1. Basic Nanotechnology Commercial Activity: Part 2

8. Fuel Cells Where does nanotech come in? Hydrogen atoms are stripped of their electrons at the anode, and the positively charged protons diffuse through one side of the porous membrane and migrate toward the cathode

10. Fuel Cells - Costs

14. Encapsulation Embedding molecules within molecules Physical Review Letters, Dec 18. 2000 A single gadolinium atom encapsulated in a gadolinium fullerene, encapsulated in a single-wall carbon nanotube

15. Encapsulation - samples Insect control polymer microencapsulation processes that permit controlled release of pheromone to suppress insect mating Harald D.H. Stöver, McMaster University

18. Nanoparticles Richard Brotzman Nanophase Technologies Corporation

20. Nanoparticles Optical The interaction of electromagnetic fields with subwavelength structures. SOEs (subwavelength optical elements) Reflection, refraction, diffraction and interference describe the behavior of traditional optical elements. With SOEs the equations describing optical behavior must include quantum-mechanical effects.

22. Nanoparticles Optical Market Potential > 1.1 Billion by 2004 through replacement & new products Biotech component estimated at $150 million by 2005 No dominant players watch Nanophase Technologies Corporation

23. Nanoparticles Chemical - sieve magnetic nanospheres With no magnetic field, the nanoparticles float about in a liquid. When a magnetic field is applied, the particles line up following the field lines, and form rigid “columns” creating a regular array of obstacles. This creates a sieve which separates biological molecules based on size.

24. Nanoparticles Chemical - reaction control 1. Select a particle size 2. Select an electrostatic property 3. Select a particle density 4. Select interaction medium You now have a tunable chemical reaction control system Binding energies Eb of single hydrogen) atom adsorped on the flat and sharp regions of a (8,0) nanotube versus elliptical deformation Taner Yildirim NIST Center for Neutron Research

28. Nanocomposites Types plastics foams aerogels powders membranes coatings films catalysts semiconductors magnets etc. T/J Technologies, Inc.

30. Self Assembly coordinated action of independent entities under distributed (i.e., non-central) control to produce a larger structure or to achieve a desired group effect

31. Self Assembly The Holy Grail of Electronics Moore’s 1st law Moore’s 2nd law Complexity Doubles every 18 months Factory Costs Double every 18 months

32. Self Assembly The Holy Grail of Electronics The basic idea of self-assembly is to use natural forces to form a device feature, although its position may be determined by coarser lithography. Thus, the less-expensive equipment associated with a previous technology generation may be used, along with self-assembly techniques, to fabricate circuits for the next generation of devices. Alternatively, self-assembly can be used to form structures for molecular electronics. A single molecular monolayer (or a controlled number of monolayers) can be routinely formed on a substrate by techniques such as Langmuir-Blodgett deposition.

33. Self Assembly How? A Langmuir-Blodgett film is a set of monolayers, or layers of organic material one molecule thick, deposited on a solid substrate. It can consist of a single layer or many, up to a depth of several visible-light wavelengths.

34. Self Assembly Making What?

35. Self Assembly

36. Self Assembly

37. Self Assembly

40. Surface Chemistry Materials interact with their environments through surfaces and interfaces. A surface is a stable platform from which reactions can be studied or controlled.

43. Surface Chemistry Surface Area 4 pi r 2 6 a 2 pi r 2 a 2 < 

44. Surface Chemistry A Fractal Capacitor

45. Break

46. Basic Nanotechnology Commercial Activity

48. Brains 875 Abacus

49. Brains 1600 Slide Rule - Oughtred

50. Brains 1822 multi function calculator - Babbage

51. Brains 1946 ENIAC - U.S. Army

52. Brains 1971 Microprocessor Intel

53. Brains 2000 Pentium IV Intel

54. Brains 100 million to 100 billion MIPS Moore's law predicts that the upper-end estimate of the human brain's processing power will be reached before 2017

55. Brains Statistically speaking, x x x x x x The vast majority of life on this planet does not have a brain… x x x x x x The remainder doesn’t use the one they have.

56. Brains Nanoscale devices Quantum computing

57. Nanoscale devices

58. Nanoscale devices Copyright Cees Dekker, 1997 Intel 20 nm transistor T.U. Delft: <1 nm SWCNT transistor

59. Nanoscale devices Copyright Ron Reifenberger, 1997

60. Nanoscale devices Matrix Semiconductor

61. Nanoscale devices

62. Nanoscale devices

63. Nanoscale devices

64. Nanoscale devices

65. Nanoscale devices Current Storage Density is 10,000,000,000 bits/inch 2 Current requirement for one bit = 100 atoms Theoretical Storage Density may be 1,000 times higher. Cubic storage density could be: 100,000,000,000,000,000,000 bits/inch 3

66. IBM Millipede 200,000,000,000 bits/inch 2 10 nm

67. Nanoscale devices As devices become smaller, quantum effects tend to become more important A single-electron transistor According to classical physics, there is no way that electrons can get from the 'source' to the 'drain', because of the two barrier walls either side of the 'island'. However, the structure is so small that quantum effects occur, and one electron at a time can tunnel through the barriers.

68. Nanoscale devices Market = Current computer market > $100 billion / year Target companies: The usual suspects

69. Quantum computing A classical bit can store either a 1 or a 0 Quantum physics states that when we measure the spin 1/2 particles state we will determine that it is in the +1/2 state, or the -1/2 spin state. In this manner our qubit is not different from a classical bit, for it can be measured to be in the +1/2 , or 1 state, or the -1/2 , or 0 state. Spin is a vector - It has length It has direction

70. Quantum computing A quantum bit can have an arbitrary number of states.

71. Quantum computing A quantum particle can exist in two states at the same time - a coherent superposition This means that the particle is both in state 0 and state 1

72. Quantum computing Which results in means you don’t know its state until you measure it One atom : process is totally random, so you can't decide if a one-atom cat is alive or dead without measuring it Few atoms (2-20): process becomes steadily more predictable Many atoms (a complete cat): constitutes an independent measuring system, so the cat measures it's own deadness

74. Quantum computing How much sci-fi is it? IBM Delft Confinement of electrons to quantum corrals on a metal surface

76. Break

77. Basic Nanotechnology Commercial Activity

91. Power & Energy - Storage Batteries All batteries consist of two electrodes, an anode and a cathode, and an electrolyte solution. The tendency for Zn to loose electron is stronger than that for copper. When the two cells are connected by a salt bridge and an electric conductor form a closed circuit for electrons and ions to flow, copper ions actually gains electron to become copper metal.

92. Power & Energy - Storage Batteries If you can create both nano-anodes and nano-cathodes, then these electrodes are as much as 100 times more powerful than traditional ones. University of Florida

94. Power & Energy - Storage Batteries Market $15 Billion per year Growing Fast

95. Power & Energy - Storage Capacitors Two electric plates are separated by an insulating material (plastic, glass, air...) These two plates are connected to two leads that allow the current to flow in and out of the capacitor. As the current flows, electrons build up on one plate. At the same time, electrons flow out of the other plate. Eventually, the capacitor is completely &quot;charged up&quot; and no more current will flow. There is a positive charge on one plate and a negative charge on the other plate. Energy can be released if the leads are shorted

96. Power & Energy - Storage Capacitors If you can increase the total surface area of the the two plates, your energy storage increases. Composite nanotube Japan Science & Technology Corporation

97. Power & Energy - Storage Capacitors ~ $2 Billion/year

98. Power & Energy - Storage

99. Power & Energy - Storage Hydrogen A hydrogen gas tank that contained energy equivalent to a gasoline tank would be more than 3,000 times bigger than the gasoline tank.

100. Power & Energy - Storage $1.00-$2.00/lb Hydrogen burns 50% more efficiently than gasoline, and burning hydrogen creates less air pollution

101. Power & Energy - Storage Hydrogen 52,000 Btu per pound To liquify one pound of hydrogen requires 5 kWh of electrical energy

102. Power & Energy - Storage Hydrogen Carbon nanotubes are capable of storing anywhere from 4.2% - to 65% of their own weight in hydrogen Gas-on-Solid Adsorption Adsorption of hydrogen molecules on activated carbon has been extensively studied. The amount of hydrogen stored can approach the storage density of liquid hydrogen at low temperatures (i.e., liquid nitrogen). Carbon-based hydrogen storage materials that can store significant amounts of hydrogen at room temperature are under investigation.

103. Power & Energy - Storage Carbon Scolls - 2630 m 2 /g Lisa M. Viculis, Julia J. Mack, Richard B. Kaner

104. Power & Energy - Storage Market Value > $876,000,000,000/year

105. Power & Energy - Transmission 3.8 Trillion Kilowatt-hours 5% - 10% lost in transmission 200 Billion Kilowatt-hours lost =~ waste of > 300 coal fired plants/year

106. Power & Energy - Transmission Nanocrystaline materials New transmission materials Superconductors

107. Power & Energy - Transmission Superconductors An element or compound that will conduct electricity without resistance. D. J. Bishop, Kent State

108. Power & Energy - Transmission Superconductors Current is carried by pairs of electrons - Cooper pairs The binding energy of the pair opens a gap in the energy spectrum at E f (the Fermi energy - the highest occupied level in a solid), which separates the pair states from the &quot;normal&quot; single electron states. The size of a Cooper pair is given by the coherence length which is typically 1000Å. The space occupied by one pair contains many other pairs. There is interdependence of the occupancy of the pair states. At low temperatures there is insufficient thermal energy to scatter the pairs, thus they carry current unimpeded. Superconductors.ORG and Ian Grant.

109. Power & Energy - Transmission A. Bollinger and A. Bezryadin University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign MoGe 8 nm

110. End of Part 3