2.  Subject: Intro. to Management Information System
 Lecturer: Zaipul Anwar Bin Zainu
 Tel:019-3262427
 E-mail:zaipulanwar@iprom.unikl.edu.my, zaipul@gmail.com
 Room: 2211
 Website: http://www.zaipul.com
 Facebook: Zaipul Anwar
 Consultation: By Appointment (or through email, chat or
Facebook). In the future hopefully through eLearning.
http://eLearning.zaipul.com
 Teaching materials:
 Lectures, Websites, Softwares, Videos, Movies and Music(?)
 Assignment/project/class discussion/case study
 Lab activity

3.  Final Exam - 50%
 Mid Semester Test –20%
 Course Work – 30%
Case Study/discussion topic and course syllabus: subject to change

4.  Ease the managing task
 Guide for problem solving & decision making
 Advance in carrier. Realise opportunities and
meet personal and company goals.
 In Business: used in all functional areas.
 CBIS important for type of job.

5.  SUBJECT OBJECTIVE
 To enable students to understand basic information technology
concepts and participate in developing information systems
solutions to business problems.
 To assist students to understand the fundamental concepts of real-
world information systems and to demonstrate the potential
advantages of state-of-the-art information technology applications
in organizational.
 SUBJECT SYNOPSIS
 The foundations of information systems. Information management
and its strategic role in organizations. The technical foundations of
information systems; elements of information processing and the
telecommunication. The contemporary tools, techniques and
approaches used to build information systems.

6. COURSE CONTENT
 Management information systems (MIS); challenges and opportunities, the
strategic role of information systems in organizations, and business processes
 Management of information and decision making; ethical and social impact
of information systems.
 Computers and information processing; information systems software, and
managing data resources
 Telecommunications and the internet networking, redesigning the
organization with information systems and ensuring quality with information
systems. Managing knowledge and enhancing management decision making.
Controlling information systems and managing international information
systems.
 REFERENCE BOOKS
 Ralph M. Stair, G.W Reynolds, 2008, Principles of Information System, A
Managerial Approach, Thomson Learning (Text Book).
 Kenneth C.L. and Jane P.L., 1998. Management Information Systems: New
Approaches to Organization and Technology, Fifth Edition, Prentice Hall.
 Sarah, E., Sawyer and Stacey, C., 1998, Management Information Systems
for the Information Age, Irwin/McGraw-Hill, Boston, Massachusetts, ISBN:
0-07-025465-6.
 Post, G.V. and David L.A., 1997, Management Information Systems: Solving
Business Problems with Information Technology, Irwin/McGraw Hill, Illinois.

7. Introduction to
Management Information
Systems

8.  Data vs. Information
 Data
▪ Raw facts
▪ Distinct pieces of information, usually formatted in a
special way
 Information
▪ A collection of facts organized in such a way that they
have additional value beyond the value of the facts
themselves

9.  Data – thermometer readings of temperature
taken every hour:
16.0, 17.0, 16.0, 18.5, 17.0,15.5….
Transformation
 Information – today’s high: 18.5
today’s low: 15.5

10. Data Represented by
Alphanumeric data Numbers, letters, and other characters
Image data Graphic images or pictures
Audio data Sound, noise, tones
Video data Moving images or pictures

11. Data Transformation Information

12.  accurate,
 complete,
 economical,
 flexible,
 reliable,
 relevant,
 simple,
 timely,
 verifiable,
 accessible,
 secure

13.  You want the information about you in a health
information system to be:
 As accurate as possible (e.g. your age, sex)
 As complete as possible
 Relevant
 To be reliable
 Should be available in a timely manner (e.g. information
about your drug allergies are available before your
operation!)

14.  Definition
 A set of elements or components that interact to
accomplish goals
 A combination of components working together

15. Customer Order Entry
Maintenance Component
Component
Customer Support System
Catalog
Order Fulfillment
Maintenance
Component
Component

16. (1) Refers to a combination of components working together. For
example, a computer system includes both hardware and
software. A Windows system is a personal computer running
the Windows operating system. A desktop publishing system is
a computer running desktop publishing software.
(2) Short for computer system.
(3) Short for operating system.
(4) An organization or methodology. The binary numbering system,
for instance, is a way to count using only two digits

17.  Inputs
 Processing mechanisms
 Outputs

18. Elements
System Goal
Processing
Inputs Outputs
elements
Actors, director, Filming, Finished film Entertaining
staff, sets, editing, delivered to movie, film
Movie equipment special movie studio awards,
effects, profits
distribution

19.  System boundary
 Defines the system and distinguishes it from everything
else
 System types
 Simple vs. complex
 Open vs. closed
 Stable vs. dynamic
 Adaptive vs. non-adaptive
 Permanent vs. temporary

20.  Efficiency
 A measure of what is produced divided by what is
consumed (eg. Efficiency of a motor is the energy
produced divided by what is consumed)
 Effectiveness
 A measure of the extent to which a system achieves its
goals
 System performance standard
 A specific objective of the system

21. Figure 1

22. Figure 1.5b

23.  System variable
 A quantity or item that can be controlled by the
decision maker
 E.g. the price a company charges for a product
 System parameter
 A value or quantity that cannot be controlled by
the decision maker
 E.g., cost of a raw material

24.  Model
 An abstraction or an approximation that is used
to represent reality
 Types of models
 Narrative (aka descriptive)
 Physical
 Schematic
 Mathematical
Next slide

26.  Make understanding complex systems easier
(simplifies)
 Can be used to design – make models of new
systems so can refine them
 Makes communication about systems easier
(e.g. a picture can communicate a thousand
words)

27.  Definition
 A set of interrelated elements or components that collect (input),
manipulate (process), and disseminate (output) data and
information and provide a feedback mechanism to meet an
objective
 (IS) Pronounced as separate letters, and short for Information
Systems or Information Services. For many companies, IS is the
name of the department responsible for computers, networking
and data management. Other companies refer to the department
as IT (Information Technology) and MIS (Management
Information Services).

28. Environment
Organisation
Input Processing Output
Feedback

29. External Environment
People Organisation
Information
System
Technology

30.  Input
 The activity of gathering and capturing data
 Whatever goes into the computer
 Processing
 Converting or transforming data into useful outputs
 Output
 Useful information, usually in the form of documents
and/or reports
 Anything that comes out of a computer

31. (n) Whatever goes into the computer. Input can take a
variety of forms, from commands you enter on a
keyboard to data from another computer or device. A
device that feeds data into a computer, such as a
keyboard or mouse, is called an input device.
(v) The act of entering data into a computer

32. (n) Anything that comes out of a computer. Output can
be meaningful information or gibberish, and it can
appear in a variety of forms -- as binary numbers, as
characters, as pictures, and as printed pages.
Output devices include display screens,
loudspeakers, and printers.
(v) To give out. For example, display screens output
images, printers output print, and loudspeakers
output sounds.

33.  Feedback
 Output that is used to make changes to input or
processing activities
 Forecasting
 A proactive approach to feedback
 Use for estimating future sales or inventory needs

34.  Manual systems still widely used
 E.g., some investment analysts manual draw charts and
trend lines to assist them in making investment decisions
 Computerized systems
 E.g., the above trends lines can be drawn by computer
 Evolution
 Many computerized system began as manual systems
 E.g., directory assistance (“911”)

35.  A CBIS is composed of…
 Hardware
 Software
 Databases
 Telecommunications
 People
 Procedures
 Together they are…
 Configured to collect, manipulate, store, and process
data into information

36.  Five parts
 Hardware
 Software
 Database
 Telecommunications
 Networks

37.  Five parts
 Hardware
 Software
 Database
 Telecommunications
 Networks

38.  Hardware
 Computer equipment used to perform input,
processing, and output activities
 The objects that you can actually touch, like disks,
disk drives, display screens, keyboards, printers,
boards, and chips.

39. Hardware refers to objects that you can actually touch, like
disks, disk drives, display screens, keyboards, printers, boards,
and chips. In contrast, software is untouchable. Software exists
as ideas, concepts, and symbols, but it has no substance.
Books provide a useful analogy. The pages and the ink are
the hardware, while the words, sentences, paragraphs, and the
overall meaning are the software. A computer without software
is like a book full of blank pages -- you need software to make
the computer useful just as you need words to make a book
meaningful.

40.  Five parts
 Hardware
 Software
 Database
 Telecommunications
 Networks

41.  Software
 Computer programs that
govern/determine/control the operation of the
computer
 Computer instructions or data

42. Software is computer instructions or data.
Anything that can be stored electronically is software.
The storage devices and display devices are hardware.
The terms software and hardware are used as both
nouns and adjectives. For example, you can say: "The
problem lies in the software," meaning that there is a
problem with the program or data, not with the
computer itself. You can also say: "It's a software
problem.“

43. The distinction between software and hardware is
sometimes confusing because they are so integrally linked.
Clearly, when you purchase a program, you are buying software.
But to buy the software, you need to buy the disk (hardware) on
which the software is recorded.
Software is often divided into two categories. Systems
software includes the operating system and all the utilities that
enable the computer to function. Applications software
includes programs that do real work for users. For example,
word processors, spreadsheets, and database management
systems fall under the category of applications software.

44.  Five parts
 Hardware
 Software
 Database
 Telecommunications
 Networks

45.  Database
 An organized collection of facts and information
 A collection of information organized in such a
way that a computer program can quickly select
desired pieces of data

46. A database is a collection of information organized in such a
way that a computer program can quickly select desired pieces
of data.
You can think of a database as an electronic filing system.
Traditional databases are organized by fields, records, and files.
A field is a single piece of information; a record is one complete
set of fields; and a file is a collection of records. For example, a
telephone book is analogous to a file. It contains a list of records,
each of which consists of three fields: name, address, and
telephone number.

47. An alternative concept in database design is known as
Hypertext. In a Hypertext database, any object, whether it be a
piece of text, a picture, or a film, can be linked to any other
object. Hypertext databases are particularly useful for
organizing large amounts of disparate information, but they are
not designed for numerical analysis.
To access information from a database, you need a
database management system (DBMS). This is a collection of
programs that enables you to enter, organize, and select data in
a database.

49.  Five parts
 Hardware
 Software
 Database
 Telecommunications
 Networks

50.  Telecommunications
 The electronic transmission of signals for
communications; enables organizations to link
computer systems into effective networks
 Refers to all types of data transmission, from
voice to video

51.  Five parts
 Hardware
 Software
 Database
 Telecommunications
 Networks

52.  Network
 Used to connect computers and computer
equipment in a building, around the country,
across the world, to enable electronic
communications
 A group of two or more computer systems linked
together

53. There are many types of computer networks,
including:
local-area networks (LANs) : The computers are
geographically close together (that is, in the same
building).
wide-area networks (WANs) : The computers are
farther apart and are connected by telephone lines
or radio waves.

54. In addition to these types, the following characteristics are also used
to categorize different types of networks:
topology : The geometric arrangement of a computer system.
Common topologies include a bus, star, and ring.
protocol : The protocol defines a common set of rules and signals
that computers on the network use to communicate. One of the
most popular protocols for LANs is called Ethernet. Another
popular LAN protocol for PCs is the IBM token-ring network .
architecture : Networks can be broadly classified as using either a
peer-to-peer or client/server architecture.

55. Computers on a network are sometimes called nodes.
Computers and devices that allocate resources for a network
are called servers.

57.  Internet
 The world’s largest telecommunications network
 A network of networks
 Free exchange of information
 A global network connecting millions of computers.
 Intranet
 A network that uses Internet technology within an
organization
 A network belonging to an organization

58.  People
 The most important element in most computer-
based information systems
 Includes people who manage, run, program, and
maintain the system
 E.g., IT professionals (you!)
 Procedures
 Includes the strategies, policies, methods, and
rules for using the CBIS

59.  Types
 Transaction processing systems
 E-commerce systems
 Management information systems
 Decision support systems
 Expert systems

60.  Transaction
 Any business-related exchange
 E.g., generating a weekly payroll
 Transaction processing system (TPS)
 An organized collection of people, procedures,
software, databases, and devices used to record
completed for for business related exchanges

61. Hours
worked
Payroll
Payroll
transaction
checks
processing
Pay
rate

62.  Types
 Transaction processing systems
 E-commerce systems
 Management information systems
 Decision support systems
 Expert systems

63.  E-commerce
 Involves any business transaction executed electronically
 Conducting business on-line
 For example, between…
▪ Companies
▪ Companies and consumers
▪ Business and the public sector
▪ Consumers and the public sector
 Example for placing a purchase order

66.  Types
 Transaction processing systems
 E-commerce systems
 Management information systems
 Decision support systems
 Expert systems

67.  An MIS is…
 An organized collection of people, procedures,
software, databases, and devices used to routine
information to managers and decision makers

68. Marketing Manufacturing
management management
information Information
system system
Common
databases
Financial Order
management management
Information information
system system
TPS

69. MIS is short for management information system or
management information services, and pronounced as
separate letters
MIS refers to a class of software that provides managers with
tools for organizing and evaluating their department.
Typically, MIS systems are written in COBOL and run on
mainframes or minicomputers.
Within companies and large organizations, the department
responsible for computer systems is sometimes called the
MIS department. Other names for MIS include IS
(Information Services) and IT (Information Technology).

70.  Types
 Transaction processing systems
 E-commerce systems
 Management information systems
 Decision support systems
 Expert systems

71.  A DSS is…
 An organized collection of people, procedures,
software, databases, and devices used to support
problem-specific decision making
 A DSS helps a manger “do the right thing”

72.  Types
 Transaction processing systems
 E-commerce systems
 Management information systems
 Decision support systems
 Expert systems

73.  An expert system is…
 A computer application that performs a task that would
otherwise be performed by a human expert
 gives the computer the ability to make suggestions and
to act like an expert in a particular field
 Examples: diagnose human illnesses, make financial
forecasts, schedule routes for delivery vehicles
 Expert systems typically include “artificial
intelligence” (next slide)

74.  AI is…
 A branch of computer science concerned with
making computers behave like humans
 Term was coined in 1956 by John McCarthy at the
Massachusetts Institute of Technology
 Draws from many areas, including cognitive
psychology

75. Artificial intelligence includes games playing: programming computers to
play games such as chess and checkers
expert systems : programming computers to make decisions in real-life
situations (for example, some expert systems help doctors diagnose
diseases based on symptoms)
natural language : programming computers to understand
natural human languages
neural networks : Systems that simulate intelligence by
attempting to reproduce the types of physical connections
that occur in animal brains
robotics : programming computers to see and hear and react
to other sensory stimuli

76.  Attempted to replace humans in decision
making
 However did not take into account
 How humans actually reason
 Human information needs (doctors do not want
their decision making replaced, but rather want it
supported)

77.  Systems development
 The activity of creating or modifying an existing business
system
 Systems investigation and analysis
 Defines the problems and opportunities of an existing
system
 Systems design
 Determine how a new system will work to meet business
needs

78.  Systems implementation
 Creating and acquiring system components
defined in the design
 Systems maintenance and review
 Checks a modifies the system so that it continues
to meet changing business needs