1. THE FOUR REALMS OF THE
EARTH

2.  A lithosphere is the rigid , outermost shell of a
rocky planet, and can be identified on the basis of its
mechanical properties. On Earth, it comprises
the crust and the portion of the upper mantle that
behaves elastically on time scales of thousands of
years or greater. The outermost shell of a rocky
planet, the crust, is defined on the basis of its
chemistry and mineralogy
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LITHOSPHERE

3. CONTINENTS
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There are seven continents.
There are:
• Asia
• Africa
• North America
• South America
• Antarctica
• Europe
• Australia

4. Structure of the Earth
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 Earth's lithosphere includes the
crust and the uppermost mantle,
which constitute the hard and rigid
outer layer of the Earth.
Earth's inner core is Earth's
innermost part and is a
primarily solid ball with a radius of
about 1,220 km.
 Earth's outer core is a liquid layer
about 2,266 km thick composed
of iron and nickel that lies above
Earth's solid inner core and below
its mantle. Its outer boundary lies
2,890 km beneath Earth's surface.

5. CRUST
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 the crust is the outermost
solid shell of a
rocky planet or natural
satellite, which is chemically
distinct from the
underlying mantle.
 The crust of the Earth is
composed of a great variety
of igneous, metamorphic,
and sedimentary rocks.

6. MANTLE
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 Earth's mantle is a silicate
rocky shell about 2,900
kilometres (1,800 mi)
thick[1] that constitutes about
84% of Earth's volume.[2] It is
predominantly solid but in
geological time it behaves like
very viscous liquid. The mantle
encloses the hot core rich in
iron and nickel, which occupies
about 15% of Earth's volume.

7. CORE
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 Earth's inner core is Earth's
innermost part and is a
primarily solid ball with
a radius of about 1,220 km. It
is believed to consist
primarily of an iron–
nickel alloy and to be
approximately the same
temperature as the surface
of the Sun: approximately
5430 °C.

8. ROCKS:IGNEOUS
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 There are three types of rocks. They
are:
 Igneous rocks:Igneous rock derived
from the Latin word ignis meaning fire.
 Igneous rock is formed through the
cooling and solidification of
magma or lava. Igneous rock may form
with or without crystallization, either
below the surface
as intrusive (plutonic) rocks or on the
surface as extrusive (volcanic) rocks.
This magma can be derived from
partial melts of pre-existing rocks in
either a planet's mantle or crust.

9. ROCKS:SEDIMENTARY
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 Sedimentary rocks are types
of rock that are formed by
the deposition of material at
the Earth's surface and within
bodies of water. Particles that form
a sedimentary rock by accumulating
are called sediment. Before being
deposited, sediment was formed
by weathering and erosion in a
source area, and then transported to
the place of deposition
by water, wind, ice, mass
movement or glaciers which are
called agents of denudation.

10. ROCKS:METAMORPHIC
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 Metamorphic rocks make up a large part of
the Earth's crust and are classified by texture
and by chemical and mineral assemblage
(metamorphic facies). They may be formed
simply by being deep beneath the Earth's
surface, subjected to high temperatures and the
great pressure of the rock layers above it. They
can form from tectonic processes such as
continental collisions, which cause horizontal
pressure, friction and distortion. They are also
formed when rock is heated up by
the intrusion of hot molten rock
called magma from the Earth's interior. The
study of metamorphic rocks (now exposed at
the Earth's surface following erosion and uplift)
provides information about the temperatures
and pressures that occur at great depths within
the Earth's crust. Some examples of
metamorphic rocks
are gneiss, slate, marble, schist, and quartzite.

11. ROCK CYCLE
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 The rock cycle is a basic concept in geology that
describes the dynamic transitions
through geologic time among the three
main rock types: sedimentary, metamorphic,
and igneous. As the diagram to the right
illustrates, each of the types of rocks is altered
or destroyed when it is forced out of its
equilibrium conditions. An igneous rock such
as basalt may break down and dissolve when
exposed to the atmosphere, or melt as it
is subducted under a continent. Due to the
driving forces of the rock cycle, plate tectonics
and the water cycle, rocks do not remain in
equilibrium and are forced to change as they
encounter new environments. The rock cycle is
an illustration that explains how the three rock
types are related to each other, and how
processes change from one type to another
over time.

12. SOIL
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 Soil is the mixture
of minerals, organic matter, gases,
liquids and a myriad of organisms
that can support plant life. It is a
natural body that exists as part of
the pedosphere and it performs four
important functions: it is a medium
for plant growth; it is a means of
water storage, supply and
purification; it is a modifier of
the atmosphere; and it is a habitat
for organisms that take part in
decomposition and creation of a
habitat for other organisms.

13. HYDROSPHERE
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 The hydrosphere in physical
geography describes the combined mass
of water found on, under, and over the
surface of a planet. This includes water in
liquid and frozen forms in ground waters,
glaciers, oceans, lakes and streams. Saline
water account for 97.5% of this
amount. Fresh water accounts for only
2.5%. Of this fresh water 68.7% is in the
"form of ice and permanent snow cover
in the Arctic, the Antarctic, and in the
mountainous regions. Next, 29.9% exists
as fresh ground waters. Only 0.26% of the
total amount of fresh waters on the Earth
are concentrated in lakes, reservoirs and
river systems where they are most easily
accessible for our economic needs and
absolutely vital for water ecosystems.

14. MAJOR WATER BODIES
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 There are four major
oceans. They are:
 Pacific ocean
 Atlantic ocean
 Indian ocean
 Arctic ocean

15. WATER CYCLE
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 The water cycle, also known as the hydrologic
cycle or theH2O cycle, describes the continuous
movement of water on, above and below the
surface of the Earth. The mass of water on Earth
remains fairly constant over time but the
partitioning of the water into the major
reservoirs of ice,fresh water, saline water
and atmospheric water is variable depending on
a wide range of climatic variables. The water
moves from one reservoir to another, such as
from river to ocean, or from the ocean to the
atmosphere, by the physical processes
of evaporation, condensation, precipitation,
infiltration, runoff, and subsurface flow. In so
doing, the water goes through different phases:
liquid, solid (ice), and water vapour.

16. OCEANS WATERS AND THEIR
CIRCULATION
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 WAVES: waves are caused when winds
blowing over the surface of water
make the water particles move up and
down alternately. Waves travel In the
direction of the winds.
 Tides:Tides are the rise and fall of sea
levels caused by the combined effects
of the gravitational forces exerted by
the Moon and the Sun and the rotation
of the Earth.

17. 17
 An ocean current is a continuous,
directed movement of
seawater generated by the forces
acting upon this mean flow, such
as breaking waves, wind, Coriolis
effect,cabbeling, temperature and s
alinity differences, with tides caused
by the gravitational pull of
the Moon and the Sun.Depth
contours, shoreline configurations
and interaction with other currents
influence a current's direction and
strength. A deep current is any
ocean current at a depth of greater
than 100m.

18. ATMOSPHERE
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 The atmosphere of Earth is a
layer of gases surrounding the
planet Earth that is retained by
Earth's gravity.
The atmosphere protects life on
Earth by absorbing ultraviolet
solar radiation. By volume, dry
air contains 78.09% nitrogen,
20.95% oxygen, 0.93% argon,
0.039% carbon dioxide, and small
amounts of other gases. Air also
contains a variable amount
of water vapor, on average
around 1%

19. STRUCTURE OF THE ATMOSPHERE
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 The atmosphere consists of 4 layers: the troposphere,
stratosphere, mesosphere, and thermosphere. . The
troposphere is the lowest layer of the atmosphere. This
is the layer where we live and where weather happens.
Temperature in this layer generally decreases with
height. The boundary between the stratosphere and the
troposphere is called the tropopause. The jet stream sits
at this level and it marks the highest point that weather
can occur. The height of the troposphere varies with
location, being higher over warmer areas and lower over
colder areas. Above the In this layer the temperature
increases with height. This is because the stratosphere
houses the ozone layer. The ozone layer is warm because
it absorbs ultraviolet (UV) rays from the sun. The
mesosphere is the layer above the stratosphere. The
temperature decreases with height here just like it does
in the troposphere. This layer also contains ratios of
nitrogen and oxygen similar to the troposphere, except
the concentrations are 1000 times less and there is little
water vapor there, so the air is too thin for weather to
occur. The thermosphere is the uppermost layer of the
atmosphere. In this layer the temperature increases with
height because it is being directly heated by the sun.

20. TROPOSPHERE
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 The troposphere is the lowest
portion of Earth's atmosphere.
It contains approximately 80%
of the atmosphere's mass and
99% of its water vapour and
aerosols. The average depth of
the troposphere is
approximately 17 km in the
middle latitudes. It is deeper in
the tropics, up to 20 km and
shallower near the polar
regions, approximately 7 km .

21. STRATOSPHERE
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 The stratosphere is the
second major layer of Earth's
atmosphere, just above
the troposphere, and below
the mesosphere. It
is stratified in temperature,
with warmer layers higher up
and cooler layers farther down.
This is in contrast to the
troposphere near the Earth's
surface, which is cooler higher
up and warmer farther down.

22. MESOSPHERE
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 The mesosphere the
layer of the Earth's
atmosphere that is
directly above
the stratopause and
directly below
the mesopause. In the
mesosphere temperature
decreases with increasing
height.

23. THERMOSPHERE
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 The thermosphere is the
layer of the Earth's
atmosphere directly above
the mesosphere and directly
below the exosphere. the
thermosphere begins about
85 kilometres above the
Earth. This layer contains
electrically charged particles
called ions.

24. EXOSPHERE
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 The exosphere is a thin,
atmosphere-like volume
surrounding a planetary
body where molecules are
gravitationally bound to
that body, but where the
density is too low for them
to behave as a gas
by colliding with each
other.

25.  Air is the Earth's atmosphere. It is the clear gas in which living things live
and breathe. It has an indefinite shape and volume. It has no color or smell.
It has mass and weight. It is a matter as it has mass and weight. Air
creates atmosphere pressure. There is no air in the vacuum and cosmos. Air
is a mixture of 78.03% nitrogen, 20.99% oxygen, 0.94% argon, 0.03% carbon
dioxide, 0.01% hydrogen, 0.00123% Neon, 0.0004%helium,
0.00005% krypton and 0.000006% xenon. There are also small amounts of
other things.
 The degree of hotness or coldness of air surrounding us is called air
temprature.
 Atmospheric pressure is the force per unit area exerted on a surface by the
weight of air above that surface in the atmosphere of Earth .
 Humidity is the amount of water vapour in the air.
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AIR TEMPRATURE,PRESSURE AND
HUMIDITY

26. BIOSPHERE
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The biosphere is the global
sum of all ecosystems. The
biosphere is postulated to
have evolved, beginning with
a process of biopoesis (life
created naturally from non-
living matter such as simple
organic compounds)
or biogenesis (life created
from living matter), at least
some 3.5 billion years ago.

27. BY SWAROOP RAJ
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