1. DDOO NNOOWW::
What does this cartoon say about working conditions during the
Industrial Revolution?

2. Why did the Industrial
Revolution start in England?
coal
A. England had resources - ________,
workers
iron
_______, _______, ________ harbors
and
_______________.
a good climate
B. B. England had a wealthy upper
class and bourgeoisie that used their
capital to build mines and factories
and buy machines and large farms
for profit.
C. England’s economy was strong
because it had colonies that
supplied
resources.
D. England’s naval superiority was an
advantage because it protected
trade routes.

3. From Agricultural Revolution to Industrial Revolution

4. Inventions Spur TTeecchhnnoollooggiiccaall AAddvvaanncceess
Britain’s textile industry would be the first to be transformed. By 1800,
several inventions had modernized the cotton industry.
1733 – John Kay –
“Flying Shuttle”
A shuttle sped back and forth on wheels. The
flying shuttle, a boat-shaped piece of wood to
which yarn was attached, doubled the work a
weaver could do in a day.
1764 – James Hargreaves –
“Spinning Jenny”
A spinning wheel used to weave yarn. It
allowed a spinner to work 8 threads at a
time.

5. 1769 – Richard Arkwright –
“Water Frame”
Used water-power from rapid streams to
drive spinning wheels.
Richard Arkwright:
Richard Arkwright:
“Father of the Factory System”
“Father of the Factory System”

6. Inventions Spur TTeecchhnnoollooggiiccaall AAddvvaanncceess
Britain’s textile industry would be the first to be transformed. By 1800,
several inventions had modernized the cotton industry.
1779 – Samuel Crompton –
“Spinning Mule”
Combined the features of the spinning jenny
and the water frame to make thread that was
stronger and finer.
1787 – Edmund Cartwright - “Power Loom”
Run by water-power. Sped up weaving.

7. WWhhaatt wweerree tthhee aaddvvaannttaaggeess aanndd
ddiissaaddvvaannttaaggeess ooff tthheessee nneeww mmaacchhiinneess??
 Cloth merchants could boost profits by speeding up production
 Needed to be run by __________
 The machines were large and expensive. This took the work of
spinning and weaving out of the house and into the factory.
 Progress in the textile industry spurred other technological inventions.
 Cloth merchants could boost profits by speeding up production
 Needed to be run by waterpower
__________
 The machines were large and expensive. This took the work of
spinning and weaving out of the house and into the factory.
 Progress in the textile industry spurred other technological inventions.

8. James Watt
1765 – ___________ – “Steam Engine”
Need for a cheap, convenient source of power was
met with the invention of the steam engine.

9. Improvements iinn TTrraannssppoorrttaattiioonn
Road Transportation
John McAdam – Paved Roads – Early 1800s
Equipped roadbeds with a layer of large stones for drainage. On top, he placed a smoothed layer
of crushed rock. Previously, rain and mud often made roads impassable and men were known to
drown in potholes.
Steam Locomotives
George Stephenson – “The
Rocket” - 1829

10. IImmppaacctt ooff tthhee RRaaiillrrooaaddss
 Railroads spurred industrial growth by giving manufacturers a cheap way
to transport material and finished products.
 Railroad boom created hundreds of thousands of new jobs for both
railroad workers and miners.
 Railroads spurred industrial growth by giving manufacturers a cheap way
to transport material and finished products.
 Railroad boom created hundreds of thousands of new jobs for both
railroad workers and miners.

11. IImmppaacctt ooff tthhee RRaaiillrrooaaddss
The railroads boosted England’s agricultural and fishing industries, which
could transport their products to distant cities.
 By making travel easier, railroads encouraged people to take distant city jobs.
The railroads boosted England’s agricultural and fishing industries, which
could transport their products to distant cities.
 By making travel easier, railroads encouraged people to take distant city jobs.

12. CCoonnddiittiioonnss iinn tthhee iinn tthhee CCooaall MMiinneess
11880000 1 ton of coal 50, 000 miners
11885500 30 tons 200, 000 miners
11888800 300 million tons 500, 000 miners
11991144 250 million tons 1, 200, 000 miners

13. Working
Conditions Were
Harsh:
• There were rigid
schedules with
_______________
long 12-14 hour
work ________
days and
few breaks

15. Work was the same day after day, week after week.

16. CCoonnddiittiioonnss iinn tthhee CCoottttoonn MMiillll
11881133 2400 looms 150, 000 workers
11883333 85, 000 looms 200, 000 workers
11885500 224, 000 looms >1 million workers

17. GGiirrll aatt WWeeaavviinngg MMaacchhiinnee iinn TTeexxttiillee MMiillll

18. GGiirrllss iinn BBooxx FFaaccttoorryy
paid less than men
• Women and children were _________________
• Wages were low

19. GGlliimmppssee ooff tthhee OOuuttssiiddee WWoorrlldd
WWhhaatt ttyyppeess ooff tthhiinnggss ddoo yyoouu tthhiinnkk tthhiiss yyoouunngg ggiirrll ddrreeaammss ooff aass sshhee llooookkss
oouutt tthhee ffaaccttoorryy wwiinnddooww??

20. II. New energy sources were found that would help work new machines and
inventions.
human animal
A. Traditionally, __________ and _________ labor were used to do work.
B. _________ Wind and ________ water
had been used to move wheels that would then
move machine parts in mills.
C. Then, _________ coal
was discovered to burn hotter and longer than wood and was
used to create steam that would then be compressed in engines in order to move
parts of machinery such as rotors or levers.
D. Henry Bessemer discovered that coal could be used to heat mineral ore and
remove the iron. Then he discovered that smelting coal and iron made ________.
steel
Bessemer process
This became known as the _____________________.

21. CChhiillddrreenn AAtt WWoorrkk
There were high injury rates. Frequent accidents _(E_x_:_ l_o_s_t _li_m_b_s_ i_n_ m__ac_h_i_n_e_s)

22. TThhee FFaaccttoorryy
job security
There was no ___________.
Workers were fired for being sick, working too slow, or for no reason at all.

23. FFiisshh CCuutttteerrss

24. LLiivviinngg CCoonnddiittiioonnss ffoorr NNeeww WWoorrkkiinngg CCllaassss
Urbanization:
Cities became more common and more populated – some ___________________
Urbanization:
Cities became more common and more populated – some _d_o_u_b_l_ed_ _o_r _tr_ip_l_e_d_ i_n_ s_iz_e

25. LLiivviinngg CCoonnddiittiioonnss

26. RReeaarr VViieeww ooff aa
TTeenneemmeenntt
BBuuiillddiinngg
• People migrated to
cities looking for work,
especially
unemployed farmers
due to the
_E_n_c_l_o_s_u_r_e_ A_c_t_s_.

27. WWoorrkkiinngg ccllaassss
nneeiigghhbboorrhhoooodd iinn
IInndduussttrriiaall LLoonnddoonn
• Cities were dirty and dangerous. There was a lack of sanitation laws,
no fire and police departments, no running water.

28. FFaammiilliieess iinnssiiddee aa tteenneemmeenntt bbuuiillddiinngg

29. LLiiffee IInn aa TTeenneemmeenntt HHoouussee

30. Change in Social Structure
• The ______________
Traditional elite
Aristocratic nobles and landowners still had wealth and power
• The New Capitalist Upper Class (New Rich or Nouveau Riche)
They were ____________ entreprenuers
who used their money to buy
and build factories and run large businesses.

31. The Industrial New Rich, or Nouveau
• The New Middle Class
merchants
Riche Professionals, investors, ___________
They were financially stable, educated,
and they aspired to become upper class.

32. Middle-Class (rich) American family in Paris.

33. The Luddites: 1811-1816
The New Working Class
Poor, unskilled,
_________________,
uneducated
no political power. No
longer peasant farmers
Many unemployed
craftsmen and
weavers began
destroying the
machines that had
taken their jobs.
These attackers
became known as
Luddites,
supposedly
followers of Ned
Ludd, a folklore
figure.

34. 1. Use three words to describe your
emotions as you view each painting
The Wanderer above the Sea of Fog
by Caspar David Friedrich, 1818
The Stone Breakers
by Gustave Courbet,
1849
Do Now:
2. How does each painting reflect
the changing world of the Industrial
Revolution?

35. Art reflects people’s
emotions and concerns of
their time!
Romanticism
_____________ – Artistic
and intellectual movement
that originated in the late
18th century and stressed
strong emotion,
imagination, freedom from
classical correctness in art
forms, and rebellion
against social conventions.
The Wanderer above the Sea of Fog
by Caspar David Friedrich

36. The Stone Breakers
by Gustave Courbet, 1849
_____________ – Artistic and intellectual movement that originated in the mid 19th
century as a rejection of Romanticism. Subjects are neither historical, religious or
heroic. Usually portray ordinary people doing ordinary things and does not idealize
their struggle for existence.
Realism

37. RReeaaccttiioonnss ttoo PPoooorr CCoonnddiittiioonnss
• Workers began to gather together to express their concerns
• Peterloo Massacre – 1819, worker rally was ended by soldiers who killed 11
• Workers began to gather together to express their concerns
• Peterloo Massacre – 1819, worker rally was ended by soldiers who killed 11
people and injured 400.
people and injured 400.
• This led to a real fear from those in power of the possibility of revolution.
• This led to a real fear from those in power of the possibility of revolution.

38. LLaabboorr UUnniioonnss
Evolutionary
Change
Evolutionary
Change
• Workers formed Labor Unions seeking better wages and working conditions.
• Workers organized and threatened to strike or boycott.
• Eventually, laws were passed that stopped child labor, set shorter working hours,
• Workers formed Labor Unions seeking better wages and working conditions.
• Workers organized and threatened to strike or boycott.
• Eventually, laws were passed that stopped child labor, set shorter working hours,
and safer working conditions were introduced.
and safer working conditions were introduced.

39. New Government Functions
• Public education for children until
age 12
• Wider welfare measures to
increase workers’ standard of
living (Higher wages, less hours)
• __________________ – Gave
the Parliamentary right to vote to
most middle-class men
• Chartist Movement – 1830-1850
• Reform Act of 1857 – Gave
universal Male suffrage
• Representation of the People
Act 1928 – Women’s suffrage Chartist Movement
New Government Functions
• Public education for children until
age 12
• Wider welfare measures to
increase workers’ standard of
living (Higher wages, less hours)
• __________________ – Gave
the Parliamentary right to vote to
most middle-class men
• Chartist Movement – 1830-1850
• Reform Act of 1857 – Gave
universal Male suffrage
• Representation of the People
Act 1928 – Women’s suffrage
Workers wanted equality and participation
in political system.
Reform Act of 1832

43. The Socialists: Utopians & Marxists
× People as a society would operate and own the
means of production, not individuals.
× Their goal was a society that benefited
everyone, not just a rich, well-connected few.
× Tried to build perfect communities, or Utopias.
× People as a society would operate and own the
means of production, not individuals.
× Their goal was a society that benefited
everyone, not just a rich, well-connected few.
× Tried to build perfect communities, or Utopias.

44. MMAARRXXIISSMM –– CCOOMMMMUUNNIISSMM