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Service Oriented Architecture
An Overview
What is a Service?
• In economics and marketing, a service is the nonmaterial equivalent of a good.
• Service is said to be a process that creates benefits by
facilitating either a change in a client or a change in
client’s physical possessions.
Services and Systems
• A service is a program you interact with via message
exchanges
– Services are build to last
– Encompass a business perspective
– Stability and robustness are critical

• A system is a set of deployed services cooperating in a
given task
– Systems are built to change
– Adapt to new services after deployment
Vertical Slicing
Business use cases

User Interface
Presentation layer
Business logic
Integration middleware
Data access layer
Data management

Technical
layers
Benefits of SOA
The primary benefits of a SOA include:
• REUSING SERVICES/BEHAVIORS
• AGILITY
• MONITORING
• EXTEND REACH
SOA Reference Architecture
Business Services

Frontend Services

Process-centric Services

Enterprise Services

PIPELINE

Enterprise Service Bus

Basic Services

Legacy Systems

Intermediary Services

Databases

3rd Party
Major Artefacts of a SOA

SOA

Frontend
Service

Basic
Service

Business
contract

Implementation

Business
logic

Service
Repository

Technical
contract

Data

Service
Bus
Service Types
Frontend Services
•

Initiate all business processes and
ultimately receive their results.

•

Initiate and control all activity of
the enterprise systems.

•

A GUI such as Web application or rich client interacting directly with
end users.

•

A nightly batch program

•

Long-living processes that invoke functionality periodically or as
result of specific events

•

It is possible that a frontend service delegates much of its
responsibility for a business process to one or more services.
Service Types
Basic Services
•

Foundation of SOA

•

Represent the basic element of the vertical domain

•

A SOA strictly defines the ownership of data

•

Can be sub-divided into
– Data-centric services
– Logic-centric services

- Interface A

Customer
Service A

- Interface B
Customer
DB

Customer
Service B

Customer
Service

Customer
DB
Service Types
Intermediary Services
•

Can be project-specific

•

Can be sub-divided into
–
–
–
–

Technology gateways
Adapters
Facades
Functionality-adding services
Service Types
Intermediary Services – Technology Gateways

Application frontend
Technology A

Technology A
Tech gateway
Technology B

Technology B
Basic service
Service Types
Intermediary Services – Facade

Application
frontend

Application
frontend

Application
frontend

Facade

Basic
service

Basic
service

Basic
service
Service Types
Process Centric Services
•

Mostly project-specific

•

Can encapsulate the knowledge of
the organisation’s business processes
and their complexity

•

Control and maintain their state

•

Balance load

•

Leverage multi-channel applications

•

Separate business and process logic

•

An application’s frontend or a frontend service can delegate the
entire process control to a process-centric service
Service Types
Process Centric Services

Application
frontend

Basic
service

Basic
service

Basic
service
Service Types
Process Centric Services

Basic
service

Basic
service

Basic
service
Service Types
Public Enterprise Services
•
•
•
•
•
•

Available to customers and partners
Must have interface defined at the business document level
Must be decoupled
Must be secure
Must have accounting/billing
Must have an SLA
Service Granularity
Coarse vs. Fine grained Services
Enterprise
layer

Process
layer

Intermediary
layer

Basic
layer
Core elements of a SOA
• Frontend Services
• Basic Services
• Service Repository
• Service Bus
Service Repository/Registry
• Registry answers
– What are the services?
– Where are the services?

• Repository answers
–
–
–
–

How are the services used?
How do the services interact?
Who is using the services?
Why are they used?

• Both are needed to achieve the benefits of SOA
Information in the Service R&R
•
•
•
•
•
•

Business Service contract
Technical contract
Service owner
Access rights
Intended performance & scalability metrics
Transactional properties of the service
Enterprise Service Bus
•

An ESB generally provides an abstraction layer on top of an implementation
of an enterprise messaging system, which allows integration architects to
exploit the value of messaging without writing code.

•

Unlike the more classical enterprise application integration (EAI) approach
of a monolithic stack in a hub and spoke architecture, an enterprise service
bus builds on base functions broken up into their constituent parts, with
distributed deployment where needed, working in harmony as necessary.
Enterprise Service Bus
Flexible connectivity infrastructure for integrating
applications and services to power your SOA
• ROUTING messages between services
• QUEUING store and forward messages, reliability
• TRANSFORMING message format between requestor
and service
• HANDLING business events from disparate sources
• MONITORING centralised overview
Enterprise Service Bus
Apache ServiceMix

•

Apache ServiceMix is an integration container that unifies the
features and functionality of Apache ActiveMQ, Camel, CXF, ODE,
Karaf into a runtime platform to build integrations solutions. It
provides a complete, enterprise ready ESB exclusively powered by
OSGi.
– Apache Karaf is the ServiceMix kernel
– Apache ActiveMQ as message broker
– Apache Camel as message routing, components provider and
EIP framework
– Apache CXF as WS-* and RESTful WebService provider
– Apache ODE as WS-BPEL embedded engine
Rules Engine
•

•

•

A rule engine is a piece of software, Rules Engine
which having some knowledge is
able to perform conclusions.
Production
Knowledge and inferences are
stored in rules, which are called
production rules.
A production rule consists of
conditions and actions, which are
executed when their conditions are
true.

•

Rules can get into a conflict. This
happens when there are more than
one rule which are true, at the same
time.

•

Conflict resolution is provided by the
agenda. It arranges the order of
actions, which has been selected to
be run.

Working
Memory

Rules
Rule A

Object X

+
Rule B

Object Y
Object Z

+
Rule C

Inference
Engine

Decision

Pattern
Match
Event Driven Architecture
•

Uses unidirectional messaging to communicate among two or more, largely
independent peer procedures.

•

The communication is initiated by an "event". This event typically
corresponds to some business occurrence. A system acting as the event
publisher places the event on a queue or publishes it to a topic.

•

Any event listeners subscribing to that topic are then notified and thus
activated.

•

The event publisher and the event subscriber are independent of one
another. This allows for completely decoupled operation.

•

Events may be further categorized into simple and complex events:
– Simple events are the computerized record of a business event generated by
some change in state in the business environment.
– A complex event is a software event that is derived from two or more elementary
“member” software events through a process of event aggregation or correlation.
What is an Event?
•

An event is a notable thing that happens inside or outside your business. An
event (business or system) may signify a problem or impending problem, an
opportunity, a threshold, or a deviation.
Event
Header
ID

Type

Name

Timestamp

Occurrence no.

Creator

Body

Data
Event Driven SOA

•

A form of service-oriented architecture (SOA), combining the
intelligence and proactiveness of event-driven architecture with the
organizational capabilities found in service offerings.

•

Before event-driven SOA, the typical SOA platform orchestrated
services centrally, through pre-defined business processes,
assuming that what should have already been triggered is defined in
a business process.

•

This older approach (sometimes called SOA 1.0) does not account
for events that occur across, or outside of, specific business
processes. Thus complex events, in which a pattern of activities—
both random and scheduled—should trigger a set of services is not
accounted for in traditional SOA 1.0 architecture.
Event Driven Architecture
Conceptual Examples
•

Abandoned iPlayer Programme
–

•

Engineering Defect
–

•

We could construct a VRM event from an "abandoned iPlayer programme" message (parsing the
transaction, BBC ID, and time), using other filters to extract the broadcast offset within the programme and
tapping the correlation capabilities of the system to add causal indicators such as whether the iPlayer site
was suffering performance problems. This VRM event might also include viewer value or rank from the
viewer database.

Based on the types of independent service calls received, the SOA 2.0 platform could identify a product
defect by detecting the underlying pattern of the separate complaints, then triggering an alert to engineering
or production of the possible defect.

Real-time Electricity Market
–

A virtual electricity market where home clothes dryers can bid on the price of the electricity they use in a
real-time market pricing system. The real-time market price and control system could turn home electricity
customers into active participants in managing the power grid and their monthly utility bills. Customers can
set limits on how much they would pay for electricity to run a clothes dryer, for example, and electricity
providers willing to transmit power at that price would be alerted over the grid and could sell the electricity to
the dryer. Consumer devices can also bid for power based on how much the owner of the device were
willing to pay, set ahead of time by the consumer.

–

Homeowners can customize many different types of electricity devices found within their home to a desired
level of comfort or economy. For example, to reduce the home owner's electricity usage in peak periods
(when electricity is most expensive), the software could automatically lower the target temperature of the
thermostat on the central heating system (in winter) or raise the target temperature of the thermostat on the
central cooling system (in summer).
SOA and Publishing Services
AOD

ODM
Service

Distribution
Service

iPlayer Services

Ingest
Service

History
Service

VOD

Favourite
Service

Recommendation
Service

ACE

Enterprise Service Bus

Content
Services

Dynamite DB

Broadcast
Service

AT
Service

On Demand
Service

PIPS DB

Partner
Service

Rules
Service

Database(s)

Agenda
Service
SOA Maturity Model
SOA Patterns
•

Service Inventory Design Patterns
–
–
–
–
–

•

Service Design Patterns
–
–
–
–
–
–

•

Foundational Inventory Patterns
Logical Inventory Layer Patterns
Inventory Centralization Patterns
Inventory Implementation Patterns
Inventory Governance Patterns

Foundational Service Patterns
Service Implementation Patterns
Service Security Patterns
Service Contract Design Patterns
Legacy Integration Patterns
Service Governance Patterns

Service Composition Design Patterns
–
–
–
–
–

Capability Composition Patterns
Service Messaging Patterns
Composition Implementation Patterns
Service Interaction Security Patterns
Transformation Patterns
Service Oriented Architecture

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Service Oriented Architecture

  • 2. What is a Service? • In economics and marketing, a service is the nonmaterial equivalent of a good. • Service is said to be a process that creates benefits by facilitating either a change in a client or a change in client’s physical possessions.
  • 3. Services and Systems • A service is a program you interact with via message exchanges – Services are build to last – Encompass a business perspective – Stability and robustness are critical • A system is a set of deployed services cooperating in a given task – Systems are built to change – Adapt to new services after deployment
  • 4. Vertical Slicing Business use cases User Interface Presentation layer Business logic Integration middleware Data access layer Data management Technical layers
  • 5. Benefits of SOA The primary benefits of a SOA include: • REUSING SERVICES/BEHAVIORS • AGILITY • MONITORING • EXTEND REACH
  • 6. SOA Reference Architecture Business Services Frontend Services Process-centric Services Enterprise Services PIPELINE Enterprise Service Bus Basic Services Legacy Systems Intermediary Services Databases 3rd Party
  • 7. Major Artefacts of a SOA SOA Frontend Service Basic Service Business contract Implementation Business logic Service Repository Technical contract Data Service Bus
  • 8. Service Types Frontend Services • Initiate all business processes and ultimately receive their results. • Initiate and control all activity of the enterprise systems. • A GUI such as Web application or rich client interacting directly with end users. • A nightly batch program • Long-living processes that invoke functionality periodically or as result of specific events • It is possible that a frontend service delegates much of its responsibility for a business process to one or more services.
  • 9. Service Types Basic Services • Foundation of SOA • Represent the basic element of the vertical domain • A SOA strictly defines the ownership of data • Can be sub-divided into – Data-centric services – Logic-centric services - Interface A Customer Service A - Interface B Customer DB Customer Service B Customer Service Customer DB
  • 10. Service Types Intermediary Services • Can be project-specific • Can be sub-divided into – – – – Technology gateways Adapters Facades Functionality-adding services
  • 11. Service Types Intermediary Services – Technology Gateways Application frontend Technology A Technology A Tech gateway Technology B Technology B Basic service
  • 12. Service Types Intermediary Services – Facade Application frontend Application frontend Application frontend Facade Basic service Basic service Basic service
  • 13. Service Types Process Centric Services • Mostly project-specific • Can encapsulate the knowledge of the organisation’s business processes and their complexity • Control and maintain their state • Balance load • Leverage multi-channel applications • Separate business and process logic • An application’s frontend or a frontend service can delegate the entire process control to a process-centric service
  • 14. Service Types Process Centric Services Application frontend Basic service Basic service Basic service
  • 15. Service Types Process Centric Services Basic service Basic service Basic service
  • 16. Service Types Public Enterprise Services • • • • • • Available to customers and partners Must have interface defined at the business document level Must be decoupled Must be secure Must have accounting/billing Must have an SLA
  • 17. Service Granularity Coarse vs. Fine grained Services Enterprise layer Process layer Intermediary layer Basic layer
  • 18. Core elements of a SOA • Frontend Services • Basic Services • Service Repository • Service Bus
  • 19. Service Repository/Registry • Registry answers – What are the services? – Where are the services? • Repository answers – – – – How are the services used? How do the services interact? Who is using the services? Why are they used? • Both are needed to achieve the benefits of SOA
  • 20. Information in the Service R&R • • • • • • Business Service contract Technical contract Service owner Access rights Intended performance & scalability metrics Transactional properties of the service
  • 21. Enterprise Service Bus • An ESB generally provides an abstraction layer on top of an implementation of an enterprise messaging system, which allows integration architects to exploit the value of messaging without writing code. • Unlike the more classical enterprise application integration (EAI) approach of a monolithic stack in a hub and spoke architecture, an enterprise service bus builds on base functions broken up into their constituent parts, with distributed deployment where needed, working in harmony as necessary.
  • 22. Enterprise Service Bus Flexible connectivity infrastructure for integrating applications and services to power your SOA • ROUTING messages between services • QUEUING store and forward messages, reliability • TRANSFORMING message format between requestor and service • HANDLING business events from disparate sources • MONITORING centralised overview
  • 23. Enterprise Service Bus Apache ServiceMix • Apache ServiceMix is an integration container that unifies the features and functionality of Apache ActiveMQ, Camel, CXF, ODE, Karaf into a runtime platform to build integrations solutions. It provides a complete, enterprise ready ESB exclusively powered by OSGi. – Apache Karaf is the ServiceMix kernel – Apache ActiveMQ as message broker – Apache Camel as message routing, components provider and EIP framework – Apache CXF as WS-* and RESTful WebService provider – Apache ODE as WS-BPEL embedded engine
  • 24. Rules Engine • • • A rule engine is a piece of software, Rules Engine which having some knowledge is able to perform conclusions. Production Knowledge and inferences are stored in rules, which are called production rules. A production rule consists of conditions and actions, which are executed when their conditions are true. • Rules can get into a conflict. This happens when there are more than one rule which are true, at the same time. • Conflict resolution is provided by the agenda. It arranges the order of actions, which has been selected to be run. Working Memory Rules Rule A Object X + Rule B Object Y Object Z + Rule C Inference Engine Decision Pattern Match
  • 25. Event Driven Architecture • Uses unidirectional messaging to communicate among two or more, largely independent peer procedures. • The communication is initiated by an "event". This event typically corresponds to some business occurrence. A system acting as the event publisher places the event on a queue or publishes it to a topic. • Any event listeners subscribing to that topic are then notified and thus activated. • The event publisher and the event subscriber are independent of one another. This allows for completely decoupled operation. • Events may be further categorized into simple and complex events: – Simple events are the computerized record of a business event generated by some change in state in the business environment. – A complex event is a software event that is derived from two or more elementary “member” software events through a process of event aggregation or correlation.
  • 26. What is an Event? • An event is a notable thing that happens inside or outside your business. An event (business or system) may signify a problem or impending problem, an opportunity, a threshold, or a deviation. Event Header ID Type Name Timestamp Occurrence no. Creator Body Data
  • 27. Event Driven SOA • A form of service-oriented architecture (SOA), combining the intelligence and proactiveness of event-driven architecture with the organizational capabilities found in service offerings. • Before event-driven SOA, the typical SOA platform orchestrated services centrally, through pre-defined business processes, assuming that what should have already been triggered is defined in a business process. • This older approach (sometimes called SOA 1.0) does not account for events that occur across, or outside of, specific business processes. Thus complex events, in which a pattern of activities— both random and scheduled—should trigger a set of services is not accounted for in traditional SOA 1.0 architecture.
  • 28. Event Driven Architecture Conceptual Examples • Abandoned iPlayer Programme – • Engineering Defect – • We could construct a VRM event from an "abandoned iPlayer programme" message (parsing the transaction, BBC ID, and time), using other filters to extract the broadcast offset within the programme and tapping the correlation capabilities of the system to add causal indicators such as whether the iPlayer site was suffering performance problems. This VRM event might also include viewer value or rank from the viewer database. Based on the types of independent service calls received, the SOA 2.0 platform could identify a product defect by detecting the underlying pattern of the separate complaints, then triggering an alert to engineering or production of the possible defect. Real-time Electricity Market – A virtual electricity market where home clothes dryers can bid on the price of the electricity they use in a real-time market pricing system. The real-time market price and control system could turn home electricity customers into active participants in managing the power grid and their monthly utility bills. Customers can set limits on how much they would pay for electricity to run a clothes dryer, for example, and electricity providers willing to transmit power at that price would be alerted over the grid and could sell the electricity to the dryer. Consumer devices can also bid for power based on how much the owner of the device were willing to pay, set ahead of time by the consumer. – Homeowners can customize many different types of electricity devices found within their home to a desired level of comfort or economy. For example, to reduce the home owner's electricity usage in peak periods (when electricity is most expensive), the software could automatically lower the target temperature of the thermostat on the central heating system (in winter) or raise the target temperature of the thermostat on the central cooling system (in summer).
  • 29. SOA and Publishing Services AOD ODM Service Distribution Service iPlayer Services Ingest Service History Service VOD Favourite Service Recommendation Service ACE Enterprise Service Bus Content Services Dynamite DB Broadcast Service AT Service On Demand Service PIPS DB Partner Service Rules Service Database(s) Agenda Service
  • 31. SOA Patterns • Service Inventory Design Patterns – – – – – • Service Design Patterns – – – – – – • Foundational Inventory Patterns Logical Inventory Layer Patterns Inventory Centralization Patterns Inventory Implementation Patterns Inventory Governance Patterns Foundational Service Patterns Service Implementation Patterns Service Security Patterns Service Contract Design Patterns Legacy Integration Patterns Service Governance Patterns Service Composition Design Patterns – – – – – Capability Composition Patterns Service Messaging Patterns Composition Implementation Patterns Service Interaction Security Patterns Transformation Patterns