the river
Early boats,
Wooden boats,
Cargo ships, &
Funeral boats etc
Means of transportation
•Walking
•Ferries
•Litters
•Carts
•Sledges
•Beasts of burden
•Shipping
THANK YOU!

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EGYPTIAN CIVILIZATION AND CULTURE

  • 3. EGYPT CIVILIZATION ▪ Ancient Egypt -- a land of mysteries. ▪ The civilization of Ancient Egypt is known for its stupendous achievements in a whole range of fields, including art and architecture, engineering, medicine and statecraft. ▪ The civilization of Ancient Egypt was one of the earliest in world history. ▪ It is usually held to have begun around 3000 BC.
  • 4. Categories of stable kingdom ▪ The history of the ancient Egypt grew up with the series of stable kingdoms. Historians had divided this series or periods of kingdom in to three categories such as ▪ Old kingdom of the early bronze age. ▪ Middle kingdom of the middle bronze age ▪ New kingdom of the late bronze age. ▪ It was during these times that Ancient Egypt was at its strongest. The times between the Kingdoms are called intermediate periods.
  • 5. UPPER AND LOWER EGYPT The Nile River flows from south to north, emptying into the Mediterranean Sea at the Nile Delta. The northernmost part of the Nile, being the end of the river, is referred to as Lower Egypt This was one of Egypt's early kingdoms, known at the time as the Black Land To their south, near the origins of the Nile, was Upper Egypt. It was known as the Red Land
  • 6. RED AND BLACK LAND The ancient Egyptians thought of Egypt as being divided into two types of land, the 'black land' and the 'red land ▪ The 'black land' was the fertile land on the banks of the Nile. The ancient Egyptians used this land for growing their crops. This was the only land in ancient Egypt that could be farmed because a layer of rich, black siltwas deposited there every year after the Nile flooded. ▪ The 'red land' was the barren desert that protected Egypt on two sides. These deserts separated ancient Egypt from neighbouring countries and invading armies. They also provided the ancient Egyptians with a source for precious metals and semi- precious stones.
  • 7. Fun Facts about Ancient Egypt ▪ Egyptian men and women wore makeup.It was thought to have healing powers, plus it helped protect their skin from the sun. ▪ They used moldy bread to help with infections. ▪ They were one of the first civilizations to invent writing. They also used ink to write and paper called papyrus. ▪ The Ancient Egyptians were scientists and mathematicians. They had numerous inventions including ways to build buildings, medicine, cosmetics, the calendar, the plow for farming, musical instruments, and even toothpaste. ▪ Ancient Egypt plays a major role in the Bible. The Israelites were held captive there as slaves for many years. Moses helped them escape and led them to the Promised Land. ▪ The Pharaoh kept his hair covered. It was not to be seen by regular people. ▪ Cats were considered sacred in Ancient Egypt.
  • 9. DIVISION OF KINGDOM: The archaeologists have realized that the ancient Egyptian history could be divided into three separate periods, ▪ The Old Kingdom ▪ The Middle Kingdom ▪ The new Kingdom.
  • 10. DIVISION OF KINGDOM The archaeologists have realized that the ancient Egyptian history could be divided into three separate periods, ▪ The Old Kingdom ▪ The Middle Kingdom ▪ The New Kingdom
  • 11. Old Kingdom (2686-2181bc) At that time, Pharaohs had enjoyed the absolute power.  Huge number of pyramids were built. Built at Giza of Egypt. First step pyramid built by king Djozer.  Pyramids were built with limestone, burial chambers built with granite and outer castings were carved out of fine limestone.  Even today, the archaeologists and scientists are unable to discover the actual process of building such great pyramids.
  • 12. Middle Kingdom Egypt strengthened its army base to protect herself from the enemies. The trade along with arts, science and literature flourished. During this time period the pharaohs became wise rulers. Those pharaohs came from Thebes and they brought their local God Amenemhat with them. People started believing him and began to worship as the king of the Gods. During The Middle Kingdom, the pharaohs were buried inside the hidden tombs instead of expensive pyramids. These intelligently hidden tombs were very hard to discover.
  • 13. The New Kingdom (1549–1069 BC)  Established a period of unprecedented prosperity Strengthening diplomatic ties with their neighbors. Military campaigns waged under Tuthmosis I and his grandson Tuthmosis III  Hatshepsut generally promoted peace and restored trade routes. When Tuthmosis III died in 1425 BC, Egypt extending their empire from Niya in north west Syria to the fourth waterfall of the Nile in Nubia cementing loyalties and opening access to critical imports such as bronze and wood.
  • 14. ARCHITECTURE TOMBS PYRAMIDS VALLEY OF THE KINGS By: Syeda Wafa Zainab
  • 16. ▪ The first royal tombs called mastabas were built at Abydos. ▪ Mastaba tombs surround the pyramids of the Old Kingdom. ▪ Courtiers and families of the monarch were buried there. ▪ Built on the west side of the Nile. ▪ The souls of kings went on to enjoy life with the Gods. ▪ The souls of the nobles continued to inhabit the tomb and needed to be nourished by daily offerings of food and drink. ▪ A false door was carved on the interior tomb wall near the entrance to the shaft. ▪ Often an image of the deceased was carved in the false door in order to entice the soul to enter the body. ▪ For the comfort and well-being of the deceased, the burial chamber was filled with material goods and food offerings.
  • 18. ▪ One of the world's greatest architectural wonders. ▪ A pyramid is a tomb, a four-sided stone structure that symbolizes the sacred mountain, humanity's universal striving to reach the heavens ▪ The ancient belief in raising the human spirit towards the gods is the quintessential purpose behind the construction of pyramids. ▪ Approximately 80% of the building materials are found in the lower half. ▪ Since pyramids are solid, no walls or pillars were required to support the structure. ▪ The pyramid built by King Sahure (2491-2477 B.C., Old Kingdom) is the largest of the three at Abousir and the one that is best preserved.
  • 20. ▪ The Pyramid Age began during the Old Kingdom (2650-2134 B.C.) ▪ The first pyramids were built by King Djoser in the third dynasty. ▪ The famous architect and scholar Imhotep designed the Step Pyramid, a pharaoh's tomb at Saqqara that looks like a stairway to heaven. ▪ In the fourth dynasty, the Pharaoh Snefru built the first geometrically true pyramids at Dahshur, south of Saqqara. ▪ He started by adding a smooth casing over the steps of two pyramids that were built by his predecessors. ▪ He then built two pyramids of his own. ▪ The pyramids built during the fifth dynasty had a core of rubble and mud bricks, and a limestone facing.
  • 22. ▪ Most famous pyramids are found at Giza. ▪ They were built by three pharaohs — Cheops (or Khufu*), Chephren (Khafre*) and Mycerinus (Menkaure*) . ▪ Great Pyramid of Cheops is the largest of the three at Giza.  2.5 million limestone blocks.  Average weight estimated at 2.5 tons.  The entire structure was encased in a fine white polished limestone brought from the hills at Tura, on the opposite side of the Nile.  When completed, the Great Pyramid stood 146.6 metres (481 feet) tall, and its base was 230.3 metres (756 feet) square.  The capstones (pyramidions) of all the pyramids were made of solid polished granite.
  • 24. ▪ The Great Sphinx at Giza, near Cairo, is probably the most famous sculpture in the world. ▪ With a lion's body and a human head, it represents Ra-Horakhty, a form of the powerful sun god, and is the incarnation of royal power. ▪ The face of the Great Sphinx is believed to be that of Chephren, the fourth-dynasty pharaoh who built the second-largest pyramid in the Giza triad. In the image of the Sphinx, the pharaoh was seen as a powerful god. ▪ Carved out of a natural limestone outcrop, the Sphinx is 19.8 metres (65 feet) high and 73.2 metres (240 feet) long. It is located a short distance from the Great Pyramid. ▪ The Sphinx differs from other deities in that it has an animal body and a human head, whereas most other deities have human bodies and animal heads.
  • 26. ▪ The Valley of the Kings is famous for its royal tombs. ▪ The Valley of the Kings was located in the ancient necropolis of Thebes, the capital of Egypt during the New Kingdom. ▪ These beautifully painted tombs have been designated a World Heritage Site by UNESCO. ▪ For over a thousand years, the kings, queens and nobles of the New Kingdom (1500- 1070 B.C.) were buried in this valley, which is the world's most magnificent burial ground. ▪ Their walls were painted and sculpted with magnificent murals depicting scenes of daily life and the land of the gods.
  • 28. ▪ Government and religion were inseparable in ancient Egypt. ▪ The pharaoh was the head of state and the divine representative of the gods on earth. ▪ Religion and government brought order to society through the construction of temples, the creation of laws, taxation, the organization of labour, trade with neighbours and the defence of the country's interests.
  • 29. SOCIAL HIERACHY  The pharaoh was at the top  Next to him, the most powerful officers were the viziers, the executive heads of the bureaucracy.  Then were the high priests, followed by royal overseers (administrators)  At the bottom of the hierarchy were the scribes, artisans, farmers and laborers.
  • 30. THE PHARAOH ▪ Comes from bible ▪ first used by Joseph and Moses in the "Second Book of Kings" ▪ The pharaohs began ruling Egypt in 3000 B.C., when Upper and Lower Egypt were united. ▪ The pharaoh was assisted by a hierarchy of advisors, priests, officials and administrators, who were responsible for the affairs of the state and the welfare of the people. ▪ Believed to be: ▪ ruler ▪ Priest ▪ god ▪ ruled on earth (not heaven)
  • 31. ROLES: Old kingdom ▪ considered themselves to be living gods who ruled with absolute power. They built pyramids as testimony of their greatness but left no official records of their achievements. Middlekingdom ▪ the pharaohs no longer considered themselves to be living gods, but rather the representatives of the gods on earth. They left records of their deeds, but these were no more than a string of titles and laudatory epithets.
  • 33. ROYAL WOMEN ▪ Royal mothers, wives and daughters derived their status from their relationship with the king. Kings had many wives and royal families were large. ▪ The most prolific was Rameses II, who had eight wives and over a hundred children. ▪ To keep the royal bloodline pure, kings often married within their family, a sister or half sister, for example. In a few cases, they married their daughters, although it is not clear whether or not these marriages were true conjugal unions.
  • 34. The nobleman Hunefer and his wife with arms raised in praise of the gods.
  • 35. ROYAL INSIGNIA VULTURE HEADDRESS ▪ The vulture's wings and body were spread over a tightly fitted cap, and the head jutted out at the front. The uraeus (cobra) head could be substituted for the vulture head. Both the vulture and the cobra served to protect the wearer from harm. They were the most characteristic marks of kingship and may have also been, by association, a symbol of divine queenship. PAIR OF FALCON PLUMES ▪ Royal symbol worn by women from the thirteenth dynasty onward was a pair of falcon plumes mounted on a circular support. Similar double- feather headdresses were worn by Min, the fertility god, Amun, the creator god, and Hathor, the powerful goddess who controlled the cycles of nature.
  • 36. KING’S DAUGHTER ▪ Girls born to royal wives were given the title "king's daughters" to distinguish them from those of non-royal wives. ▪ Royal wives were called the king's principal wives to distinguish them from the others, although the principal wife was not always of royal birth. ▪ An example is Queen Tiy, the wife of Amenhotep III, Tutankhamun's grandfather.
  • 37. ROYAL SYMBOLS Egyptian art is rich in symbols related to royalty and its religious beliefs. By learning to read these symbols, one can gain a better understanding and appreciation of Egyptian art . Below are a few of the most common symbols.
  • 38. SOME POPULAR SYMBOLS ▪ Ankh In the shape of a mirror or a knot, the ankh is a symbol of life.It was often carried by deities or people in a funeral procession, or offered to the king as the breath of life. ▪ Cartouche A cartouche is an elliptical outline representing a length of rope that encloses the names of royal persons in hieroglyphs. It symbolized the pharaoh's status as ruler of all that the sun encircled.
  • 39. ▪ Crook and Flail The crook and flail are two of the most prominent items in the royal regalia. Kings held them across their chest. The crook, in the shape of a shepherd's staff, is a sceptre symbolizing government and that may be related to the concept of a good shepherd leading his flock. Vulture The vulture was the symbol of Upper Egypt. Pharaohs wore the uraeus (cobra) and the head of a vulture on their foreheads as symbols of royal protection. The goddess Nekhbet was also portrayed as a vulture.
  • 40. ▪ Menit Necklace This heavy beaded necklace with a crescent front piece and a counterweight at the back is associated with the goddess Hathor. It serves as a medium to transfer the goddess's power to the pharaoh. Sistrum A ceremonial instrument, the sistrum is a rattle that is often shaped like the ankh symbol. It is associated with the goddess Hathor, and its sound is thought to bring protection and divine blessing through fertility and rebirth.
  • 42. OTHER SYMBOLS ARE: ▪ Crowns and Headgear ▪ Gold ▪ Isis Knot ▪ Lotus ▪ Reed and Bee
  • 44. BUREAUCRACYis not a modern invention; it was conceived by the Egyptians over 5,000 years ago. The creation of a bureaucracy in the Old Kingdom was a key factor in the inception of the Egyptian civilization. The king was the supreme head of state. Next to him, the most powerful officer in the hierarchy was the vizier, the executive head of the bureaucr.acy. The position of vizier was filled by a prince or a person of exceptional ability. His title is translated as "superintendent of all works of the king"
  • 45. ▪ As the supreme judge of the state, the vizier ruled on all petitions and grievances brought to the court. All royal commands passed through his hands before being transmitted to the scribes in his office. They in turn dispatched orders to the heads of distant towns and villages, and dictated the rules and regulations related to the collection of taxes.
  • 46.  The king was surrounded by the court, friends and favoured people who attained higher administrative positions. The tendency was to fill these positions on the basis of heredity. One of the most ardent wishes of these administrators was to climb the bureaucratic ladder through promotions and to hand their offices to their children.  Many concepts in modern bureaucracies can be traced to the Egyptians. The hierarchical structure and code of ethics of the Egyptian bureaucracy are echoed in modern governments. Ancient Egyptian bureaucrats, who aspired to higher positions, were counselled to obey their superiors and keep silence in all circumstances, in other words, not to contradict or challenge the wisdom of those in charge. They were expected to have tact and good manners, be faithful in delivering messages, and display humility that verged on subservience. It is perhaps for these reasons that Egyptian officials were called civil servants, a designation that governments have adopted down through the ages.
  • 47. he Ancient Egyptian army was divided into two forces Army navy. THE MILITARYTY
  • 48. To reinforce their image as powerful divine rulers, the PHARAOHS represented themselves in writings and sculptured reliefs on temple walls. They often DEPICTED THEMSELVES AS WARRIORS who single-handedly killed scores of enemies and slaughtered a whole pride of lions.
  • 49. ▪ The military took part in warfare and trade missions, helping to maintain Egypt's sovereignty and expand its territories. The deserts and the Mediterranean gave the country a natural means of protection. Still, invasions did occur. In the Old Kingdom, the small military units were reinforced by farmers when necessary. During times of internal instability, private armies were established, which included non- Egyptian mercenaries. During the reign of Ramses II (New Kingdom), vast improvements were made in military technology and tactics. The Narmer palette is the earliest artifact depicting an Egyptian king wearing the crowns of both Upper and Lower Egypt. It commemorates King Narmer's victory over Lower Egypt and the subsequent union of Upper and Lower Egypt in the late Pre- dynastic Period (3000 B.C.). Full-scale replica, Royal Ontario Museum
  • 50. The people ▪ RICH EGYPTIAN  homes made of wood/brick  along the Nile  Servants, artisans ▪ AVERAGE EGYPTIAN  farmers  villages on estates of rich  homes made of reeds or sunbaked mud.  (built high to avoid the yearly flood)  also built monuments, roads etc.
  • 52. MUMMIFICATION ▪ The earliest ancient Egyptians buried their dead in small pits in the desert. ▪ Sand dehydrated the bodies quickly, creating natural 'mummies'. ▪ Later, the ancient Egyptians began burying their dead in coffins to protect them from wild animals in the desert. ▪ For example, the body had to be preserved through mummification and given a properly furnished tomb with everything needed for life in the afterworld.
  • 53. MATERIAL USED IN MUMMIFICATION ▪ Linen ▪ Sawdust ▪ Beeswax ▪ Resin ▪ Natron ▪ Onion ▪ Nile mud ▪ Linen pads
  • 54. PURPOSE ▪ The purpose of mummification was to keep the body intact so it could be transported to a spiritual afterlife. ▪ This practice reached its height during the eleventh and twelfth centuries.
  • 55. . THE SOUL ▪ There are three elements to the Egyptian concept of the soul: Ka, Ba and Akh. • The royal Ka symbolized a pharaoh's right to rule, a universal force that passed from one pharaoh to the next. • BA is represented as a human-headed bird that leaves the body when a person dies. The face of Ba was the exactly same of the deceased person. • AKH concept of light,spirit of a person that becomes ONE with light after death.
  • 56. LIFE AFTER DEATH ▪ The journey to the afterworld was considered full of danger. The mummy passed through the underworld, which have long knives, fire-spitting dragons and reptiles with five heads. ▪ Upon arriving ,the deceased had to pass through seven gates, reciting accurately a magic spell. ▪ If successful, they arrived at the Hall of Osiris, the place of judgement. ▪ Here the gods of the dead performed the "weighing of the heart" ceremony.
  • 57. CONTINUE… ▪ The person's heart was then placed on a scale and balanced by a feather that represented, the goddess of truth and justice. ▪ If the heart was equal in weight to the feather, the person reach otherwise the person would not survive in the afterlife. .
  • 59. RELIGION ▪ MYTH ▪ GOD AND GODDESSES ▪ KINGSHIP ▪ PRIEST
  • 60. MYTH ▪ Myths are stories that become part of humanity's collective memory. ▪ It is possible to interpret them. ▪ The ancient Egyptians believed that the basic principles of life, nature and society were determined by the gods at the creation of the world.
  • 61. MYTH ▪ It all began with the first stirring of the High God in the primeval waters. ▪ The earth was created out of chaos by the god Atum. ▪ The earth was seen as a sacred landscape, a reflection of the sky world where the gods resided.
  • 62. GOD AND GODDESSES ▪ There are large number of Gods. Ra: Ra was the sun god and the most important god to the Ancient Egyptians. Ra was said to have created all forms of life and was the supreme ruler of the gods. Isis: was the mother goddess. It was thought that she would protect and help people in need. Osiris: Osiris was ruler of the underworld and god of the dead.
  • 63. Horus: Horus was the god of the sky. Thoth: Thoth was the god of knowledge. He blessed the Egyptians with writing, medicine, and mathematics.
  • 64. kingship ▪ kings were considered divinely appointed representatives of the gods on earth. ▪ If they did not conduct the affairs of state in a wise and just manner, they would not be admitted into the holy land when they died.
  • 65. PRIEST ▪ Priests worked at the temples, conducting the daily rituals of clothing, feeding and putting to bed the sculpted images that represented the deities to whom the temples were dedicated. ▪ The higher-ranking priests were called the first servants of the god. ▪ Lower-ranking ones performed various duties, such as studying and writing
  • 67. What did the people of Ancient Egypt wear? ▪ Egypt is a hot country and so people wore lightweight clothes which kept them cool. We can see what they wore from the many paintings and sculptures they left behind. ▪ The Egyptian climate with its hot summers and mild winters favored light clothing made from plant fibers, predominantly linen ▪ The manufacture of clothes was apparently mostly women's work. It was generally done at home, but there were workshops run by noblemen or other men of means. ▪ The most important textile was linen. It was produced from flax, the quality ranging from the finest woven linen, the byssus for royalty, to the coarse cloth peasants wore ▪ Most young children went around completely naked. When they were six years old they began to wear clothes that would protect them from the intense dry heat.
  • 68. Men clothing ▪ poor ▪ Most clothes were made from linen made from flax ▪ Men wore a loincloth (a bit like a skirt). ▪ These sometimes ▪ had a belt. ▪ The design of these changed through the ages. RICH ▪ They would sometimes wear a shirt ▪ They wore make-up, jewellery and headdresses for special occasions. ▪ The pharaoh also wore animal skins such as leopard over their shoulders as a sign of wealth
  • 69. Women clothing ▪ Women wore linen dresses with one or two shoulder straps. These often had pleats or folds. ▪ Rich women would wear dresses decorated with beads and feathers for special occasions. ▪ They would also wear jewellery, head-dresses and make-up.
  • 70. JEWELERY ▪ Men and women wore jewellery because they thought it made them look pleasing to the gods. ▪ In addition to iron, gold and ▪ gemstones, archaeologists believe that ▪ some jewellery was even made from ▪ fragments of meteorite! ▪ Amulets were worn for good luck.
  • 71. MAKEUP ▪ Rich Egyptians wore make up. They would use green or blue mineral powder as eye shadow, and would use a dye called henna to redden their lips and nails. ▪ A black eyeliner called Kohl was also worn to deflect the sun’s glare and prevent eye infections. ▪
  • 72. SHOES ▪ Ancient Egyptians went barefoot most of the time. ▪ For special occasions, men and women wore sandals made of plaited reeds.
  • 74. Daily life ▪ Food ▪ Shelter ▪ transportation
  • 75. Food Agriculture The ancient Egyptians cultivated emmer and barley, and several other cereal grains (staple food crops, especially grains such as wheat and barley) , all of which were used to make the two main food staples of bread and beer. Flax plants, uprooted before they started flowering, were grown for the fibers of their stems. Livestock was important to the Egyptian economy, supplying meat, milk, hides, and dung for cooking fuel.
  • 76. •A variety of vegetables were grown and eaten by the ancient Egyptians including •onions, •leeks, •garlic, • beans, • lettuce, • lentils, • cabbages, • radishes and turnips.
  • 77. • They ate fruit as a dessert and they included melons, plums, figs, grapes, raisins and dates. •The ancient Egyptian civilization was among the first to regard hunting and fishing as both a sport and a source of food.
  • 78. Shelter •Most ancient Egyptians lived in an area concentrated along the lower portion of Nile river in Northeastern Africa, which is now modern day Egypt. •The houses they live in were made of bricks and had no foundations. The bricks were made of mud and chopped straw, molded and dried in the hot Egyptian sun. •Egyptian civilization - Architecture. The ancient Egyptians built their pyramids, tombs, temples and palaces out of stone, the most durable of all building materials.
  • 79. Transportation •The Egyptians didn't build roads to travel around their empire. They didn't need to. Nature had already built them a superhighway right through the middle of their empire called the Nile River. •Most of the major cities in Ancient Egypt were located along the banks of the Nile River. As a result, the Egyptians used the Nile for transportation and shipping from very early on.
  • 80. •They became expert at building boats and navigating the river Early boats, Wooden boats, Cargo ships, & Funeral boats etc