1. CHAPTER 2
GENDER AS
SOCIAL
CONSTRUCTION

6. GENDER
SOCIALIZATION
 Process by which children
and adults learn from other
people.
 Process of learning and
internalizing culturally
approved ways of
thinking, feeling and
behaving.
 Teaches an individual the
gender-appropriate
behavior.

7. VARIOUS
INSTITUTIONS IN A
SOCIETY THAT
IMPACTS GENDER
SOCIALIZATION:
20XX
Presentation title
7

8. 20XX
Presentation title
8
1. Family
 Plays an important role and has special responsibility in the
socialization of a child.
 The most influential group in the child’s life.
 Everything starts in the home, including socialization and gender
orientation.
 Parents pass on to their children their beliefs about gender.
2. Peer Group
 Informal grouping of two or more members, more or less of the
same age,neighborhood or school.
 As children associate with their playmates and classmates, their
concept ofgender roles become more evident.
 The way their playmates behave and carry roles influences their
perception ofgender roles or identities.

9. 20XX
Presentation title
9
3. Church
 Provides for the spiritual and moral needs of the child.
 Help foster loving and harmonious relations with other in
the family, neighborhood, school and the wider community.
 Socialization continues as the individual joins church-based
organizations or ministries.
4. School
 Help the child to get along with other kids.
 Responsible for inculcating knowledge and skills, which
prepare them for adulthood and become productive and
effective citizens of the country.
 Formal agency of weaning a child from home and
introducing them to the society.

10. 20XX
Presentation title
10
5. Mass media
 Function to inform, entertain, and educate.
 Designed to reach a large audience
 Influences our opinion on almost every issue that is
sometimes good and sometimes bad.
6. Workplace
 How one will fare out or work.
 Learn to socialize to a company’s norms and values.
 Eventually, there is commitment wherein the work becomes a
part of the person’s self-identity.
7. Legal systems
Children are pressured both parents and peers to conform and obey
certain laws or norms of the group/community

11. SOCIOLOGICAL
THEORIES OF
GENDER
11

12. Structural
Functionalism
Symbolic
Interaction
Theory
Social
Conflict
Theory
12 Presentation title 20XX

13. 20XX
Presentation title
13
 Structural Functionalism
 Gender is a means of organizing society into
distinct roles that complement each other.
 Viewing the family as the most integral
component of society, assumptions about
gender roles within marriage assume a
prominent place in this perspective.
 Suggests that gender roles exist to maximize
social efficiency.

14. 20XX
Presentation title
14
The meanings attached to
symbols are socially created
and not natural, and fluid, not
static, we act and react to
symbols based on the current
assigned meaning.

15. 20XX
Presentation title
15
 Symbolic Interaction Theory
 George Herbert Mead (1863–1931)
 Gender is produced and reinforced through
daily interactions and the use of symbols.
More focused on how gender is part of day to
day life.
People act toward each other on the basis of
the meanings they have for one another.

16. 20XX
Presentation title
16
 Social Conflict Theory
 Society is defined by a struggle for dominance
among social groups that compete for scarce
resources.
 Gender is best understood as men attempting to
maintain power and privilege to the detriment of
women.
 Asserts that social problems occur when dominant
groups mistreat subordinate ones and thus advocates
for a balance of power between genders.

17. GENDER AND
DEVELOPMENT
HISTORICAL
BACKGROUND
20XX
Presentation title
17

18. 20XX
Presentation title
18
Year 80’s
to 90’s
and up to
present
Year 70’s
to 80’s
Year 40’s
to 60’s
Increase women’s political
participation and harness their
labor capacities to meetnational
development goals.
Development should empower
women and men to greater self-
reliance and assertion ofown
capabilities.
Integrate gender awareness
and competence into
mainstream development.

19. 20XX
Presentation title
19
GENDER
AWARENESS
AND
SENSITIVITY

20. GENDER AWARENESS AND SENSITIVITY
GENDER AWARENESS
 Recognizes that the life
experiences, expectations and
needs of women and men are
different. (IGI Global)
 Ability to view society from the
perspective roles and understand
how this has affected women’s
needs in comparison to the needs
of men. (European Institute for
Gender Equality)
GENDER SENSITIVITY
 Act of being sensitive to the ways
people think about their gender.
 Aim of understanding and taking
account of the societal and cultural
factors involved inexclusion and
discrimination in the most diverse
spheres of public and private life.
 Helps to generate respect for the
individual regardless of sex.
20 Presentation title 20XX

21. GENDER INTEREST AND NEEDS
GENDER INTEREST
 Interests that are developed by
men or women by ―virtue of their
social positioningthrough gender
attributes.‖ (Molyneux, 2001)

Gender interests are assumed by
many to be the same for all those
belonging to the same sex.
GENDER NEEDS
 What women or men require in order to improve
their position or status in regard to each other by
placing them in greater control of themselves
instead of limiting them to the restrictions
imposed by socially defined roles.
 Practical Gender Needs – concerned with
immediate needs for survival – nutrition,
living conditions, health care, and
employment.
 Strategic Gender Needs – needs that are
rooted in gender inequality – lack of political
representation, the unfair gender division of
labor, violence against women, and the
non-observance of equal pay
21 Presentation title 20XX

22. MODULE 3:
GENDER AND
SOCIAL

23. WHAT IS A
SOCIAL
STRUCTUR
E

24. 24
A. NATURE AND NOTION OF FAMILY
Nature of Family Family should be
composed of husband, wife, children and
other extended family members such as
grandparents, aunts and uncles.
• Family is a group of persons united by ties of
marriage, blood or adoption.
Notion of Family Family should be united
especially in hard times, and should support
each other through thick andthin.

25. THEORETICAL PERSPECTIVE ON FAMILY
Functionalism Theory
 views society as a
system of parts
working together to
maintain a social
balance.
 Families serve to
socialize children and
shape individuals' social
identities.
Conflict Theory
• society is
characterized by
conflict between
social groups.
• Families reinforce
class and gender
inequalities.
Symbolic Interactionism
Theory
 View of social behavior
that emphasizes
subjective
understanding and the
interactions of the
individual and society.
 Family is a unit that
shares understandings
of their various
situations.
25 Presentation title 20XX

26. Gender Role
Assignment in
the Family

27. 20XX
Presentation title
27
 Mothers actually see much virtue in being able to raise a family,
while maintaining a career atthe same time.
 Mothers should have their say, whether they are contributing
from a financial aspect, or evenfrom a parenting aspect.
Mothers stay at home, take care of the kids and got to read books,
visit neighbors and just relax.
 Father can no longer expect to be the sole authority in their homes.
 Father is the one doing the backbreaking work.

28.  Neither the husband nor the wife should feel that they
have the right to trump the other one’s authority.
 Men are no good when it comes to helping in the
kitchen.
 After women start a family, they are usually perceived
of the main caregiver for the family and the household.
 Women are working to fulfill the needs of the family in
order to live a comfortable life.
 Children do the housework and family time suffers
when both parents are absent from the house all day.