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KURSK STATE MEDICAL UNIVERSITY
FACULTY OF FOREIGN MEDICINE

Department of Pathological Anatomy
Course research work of pathological anatomy
Theme: Degenerative brain disorder in aging people

Student: Gustavo Duarte Viana
3rd year 2nd semester
Group:17
Supervisor: associated professor Goryainova, G. A.

KURSK
2013
0
Contents

• General Considerations

2

• Classification

2

• Basic concept of dementia

3

• Most common degenerative disease list

3

• Alzhimer’s disease

4

• Pick’s disease

12

• Parkinson’s disease

14

• Huntington’s disease

21

• Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis

24

• Conclusion

26

• References

27

1
General consideration
Degenerative disorders occurs during aging and may worse with time, in contrast the youth
brain disorders is infectious more than degenerative one.
DEGENERATIVE DISEASES are Gray matter disease with progressive loss of neurons and
secondary changes in white matter tracts.
Degenerative manifests as disturbed organism with inclusions according the inside of the cells
contents and atrophy of the cells and loss of cells.
it mainly occur in patients without clear inciting event of previous neurologic deficits, it has
Intracellular abnormalities and only loss of affected neurons

Classifications
•

DEGENERATIVE DISEASES are Grouped according to anatomic regions affected:

 CEREBRAL CORTEX – Alzheimer disease, Pick’s disease
 SUBCORTICAL AREAS – movement disorders (tremors and dyskinesia): Parkinsonism,
Huntington’s chorea, etc.
 Motor neurons of spinal cord: Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis

• The etiology is classified as primary or secondary according to neurological
or systemic causes
 Primary Degenerations:
Global – Alzheimer & Lewibody
Selective/System – Parkinsons , Huntingtons , MND.
Secondary Degenerations: Toxic, metabolic(storage), infections,
nutritional. Alcohol & B12 deficiency, Cerebrovascular disease – stroke.
Infections (e.g. Creutzfeldt-Jakob, syphilis, HIV.), neoplasma, heamatoma,
hydrocephalus and etc.

2
Basic concept of Dementia
Dementia: Acquired global impairment of intellect-intact consciousness >
15% of adults over 80 are demented. Primary & secondary degenerative
disorders cause dementias.
Dementia (taken from Latin, originally meaning "madness", from de"without" + ment, the root of mens "mind“) is a chronic or persistent
disorder of the mental processes caused by brain disease or injury and
marked by memory disorders, personality changes, and impaired
reasoning more than expected in normal aging.

Most common degenerative disease list
• There are many degenerative diseases recognized, we are going to
speculate the five most common types:
 Alzheimer disease
 Pick’s disease
 Parkinson Disease
 Huntington’s disease
 Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)

3
Alzheimer’s disease
• ALZHEIMER DISEASE DEMENTIA is acquired or inherited disorder of
progressive loss of cognitive function independent of the state of
attention.
• Insidious impairment of higher intellectual function, mood and behavioral
alterations.
• progressive disorientation, memory loss, aphasia
• 5 to 10 yrs – disabled, mute, immobile
• Mostly sporadic, elderly – major medical, social and economic problems
History of Alzheimer’s disease
•

It was first described by German psychiatrist and neuropathologist Alois
Alzheimer in 1906 and was named after him. Alois Alzheimer was a
talented Doctor which with the difficulties at that time he developed and
used new technologies and new staining to investigate the slices of
normal and demented patients and he observed many characteristics
which is even today the defining key of Alzheimer

Figura 1

4
Statistic for Alzheimer’s disease rate according
aging
By this graphic we may conclude that aging and women are really a risk factor
for Alzheimer’s development.

Figura 2

• Alzheimer’s disease rate according to race In this graphic we see that
Hispanic and Africans are essentially predisposed to Alzheimer disease.
(Theory of gene for APOE4 )

Figura 3

5
Risk factors for Alzheimer
 Majors
• Aging: (in contrast to what Alois Alzheimer said, the AD is more
susceptible in aging)
• Family History: Genetic play a important role, Apolipoprotein E is a normal
protein produced in the body, by the genetic difference there are 3 types
E2, E3 and E4, E4 is highly related to alzheimer, 60% are carrier of APO E4.
• Down syndrome people are more susceptible to Alzheimer and it is in
early age.
 Minor
• Head Injury
• Low education
• Mental inactivity
• Smoking
• Sedentary lifestyle
• Cerebrovascular disease
• Diet in low fat
Three metals which can be the cause of Alzheimer
The scientists now are thiking about the theory that 3 main metals
are strongly linked with Alzheimer’s disease, it is already know that
they are neurotoxic and we should keep the balance required daily of
those.
Iron
It's the fuel that allows red blood cells to transport oxygen
throughout the body. But when it comes to brain health, a 2011
study in the journal Neurology showed that people with high
hemoglobin (an indicator of iron levels) were more than three times
as likely to develop Alzheimer's as those with levels in a healthy
6
range.
Get smart: Go easy on meat -- it's loaded with easily absorbable
heme iron, which your body can't regulate well. Dark leafy greens
can help you meet the recommended daily allowance (RDA) for iron
(18 mg for women ages 19 to 50; 8 mg for women 50+). They're also
rich in antioxidants that "bind to iron so it can't cause as much
damage," says UCLA psychiatry professor George Bartzokis, MD.
Quick fix: Swap out your cast-iron pans for stainless steel. One study
found that the iron content of spaghetti sauce increased more than
nine times after being cooked in a cast-iron skillet.
Aluminum
The aluminum-Alzheimer's link remains hotly contested, but most
experts agree that the metal can be a neurotoxin. Although our
bodies don't need aluminum to function, it seeps in through antacids
("they can deliver a hundred times more aluminum than you'd get
from a day's worth of food," Barnard says); soda cans, which can
leach aluminum; and tap water (aluminum can be introduced during
purification). In one British study, people with high levels of
aluminum in their tap water had a 50 percent increased risk for
Alzheimer's compared to those with the least exposure.

Get smart: Call your local water supplier and ask for the aluminum
level. "If your city's range is anything higher than undetectable,
install an under-sink filter," Barnard says.
Quick fix: Store your leftovers in glass; acidic foods like pizza or
pasta sauce can absorb aluminum from foil.
Copper
Dietary copper (in foods like shellfish, nuts, and beans) is generally
safe. But inorganic copper -- the type in multivitamins and tap water
-- largely bypasses the liver's filtration system and heads directly to
the blood and brain. It's especially dangerous when combined with
saturated and trans fats: Research has found that individuals whose
7
high-fat diets included 1.6 or more mg of copper a day experienced a
loss of mental function equivalent to an extra 19 years of aging,
compared with those who took in an average of 0.9 mg a day.
Get smart: Check your pipes. If you have copper plumbing, let the
water run for a minute in the morning before drinking from the tap,
to flush out any copper that may have built up overnight.

Morphological features
Macromorphology: Cortical atrophy: wide sulci (frontal, temporal, parietal lobes),
narrowed gyri.

Figura 4

Cortical atrophy: wide sulci (frontal, temporal, parietal lobes), narrowed gyri,
compensatory ventricular enlargement (hydrocephalus ex vacuo)

8
Figura 5

Microscopic Morphology of Alzheimer’s disease
• Neuritic (senile) plaques: dystrophic neurites, amyloid core of Aβ from
APP (amyloid precursor protein), it forms grey-pink formations in the
cortex and more rare in the subcortical region, their sizes are about
20mm-2cm in diameter and hard, it is stained by congo red because of
amyloid.
• Neurofibrillary tangles: disorder of the normal skeleton of the neurons in
Alzheimer's neurofibers, it contain hyperphosphorylated form of protein
tau, it forms big bands instead of thin, this protein is need in norm to
make the roles for passage of nutrients to the cells.
• Amyloid angiopathy: narrowed lumens with thikened walls and it depends
according of the amyloid concentration.

9
Pattern:
1. Earliest in the entorhinal cortex
2. Spread to hippocampal formation and isocortex
3. Extend to the neocortex
Microscopically
Senile plaques accumulation of beta amyloid and Tangles which are
Nuerofibrillary tau protein.

Figura 6

10
Microscopically showing Plaques and tangles

Figura 7

Amyloid angiopathy by congo red

Figura 8

Clinical features
• Progression is slow (> 10 yrs) but relentless
• Initial symptoms – forgetfulness
• Language deficits, loss of mathematical skills, loss of learned motor skills
• Final stage: incontinent, mute, unable to walk with intercurrent disease,
ex. Pneumonia

11
Pick’s disease
Picks is a disease of the brain, it is a rare form of dementia and is very serious
and my be fatal.
It makes a lot of damage to the brain specially in the frontal and parietal lobes, it
is a slow process and takes a while to damage the brain enough that the patient
cant remember basically anything.
People with pick’s disease have pick bodies inside their brain, pick’s bodies have
certain type off cell in them that needs a great amount of protein (tau), the brain
cells shrink and patient lose the memory. Doctors haven't yet discovered clearly
what cause the pick’s diesase, there is a theory that is genetically transferred.
The patient with Pick’s disease and details:
•
•
•
•

Age in between 45-65.
repeated speech because don’t remember if they said or not
limited and problems during speech
sometimes they are unable to talk at all, because lost all speech area in
the frontal lobe, thus they describe what they want instead.
• The patient usually die due to infections such as pneumonia.

Figura 9

12
Micro: Hippocampus stained with anti-tau antibody. Many neuronal cell bodies
contain sharply circumscribed, spherical cytoplasmic inclusion bodies (Pick
bodies)

Figura 10

13
Parkinson’s disease
General considerations

• Establish diagnosis: there are a lot of parkinsonism and not all are
Parkinson's disease.
• Age: there are differently treated and thus age has a lot to imply.
• Disability (symptoms and severity) e.g Artist and pensionist.
Features
• Tremor (rest)
• Rigidity
• Bradykinesia/Akinesia
• Decrease facial expression (Mask or parkinsonian face)
• Stooped posture
• Micrographia/ hypophonia
•

Postural instability

14
Some feature of a parkinsonian patients below

Figura 11

Figura 12

Test of cogweel and patient with rolling pill hand movement

Figura 13

Figura 14

Not all Parkinsonians are Parkinson’s disease:
• Neurodegenerative disorders
Parkinson’s disease

• Secondaty parkinsonims

Multiple system atrophy (MSA)

vascular

Frontotemporal degeneration

Medications (neuroleptics

Diffuse lewi bodies disease

Normal pressure hydrocephalus

15
Specific features of Parkinson's disease to distinguish between others
parkinsonism
• With

• Without

Asymmetric onset

Early falls

L-dopa responsive

Cerebellar signs

Rest tremor

Pyramidal tract signs
Early dysautonomia
Causes for Parkinson’s disease

• Idiopathic (free radical-induced
oxidative damage?)
• Immunological theory
(antibodies against the
dopaminargic neurons.
• Post-encephalitic

• Post-traumatic
• Ischaemia
• Drug-induced (heroin)
• Toxic damage (CO, manganese
poisoning)

16
Statistics on Parkinson’s disease
Parkinson rate according to age
We conclude that the Parkinson increase with aging process and the pick
is about 60-64 years old

Figura 15

Parkinson rate according to countries
By this map we can conclude that the incidence for Parkinson is higher in
most of the cases in high developed countries which people live a longer
life

Figura 16

17
Path. Physiology
No specific, standard criteria exist for the neuropathologic diagnosis of Parkinson
disease, as the specificity and sensitivity of its characteristic findings have not
been clearly established. However, the following are the 2 major neuropathologic
findings in Parkinson disease:
• Loss of pigmented dopaminergic neurons of the substantia nigra pars
compacta:
The loss of dopamine neurons occurs most prominently in the ventral lateral
substantia nigra. Approximately 60-80% of dopaminergic neurons are lost before
the motor signs of Parkinson disease emerge.
• The presence of Lewy bodies and Lewy neurites
Some individuals who were thought to be normal neurologically at the time of
their deaths are found to have Lewy bodies on autopsy examination. These
incidental Lewy bodies have been hypothesized to represent the presymptomatic
phase of Parkinson disease. The prevalence of incidental Lewy bodies increases
with age. Note that Lewy bodies are not specific to Parkinson disease, as they are
found in some cases of atypical parkinsonism, Hallervorden-Spatz disease, and
other disorders. Nonetheless, they are a characteristic pathology finding of
Parkinson disease.

18
Pathological anatomy
• Pathology Pallor of the substantia nigra; decrease in number of pigmented
neurons and other neurons in the same region show shrinkage and
vacuolation.
• Loss of neurons replaced by macrophage
• Marked degree of astrocyte gliosis.
• Lewy bodies (hyaline bodies)

Macro Specimen in Parkinson’s disease
Macro specimen in cross section of the mesencephalon showing the
disappearance of substantia nigra containing dopaminergic neurons.

Figura 17

19
Macro specimen showing the disappearance of substantia nigra and in micro the
the intracytoplasmic lewy body.

Figura 18

Prognosis of Parkinson’s disease
The severity of Parkinson's disease symptoms vary greatly from individual to
individual and it is not possible to predict how quickly the disorder will progress.
Parkinson's disease itself is not a fatal disease, and the average life expectancy is
similar to that of people without the disease. Secondary complications, such as
pneumonia, falling-related injuries, and choking can lead to death. There are
many treatment options that can reduce some of the symptoms and can prolong
the quality of life of an individual with Parkinson's diseas

20
Huntington’s disease
• HD runs in family and affects about 110,000 people in western countries,
and those people have 50% chance to pass it on each time they have a
child.
• It cause the brain to malfunction, which cause the people with HD to have
problems in movement, thinking and mood.
• The symptoms starts aroud 30-50 for most of HD patients, but 6% may
develop it in childhood and most patients die after 20-30 years after the
symptoms appear.
Path. Physiology
In the DNA there is a sequence of CAG in the DNA structure, this is a abnormal
sequence and it starts to produce a 36 aminopeptide of glutamete which is toxic
to the glutaminergic neurons in the basal ganglia, specially the striatal.
This protein accumulates in the neurons and interfere with the functional system
of the cells and leading to its death.
Pathological anatomy
• It is a neurodegenerative disorder specifically in the basal ganglia.
• Basal ganglia helps us to control the movement that we want to start or
stop and organize thoughts and regulate emotion, thus the disease cause
the neurons in the basal ganglia to degenerate and thus arising the
symptoms.
•

Small brain, atrophy of caudate nucleus and putamen, Secondarily
atrophic globus, pallidus and dilated ventricles, Frontal and less often
parietal, severe loss of striatal neurons with fibrillary gliosis

21
The difference between a normal brain and a HD brain

Figura
19

Figura 20

22
Symptoms of Huntington’s disease
1) Movements are the most significant, they feels restlessness and jerking
movements (chorea).
2) Loss of control of emotion: said, anxiety, aggressive and social
innapropriate.
3) Depression
4) it begins to be difficult to talk, walk, writting and solving tasks
5) Loss of attention and cant organize the thoughts
6) Difficult to thinking.
Prognosis
• There is no cure for the disease, there are only palliative treatment to
relieve the symptoms like Chorea, instability of emotions, depression and
so on.
• The lifetime of the disease is around the age of 40 or 50.

23
Amyotrophic sclerosis, Motor neurone disease or Lou
Gehrig’s disease
 Degenerative disorder of the peripheral nervous system
• Degeneration and death of motor nerves
– Upper Motor Neuron
• within brain/spinal cord
– Lower Motor Neurons
• leaves brain (stem)/spinal cord
• Relatively spared
– Eye movements and bowel/bladder function
Epidemiology
• Etiology – unknown
• Average age of onset mid-50’s
• Mode of transmission
– Sporadic – 90-95%
– Familial – 5-10% (autosomal dominant)
• Male : Female – 3:2
Clinical features
• Lower motor neuron signs
– Weakness, muscle wasting, hyporeflexia, muscle cramps, fasciculations
• Upper motor neuron signs
– Spasticity, hyperreflexia, weakness, faciculations
• Asymmetric Weakness – most common
• Onset single limb or bulbar
• Local spread then regional spread
– Bulbar, cervical, thoracic, lumbosacral
24
Pathological Anatomy

The dying neurons are replaced with proliferating astrocytes (a type of glial cell) in
a process known as gliosis. This proliferation of glial cells leads to "glial scarring".
In addition, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis neurons also have intracellular
inclusions when viewed under the microscope. These inclusions are composed of
different abnormal protein molecules that can be phosphorylated or ubiquinated.
A specific type of inclusion known as a Bunina body is also commonly seen.

Figura 21

Prognosis for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis

• ALS is a fatal disease. Median survival is 3 years from clinical onset of
weakness. However, longer survival is not rare. About 15% of patients with
ALS live 5 years after diagnosis, and about 5% survive for more than 10
years. Long-term survival is associated with a younger age at onset, being
male, and limb (rather than bulbar) symptom onset. Rare reports of
spontaneous remission exist

25
Conclusion
In general overview degenerative disease are more prevalent in aging people
than in young people, in young people it’s more prevalent infectious disease, it
affects people nearby to the age of 60 years old and it is a disease more
distributed in well developed countries because of the long life time of the
citizens, but it not only aging is a major factor for degenerative disorders, the
sex is a factor also which differ from each disease, for example men are more
predisposed to Parkinson and women are predisposed to Alzheimer’s disease.
Also genetic plays a very important role in all degenerative disease, like in
Alzheimer by finding the high level of APOE4 (Apo lipoprotein E4) in people
from Nepal and other countries which the life time is shorter than in well
developed countries, there are many factors like low educations (may be
people which are high educated have a high financial status), stress,
professional occupation, sleep disorders, head injury which caused changes in
brain architecture, estrogen replacement therapy, pharmacological therapy
(often may lead to parkinsonism), and so on, these factors can lead to
degenerative disorders or can progress them to a grave stage.
Unfortunately science didn’t find the radical cure for these diseases, but they
are trying and there are many palliative pharmacological therapies to
minimize their suffering and give them a better life, we should always have
patience with such patients, because they are aware that they are not as they
were before as person and because of this may lead to a very profound
depression and may worse the stage of the disease, we should motivate them
to go on and make them hope for a better time to come.

26
References
•

Harrison’s principles of Internal Medicine, 16th edition, chapter 350, pag 2393,
Alzheimer’s Disease and other Dementias, by thomas D. bird/ Bruce L. Miller.

•

Harrison’s principles of Internal Medicine, 16th edition, chapter 351, Pag 2406,
Parkinson’s Disease and other Movement disorders, by Mahlon R. Delong/ Jorge
L.Juncos

•

Harrison’s principles of Internal Medicine, 16th edition, chapter 353, Pag 2424,
Amyotrophic lateral Sclerosis and others motor neuron disease,

•

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alois_Alzheimer

•

http://www.epgonline.org/login.cfm?path=www.epgonline.org~parkinsonsdisease~about~making-a-diagnosis-of-parkinsons-disease.cfm~pageid~2308

•

http://www.holistic-doc-pain-support.com/parkinsons-disease.html

•

http://www.parkinsons.ie/Professionals_What_Is_Parkinsons

•

http://www.epgonline.org/login.cfm?path=www.epgonline.org~parkinsonsdisease~about~making-a-diagnosis-of-parkinsons-disease.cfm~pageid~2308

•

http://www.medicinenet.com/parkinsons_disease_pictures_slideshow/article.ht
m

•

http://alexanderthomson.wordpress.com/2011/03/17/parkinsons-disease-andgene-therapy/

•

http://www.medicinenet.com/parkinsons_disease/page6.htm#what_is_the_prog
nosis_of_parkinsons_disease

•

http://www.alzheimer-adna.com/Gb/Diseases/Pick_disease.html

•

http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1170097-overview

•

http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/amyotrophiclateralsclerosis.html

•

http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1150165-overview

•

http://forum.facmedicine.com/threads/study-3-metals-that-cause-memoryproblems.17117/

27
References of Photos
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alois_Alzheimer (Figure 1)
http://www.alzheimersreadingroom.com/2010/11/race-gender-and-alzheimersdisease.html (Figure 2)
http://seniorjournal.com/NEWS/Alzheimers/2012/20120308New_Alzheimers_Report.htm (Figure3)
http://guardianlv.com/2013/10/alzheimers-diabetes-with-a-peanut-allergy/
(Figure 4)
http://www.forbes.com/sites/stevensalzberg/2012/02/10/a-possiblebreakthrough-in-alzheimers-treatment/ (Figure 5)
http://journals.prous.com/journals/servlet/xmlxsl/pk_journals.xml_summary_pr
?p_JournalId=2&p_RefId=1192677&p_IsPs=N (Figure 6)
http://ksj.mit.edu/tracker/2010/08/nytimes-default-hypothesis-alzheimers-ma
(Figure 7)
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerebral_amyloid_angiopathy (Figure 8)
http://www.alzheimer-adna.com/Gb/Diseases/Pick_disease.html (Figure 9)
http://www.alzheimer-adna.com/Gb/Diseases/Pick_disease.html (Figure 10)
http://www.parkinsons.ie/Professionals_What_Is_Parkinsons (Figure 11)
http://www.medicinenet.com/parkinsons_disease_pictures_slideshow/article.ht
m (Figure 12)
http://www.holistic-doc-pain-support.com/parkinsons-disease.html (Figure13)
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0-t4RTQ0EsM (Figure 14)
http://www.medicine.ox.ac.uk/bandolier/booth/neurol/incpd.html (Figure 15)
http://www.targetmap.com/ThumbnailsReports/15367_THUMB_IPAD.jpg
(Figure 16)
http://alexanderthomson.wordpress.com/2011/03/17/parkinsons-disease-andgene-therapy/ (Figure 17)
http://www.neuroanatomy.wisc.edu/virtualbrain/BrainStem/20Substantia.html
(Figure 18)
https://www.stanford.edu/group/hopes/cgi-bin/wordpress/2010/06/the-basicneurobiology-of-huntingtons-disease-text-and-audio/ (figure 19)
https://www.stanford.edu/group/hopes/cgi-bin/wordpress/2010/06/the-basicneurobiology-of-huntingtons-disease-text-and-audio/ (Figure 20)
http://www.virtualmedstudent.com/links/neurological/amyotrophic_lateral_scle
rosis.html (Figure 21)

28

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Degenerative diseases in aging patients

  • 1. KURSK STATE MEDICAL UNIVERSITY FACULTY OF FOREIGN MEDICINE Department of Pathological Anatomy Course research work of pathological anatomy Theme: Degenerative brain disorder in aging people Student: Gustavo Duarte Viana 3rd year 2nd semester Group:17 Supervisor: associated professor Goryainova, G. A. KURSK 2013 0
  • 2. Contents • General Considerations 2 • Classification 2 • Basic concept of dementia 3 • Most common degenerative disease list 3 • Alzhimer’s disease 4 • Pick’s disease 12 • Parkinson’s disease 14 • Huntington’s disease 21 • Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis 24 • Conclusion 26 • References 27 1
  • 3. General consideration Degenerative disorders occurs during aging and may worse with time, in contrast the youth brain disorders is infectious more than degenerative one. DEGENERATIVE DISEASES are Gray matter disease with progressive loss of neurons and secondary changes in white matter tracts. Degenerative manifests as disturbed organism with inclusions according the inside of the cells contents and atrophy of the cells and loss of cells. it mainly occur in patients without clear inciting event of previous neurologic deficits, it has Intracellular abnormalities and only loss of affected neurons Classifications • DEGENERATIVE DISEASES are Grouped according to anatomic regions affected:  CEREBRAL CORTEX – Alzheimer disease, Pick’s disease  SUBCORTICAL AREAS – movement disorders (tremors and dyskinesia): Parkinsonism, Huntington’s chorea, etc.  Motor neurons of spinal cord: Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis • The etiology is classified as primary or secondary according to neurological or systemic causes  Primary Degenerations: Global – Alzheimer & Lewibody Selective/System – Parkinsons , Huntingtons , MND. Secondary Degenerations: Toxic, metabolic(storage), infections, nutritional. Alcohol & B12 deficiency, Cerebrovascular disease – stroke. Infections (e.g. Creutzfeldt-Jakob, syphilis, HIV.), neoplasma, heamatoma, hydrocephalus and etc. 2
  • 4. Basic concept of Dementia Dementia: Acquired global impairment of intellect-intact consciousness > 15% of adults over 80 are demented. Primary & secondary degenerative disorders cause dementias. Dementia (taken from Latin, originally meaning "madness", from de"without" + ment, the root of mens "mind“) is a chronic or persistent disorder of the mental processes caused by brain disease or injury and marked by memory disorders, personality changes, and impaired reasoning more than expected in normal aging. Most common degenerative disease list • There are many degenerative diseases recognized, we are going to speculate the five most common types:  Alzheimer disease  Pick’s disease  Parkinson Disease  Huntington’s disease  Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) 3
  • 5. Alzheimer’s disease • ALZHEIMER DISEASE DEMENTIA is acquired or inherited disorder of progressive loss of cognitive function independent of the state of attention. • Insidious impairment of higher intellectual function, mood and behavioral alterations. • progressive disorientation, memory loss, aphasia • 5 to 10 yrs – disabled, mute, immobile • Mostly sporadic, elderly – major medical, social and economic problems History of Alzheimer’s disease • It was first described by German psychiatrist and neuropathologist Alois Alzheimer in 1906 and was named after him. Alois Alzheimer was a talented Doctor which with the difficulties at that time he developed and used new technologies and new staining to investigate the slices of normal and demented patients and he observed many characteristics which is even today the defining key of Alzheimer Figura 1 4
  • 6. Statistic for Alzheimer’s disease rate according aging By this graphic we may conclude that aging and women are really a risk factor for Alzheimer’s development. Figura 2 • Alzheimer’s disease rate according to race In this graphic we see that Hispanic and Africans are essentially predisposed to Alzheimer disease. (Theory of gene for APOE4 ) Figura 3 5
  • 7. Risk factors for Alzheimer  Majors • Aging: (in contrast to what Alois Alzheimer said, the AD is more susceptible in aging) • Family History: Genetic play a important role, Apolipoprotein E is a normal protein produced in the body, by the genetic difference there are 3 types E2, E3 and E4, E4 is highly related to alzheimer, 60% are carrier of APO E4. • Down syndrome people are more susceptible to Alzheimer and it is in early age.  Minor • Head Injury • Low education • Mental inactivity • Smoking • Sedentary lifestyle • Cerebrovascular disease • Diet in low fat Three metals which can be the cause of Alzheimer The scientists now are thiking about the theory that 3 main metals are strongly linked with Alzheimer’s disease, it is already know that they are neurotoxic and we should keep the balance required daily of those. Iron It's the fuel that allows red blood cells to transport oxygen throughout the body. But when it comes to brain health, a 2011 study in the journal Neurology showed that people with high hemoglobin (an indicator of iron levels) were more than three times as likely to develop Alzheimer's as those with levels in a healthy 6
  • 8. range. Get smart: Go easy on meat -- it's loaded with easily absorbable heme iron, which your body can't regulate well. Dark leafy greens can help you meet the recommended daily allowance (RDA) for iron (18 mg for women ages 19 to 50; 8 mg for women 50+). They're also rich in antioxidants that "bind to iron so it can't cause as much damage," says UCLA psychiatry professor George Bartzokis, MD. Quick fix: Swap out your cast-iron pans for stainless steel. One study found that the iron content of spaghetti sauce increased more than nine times after being cooked in a cast-iron skillet. Aluminum The aluminum-Alzheimer's link remains hotly contested, but most experts agree that the metal can be a neurotoxin. Although our bodies don't need aluminum to function, it seeps in through antacids ("they can deliver a hundred times more aluminum than you'd get from a day's worth of food," Barnard says); soda cans, which can leach aluminum; and tap water (aluminum can be introduced during purification). In one British study, people with high levels of aluminum in their tap water had a 50 percent increased risk for Alzheimer's compared to those with the least exposure. Get smart: Call your local water supplier and ask for the aluminum level. "If your city's range is anything higher than undetectable, install an under-sink filter," Barnard says. Quick fix: Store your leftovers in glass; acidic foods like pizza or pasta sauce can absorb aluminum from foil. Copper Dietary copper (in foods like shellfish, nuts, and beans) is generally safe. But inorganic copper -- the type in multivitamins and tap water -- largely bypasses the liver's filtration system and heads directly to the blood and brain. It's especially dangerous when combined with saturated and trans fats: Research has found that individuals whose 7
  • 9. high-fat diets included 1.6 or more mg of copper a day experienced a loss of mental function equivalent to an extra 19 years of aging, compared with those who took in an average of 0.9 mg a day. Get smart: Check your pipes. If you have copper plumbing, let the water run for a minute in the morning before drinking from the tap, to flush out any copper that may have built up overnight. Morphological features Macromorphology: Cortical atrophy: wide sulci (frontal, temporal, parietal lobes), narrowed gyri. Figura 4 Cortical atrophy: wide sulci (frontal, temporal, parietal lobes), narrowed gyri, compensatory ventricular enlargement (hydrocephalus ex vacuo) 8
  • 10. Figura 5 Microscopic Morphology of Alzheimer’s disease • Neuritic (senile) plaques: dystrophic neurites, amyloid core of Aβ from APP (amyloid precursor protein), it forms grey-pink formations in the cortex and more rare in the subcortical region, their sizes are about 20mm-2cm in diameter and hard, it is stained by congo red because of amyloid. • Neurofibrillary tangles: disorder of the normal skeleton of the neurons in Alzheimer's neurofibers, it contain hyperphosphorylated form of protein tau, it forms big bands instead of thin, this protein is need in norm to make the roles for passage of nutrients to the cells. • Amyloid angiopathy: narrowed lumens with thikened walls and it depends according of the amyloid concentration. 9
  • 11. Pattern: 1. Earliest in the entorhinal cortex 2. Spread to hippocampal formation and isocortex 3. Extend to the neocortex Microscopically Senile plaques accumulation of beta amyloid and Tangles which are Nuerofibrillary tau protein. Figura 6 10
  • 12. Microscopically showing Plaques and tangles Figura 7 Amyloid angiopathy by congo red Figura 8 Clinical features • Progression is slow (> 10 yrs) but relentless • Initial symptoms – forgetfulness • Language deficits, loss of mathematical skills, loss of learned motor skills • Final stage: incontinent, mute, unable to walk with intercurrent disease, ex. Pneumonia 11
  • 13. Pick’s disease Picks is a disease of the brain, it is a rare form of dementia and is very serious and my be fatal. It makes a lot of damage to the brain specially in the frontal and parietal lobes, it is a slow process and takes a while to damage the brain enough that the patient cant remember basically anything. People with pick’s disease have pick bodies inside their brain, pick’s bodies have certain type off cell in them that needs a great amount of protein (tau), the brain cells shrink and patient lose the memory. Doctors haven't yet discovered clearly what cause the pick’s diesase, there is a theory that is genetically transferred. The patient with Pick’s disease and details: • • • • Age in between 45-65. repeated speech because don’t remember if they said or not limited and problems during speech sometimes they are unable to talk at all, because lost all speech area in the frontal lobe, thus they describe what they want instead. • The patient usually die due to infections such as pneumonia. Figura 9 12
  • 14. Micro: Hippocampus stained with anti-tau antibody. Many neuronal cell bodies contain sharply circumscribed, spherical cytoplasmic inclusion bodies (Pick bodies) Figura 10 13
  • 15. Parkinson’s disease General considerations • Establish diagnosis: there are a lot of parkinsonism and not all are Parkinson's disease. • Age: there are differently treated and thus age has a lot to imply. • Disability (symptoms and severity) e.g Artist and pensionist. Features • Tremor (rest) • Rigidity • Bradykinesia/Akinesia • Decrease facial expression (Mask or parkinsonian face) • Stooped posture • Micrographia/ hypophonia • Postural instability 14
  • 16. Some feature of a parkinsonian patients below Figura 11 Figura 12 Test of cogweel and patient with rolling pill hand movement Figura 13 Figura 14 Not all Parkinsonians are Parkinson’s disease: • Neurodegenerative disorders Parkinson’s disease • Secondaty parkinsonims Multiple system atrophy (MSA) vascular Frontotemporal degeneration Medications (neuroleptics Diffuse lewi bodies disease Normal pressure hydrocephalus 15
  • 17. Specific features of Parkinson's disease to distinguish between others parkinsonism • With • Without Asymmetric onset Early falls L-dopa responsive Cerebellar signs Rest tremor Pyramidal tract signs Early dysautonomia Causes for Parkinson’s disease • Idiopathic (free radical-induced oxidative damage?) • Immunological theory (antibodies against the dopaminargic neurons. • Post-encephalitic • Post-traumatic • Ischaemia • Drug-induced (heroin) • Toxic damage (CO, manganese poisoning) 16
  • 18. Statistics on Parkinson’s disease Parkinson rate according to age We conclude that the Parkinson increase with aging process and the pick is about 60-64 years old Figura 15 Parkinson rate according to countries By this map we can conclude that the incidence for Parkinson is higher in most of the cases in high developed countries which people live a longer life Figura 16 17
  • 19. Path. Physiology No specific, standard criteria exist for the neuropathologic diagnosis of Parkinson disease, as the specificity and sensitivity of its characteristic findings have not been clearly established. However, the following are the 2 major neuropathologic findings in Parkinson disease: • Loss of pigmented dopaminergic neurons of the substantia nigra pars compacta: The loss of dopamine neurons occurs most prominently in the ventral lateral substantia nigra. Approximately 60-80% of dopaminergic neurons are lost before the motor signs of Parkinson disease emerge. • The presence of Lewy bodies and Lewy neurites Some individuals who were thought to be normal neurologically at the time of their deaths are found to have Lewy bodies on autopsy examination. These incidental Lewy bodies have been hypothesized to represent the presymptomatic phase of Parkinson disease. The prevalence of incidental Lewy bodies increases with age. Note that Lewy bodies are not specific to Parkinson disease, as they are found in some cases of atypical parkinsonism, Hallervorden-Spatz disease, and other disorders. Nonetheless, they are a characteristic pathology finding of Parkinson disease. 18
  • 20. Pathological anatomy • Pathology Pallor of the substantia nigra; decrease in number of pigmented neurons and other neurons in the same region show shrinkage and vacuolation. • Loss of neurons replaced by macrophage • Marked degree of astrocyte gliosis. • Lewy bodies (hyaline bodies) Macro Specimen in Parkinson’s disease Macro specimen in cross section of the mesencephalon showing the disappearance of substantia nigra containing dopaminergic neurons. Figura 17 19
  • 21. Macro specimen showing the disappearance of substantia nigra and in micro the the intracytoplasmic lewy body. Figura 18 Prognosis of Parkinson’s disease The severity of Parkinson's disease symptoms vary greatly from individual to individual and it is not possible to predict how quickly the disorder will progress. Parkinson's disease itself is not a fatal disease, and the average life expectancy is similar to that of people without the disease. Secondary complications, such as pneumonia, falling-related injuries, and choking can lead to death. There are many treatment options that can reduce some of the symptoms and can prolong the quality of life of an individual with Parkinson's diseas 20
  • 22. Huntington’s disease • HD runs in family and affects about 110,000 people in western countries, and those people have 50% chance to pass it on each time they have a child. • It cause the brain to malfunction, which cause the people with HD to have problems in movement, thinking and mood. • The symptoms starts aroud 30-50 for most of HD patients, but 6% may develop it in childhood and most patients die after 20-30 years after the symptoms appear. Path. Physiology In the DNA there is a sequence of CAG in the DNA structure, this is a abnormal sequence and it starts to produce a 36 aminopeptide of glutamete which is toxic to the glutaminergic neurons in the basal ganglia, specially the striatal. This protein accumulates in the neurons and interfere with the functional system of the cells and leading to its death. Pathological anatomy • It is a neurodegenerative disorder specifically in the basal ganglia. • Basal ganglia helps us to control the movement that we want to start or stop and organize thoughts and regulate emotion, thus the disease cause the neurons in the basal ganglia to degenerate and thus arising the symptoms. • Small brain, atrophy of caudate nucleus and putamen, Secondarily atrophic globus, pallidus and dilated ventricles, Frontal and less often parietal, severe loss of striatal neurons with fibrillary gliosis 21
  • 23. The difference between a normal brain and a HD brain Figura 19 Figura 20 22
  • 24. Symptoms of Huntington’s disease 1) Movements are the most significant, they feels restlessness and jerking movements (chorea). 2) Loss of control of emotion: said, anxiety, aggressive and social innapropriate. 3) Depression 4) it begins to be difficult to talk, walk, writting and solving tasks 5) Loss of attention and cant organize the thoughts 6) Difficult to thinking. Prognosis • There is no cure for the disease, there are only palliative treatment to relieve the symptoms like Chorea, instability of emotions, depression and so on. • The lifetime of the disease is around the age of 40 or 50. 23
  • 25. Amyotrophic sclerosis, Motor neurone disease or Lou Gehrig’s disease  Degenerative disorder of the peripheral nervous system • Degeneration and death of motor nerves – Upper Motor Neuron • within brain/spinal cord – Lower Motor Neurons • leaves brain (stem)/spinal cord • Relatively spared – Eye movements and bowel/bladder function Epidemiology • Etiology – unknown • Average age of onset mid-50’s • Mode of transmission – Sporadic – 90-95% – Familial – 5-10% (autosomal dominant) • Male : Female – 3:2 Clinical features • Lower motor neuron signs – Weakness, muscle wasting, hyporeflexia, muscle cramps, fasciculations • Upper motor neuron signs – Spasticity, hyperreflexia, weakness, faciculations • Asymmetric Weakness – most common • Onset single limb or bulbar • Local spread then regional spread – Bulbar, cervical, thoracic, lumbosacral 24
  • 26. Pathological Anatomy The dying neurons are replaced with proliferating astrocytes (a type of glial cell) in a process known as gliosis. This proliferation of glial cells leads to "glial scarring". In addition, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis neurons also have intracellular inclusions when viewed under the microscope. These inclusions are composed of different abnormal protein molecules that can be phosphorylated or ubiquinated. A specific type of inclusion known as a Bunina body is also commonly seen. Figura 21 Prognosis for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis • ALS is a fatal disease. Median survival is 3 years from clinical onset of weakness. However, longer survival is not rare. About 15% of patients with ALS live 5 years after diagnosis, and about 5% survive for more than 10 years. Long-term survival is associated with a younger age at onset, being male, and limb (rather than bulbar) symptom onset. Rare reports of spontaneous remission exist 25
  • 27. Conclusion In general overview degenerative disease are more prevalent in aging people than in young people, in young people it’s more prevalent infectious disease, it affects people nearby to the age of 60 years old and it is a disease more distributed in well developed countries because of the long life time of the citizens, but it not only aging is a major factor for degenerative disorders, the sex is a factor also which differ from each disease, for example men are more predisposed to Parkinson and women are predisposed to Alzheimer’s disease. Also genetic plays a very important role in all degenerative disease, like in Alzheimer by finding the high level of APOE4 (Apo lipoprotein E4) in people from Nepal and other countries which the life time is shorter than in well developed countries, there are many factors like low educations (may be people which are high educated have a high financial status), stress, professional occupation, sleep disorders, head injury which caused changes in brain architecture, estrogen replacement therapy, pharmacological therapy (often may lead to parkinsonism), and so on, these factors can lead to degenerative disorders or can progress them to a grave stage. Unfortunately science didn’t find the radical cure for these diseases, but they are trying and there are many palliative pharmacological therapies to minimize their suffering and give them a better life, we should always have patience with such patients, because they are aware that they are not as they were before as person and because of this may lead to a very profound depression and may worse the stage of the disease, we should motivate them to go on and make them hope for a better time to come. 26
  • 28. References • Harrison’s principles of Internal Medicine, 16th edition, chapter 350, pag 2393, Alzheimer’s Disease and other Dementias, by thomas D. bird/ Bruce L. Miller. • Harrison’s principles of Internal Medicine, 16th edition, chapter 351, Pag 2406, Parkinson’s Disease and other Movement disorders, by Mahlon R. Delong/ Jorge L.Juncos • Harrison’s principles of Internal Medicine, 16th edition, chapter 353, Pag 2424, Amyotrophic lateral Sclerosis and others motor neuron disease, • http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alois_Alzheimer • http://www.epgonline.org/login.cfm?path=www.epgonline.org~parkinsonsdisease~about~making-a-diagnosis-of-parkinsons-disease.cfm~pageid~2308 • http://www.holistic-doc-pain-support.com/parkinsons-disease.html • http://www.parkinsons.ie/Professionals_What_Is_Parkinsons • http://www.epgonline.org/login.cfm?path=www.epgonline.org~parkinsonsdisease~about~making-a-diagnosis-of-parkinsons-disease.cfm~pageid~2308 • http://www.medicinenet.com/parkinsons_disease_pictures_slideshow/article.ht m • http://alexanderthomson.wordpress.com/2011/03/17/parkinsons-disease-andgene-therapy/ • http://www.medicinenet.com/parkinsons_disease/page6.htm#what_is_the_prog nosis_of_parkinsons_disease • http://www.alzheimer-adna.com/Gb/Diseases/Pick_disease.html • http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1170097-overview • http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/amyotrophiclateralsclerosis.html • http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1150165-overview • http://forum.facmedicine.com/threads/study-3-metals-that-cause-memoryproblems.17117/ 27
  • 29. References of Photos http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alois_Alzheimer (Figure 1) http://www.alzheimersreadingroom.com/2010/11/race-gender-and-alzheimersdisease.html (Figure 2) http://seniorjournal.com/NEWS/Alzheimers/2012/20120308New_Alzheimers_Report.htm (Figure3) http://guardianlv.com/2013/10/alzheimers-diabetes-with-a-peanut-allergy/ (Figure 4) http://www.forbes.com/sites/stevensalzberg/2012/02/10/a-possiblebreakthrough-in-alzheimers-treatment/ (Figure 5) http://journals.prous.com/journals/servlet/xmlxsl/pk_journals.xml_summary_pr ?p_JournalId=2&p_RefId=1192677&p_IsPs=N (Figure 6) http://ksj.mit.edu/tracker/2010/08/nytimes-default-hypothesis-alzheimers-ma (Figure 7) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerebral_amyloid_angiopathy (Figure 8) http://www.alzheimer-adna.com/Gb/Diseases/Pick_disease.html (Figure 9) http://www.alzheimer-adna.com/Gb/Diseases/Pick_disease.html (Figure 10) http://www.parkinsons.ie/Professionals_What_Is_Parkinsons (Figure 11) http://www.medicinenet.com/parkinsons_disease_pictures_slideshow/article.ht m (Figure 12) http://www.holistic-doc-pain-support.com/parkinsons-disease.html (Figure13) http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0-t4RTQ0EsM (Figure 14) http://www.medicine.ox.ac.uk/bandolier/booth/neurol/incpd.html (Figure 15) http://www.targetmap.com/ThumbnailsReports/15367_THUMB_IPAD.jpg (Figure 16) http://alexanderthomson.wordpress.com/2011/03/17/parkinsons-disease-andgene-therapy/ (Figure 17) http://www.neuroanatomy.wisc.edu/virtualbrain/BrainStem/20Substantia.html (Figure 18) https://www.stanford.edu/group/hopes/cgi-bin/wordpress/2010/06/the-basicneurobiology-of-huntingtons-disease-text-and-audio/ (figure 19) https://www.stanford.edu/group/hopes/cgi-bin/wordpress/2010/06/the-basicneurobiology-of-huntingtons-disease-text-and-audio/ (Figure 20) http://www.virtualmedstudent.com/links/neurological/amyotrophic_lateral_scle rosis.html (Figure 21) 28