Light - Part 1

Standard/ Class/ Grade – X SSC, CBSE; - VIII ICSE
Light – Part 1
Gurudatta K Wagh

Contents
Plane mirror
Spherical mirror
Concepts
Images formed by a concave mirror
Ray diagrams
Sign conventions for reflection by spherical mirrors
Mirror formula
Magnification by spherical mirror
Lenses
Concepts
Images formed by a convex lens
Sign conventions
Lens formula
Magnification by a lens
Power of lens
Functioning of lens in human beings
Problems of vision and their remedies
Myopia
Hypermetropia
Presbyopia
Applications

Plane mirror
A mirror is a
reflecting
surface
Plane mirror
A mirror is a
reflecting
surface
It is a plane glass sheet coated on one side
with a thin reflecting layer of silver and painted
by red colour to protect the coating
It is a plane glass sheet coated on one side
with a thin reflecting layer of silver and painted
by red colour to protect the coating

Spherical mirror A curved spherical mirror is
a part of the spherical reflecting surface
Spherical mirror A curved spherical mirror is
a part of the spherical reflecting surface

Concepts about spherical mirrors
Centre of curvature (C) The centre of sphere of
which the mirror is a part
Pole (P) The centre of the spherical mirror is
the pole
Principal axis The straight line passing through
the pole and centre of curvature of mirror is its
principal axis
Concepts about spherical mirrors
Centre of curvature (C) The centre of sphere of
which the mirror is a part
Pole (P) The centre of the spherical mirror is
the pole
Principal axis The straight line passing through
the pole and centre of curvature of mirror is its
principal axis

Radius of curvature (R) The distance between
the centre of curvature and pole of the mirror
Focus of concave mirror (F) The rays parallel
to principal axis get reflected from the mirror
and meet in front of the mirror at a single point
Focal length (f) The distance between the pole
and the focus, f = R/2 or R = 2f
Radius of curvature (R) The distance between
the centre of curvature and pole of the mirror
Focus of concave mirror (F) The rays parallel
to principal axis get reflected from the mirror
and meet in front of the mirror at a single point
Focal length (f) The distance between the pole
and the focus, f = R/2 or R = 2f

Real image Virtual image
Image formed by
converging of rays at a
point
Image is formed at a point
from where the reflected
or refracted light rays
appear to diverge
Can be obtained on a
screen
Cannot be projected on a
screen because the rays
do not actually meet there
E.g. image in a camera,
image seen on a cinema
screen, image produced
on human retina
E.g. image made by a
plane mirror
Light It is a form of electromagnetic radiation that
produces the sensation of vision
Light It is a form of electromagnetic radiation that
produces the sensation of vision

Convergence of light Divergence of light
When light rays meet at a
single point
When light rays from
same point source are
spread away from each
other
To concentrate light at a
point convergent beam of
light is used
To spread light from a
source, diverging beam is
used
E.g. Doctors use this
type of beam to
concentrate on teeth,
ears and eyes; solar
devices
E.g. Street lights, table-
lamps

The nature, position and size of image formed
depends upon the distance of the object from
the surface of the mirror
Images formed by a concave mirror can be
studied with the help of ray diagrams
A ray diagram is a specialized pictorial
representation used to trace the path of ray of
light
The nature, position and size of image formed
depends upon the distance of the object from
the surface of the mirror
Images formed by a concave mirror can be
A ray diagram is a specialized pictorial
representation used to trace the path of ray of
light

For drawing ray diagrams, rules based on laws of
reflection are used
Rule 1: If the incident ray is parallel to principal
axis, then the reflected ray passes through the
focus
Rule 2: If the incident ray is passing through the
focus then the reflected ray is parallel to principal
axis
Rule 3: If the incident ray passes through the
centre of curvature, the reflected ray traces the
same path
For drawing ray diagrams, rules based on laws of
reflection are used
Rule 1: If the incident ray is parallel to principal
axis, then the reflected ray passes through the
focus
Rule 2: If the incident ray is passing through the
focus then the reflected ray is parallel to principal
axis
Rule 3: If the incident ray passes through the
centre of curvature, the reflected ray traces the
same path

Position of
object
Position of
image
Size of image Nature of
image
Figure
At infinity At focus F Highly
diminished
Real and
inverted
1
Between
infinity and
centre of
curvature
Between focus F
and centre of
curvature C
Diminished Real and
inverted
2
At the centre of
curvature C
At the centre of
curvature C
Same size as
that of the
object
Real and
inverted
3
Between focus
and centre of
curvature C
Beyond centre of
curvature
Magnified Real and
inverted
4
At the principal
focus F
At infinity Highly
magnified
Real and
inverted
5
Between the
pole and
principal focus
Behind the mirror Magnified Virtual and
erect
6

Sign conventions for reflection by spherical
mirrors
According to the new Cartesian sign
convention, the pole (P) of the mirror is taken
as origin
The principal axis is taken as X-axis of the co-
ordinate system.
Sign conventions for reflection by spherical
mirrors
According to the new Cartesian sign
convention, the pole (P) of the mirror is taken
as origin
The principal axis is taken as X-axis of the co-
ordinate system.

The sign conventions are as follows:
(1) The object is always placed on the left of
the mirror
(2) All distances parallel to the principal axis
are measured from the pole of the mirror
(3) All the distances measure to the right of
the origin are taken as positive, while
distance is measured to the left of the origin
are taken as negative
The sign conventions are as follows:
(1) The object is always placed on the left of
the mirror
(2) All distances parallel to the principal axis
are measured from the pole of the mirror
(3) All the distances measure to the right of
the origin are taken as positive, while
distance is measured to the left of the origin
are taken as negative

(4) Distances perpendicular to and above the
principal axis are taken as positive
(5) Distances measured to and below the
principal axis are taken as negative
(6) Focal length of convex mirror is positive
while that of the concave mirror is negative
(4) Distances perpendicular to and above the
principal axis are taken as positive
(5) Distances measured to and below the
principal axis are taken as negative
(6) Focal length of convex mirror is positive
while that of the concave mirror is negative

Mirror formula
The object distance (u) is the distance of
object from the pole
The image distance (v) is the distance of
image from the pole
The focal length (f) is the distance of principal
focus from the pole
Mirror formula
The object distance (u) is the distance of
object from the pole
The image distance (v) is the distance of
image from the pole
The focal length (f) is the distance of principal
focus from the pole

The relationship between object distance
image distance and focal length of a spherical
mirror is the mirror formula
The mirror formula is given as:
1/v + 1/u = I/f
This formula is valid in all situations for all
spherical mirrors for all positions of the object.
The relationship between object distance
image distance and focal length of a spherical
mirror is the mirror formula
The mirror formula is given as:
1/v + 1/u = I/f
This formula is valid in all situations for all
spherical mirrors for all positions of the object.

Magnification produced by a spherical mirror is
expressed as the ratio of the height of the
image (h2) to the height of the object (h1). it
gives a relative extent to which the image of
an object is magnified with respect to the
object size.
Magnification = Height of the image/ Height
of the object
M = h2/ h1 = - v/u
Magnification produced by a spherical mirror is
expressed as the ratio of the height of the
image (h2) to the height of the object (h1). it
gives a relative extent to which the image of
an object is magnified with respect to the
object size.
Magnification = Height of the image/ Height
of the object
M = h2/ h1 = - v/u

The height of the object is taken to be positive
as the object is usually placed above the
principal axis
The height of the image is to be taken as
positive for virtual images
However it is to be taken as negative for real
images
The height of the object is taken to be positive
as the object is usually placed above the
principal axis
The height of the image is to be taken as
positive for virtual images
However it is to be taken as negative for real
images

Lenses
A lens is a transparent material bound by two
surfaces out of which at least one surface is
spherical
Convex lens or double convex lens
A lens having both spherical surfaces, bulging
outward
It is thicker in the middle than at the edges
This lens can converge light incident on it
So it is a converging lens
Lenses
A lens is a transparent material bound by two
surfaces out of which at least one surface is
spherical
Convex lens or double convex lens
A lens having both spherical surfaces, bulging
outward
It is thicker in the middle than at the edges
This lens can converge light incident on it
So it is a converging lens

Concave lens or
double concave lens
A lens having both
surfaces curved inwards
It is thicker at the edges
than at the middle
This lens can diverge
light rays incident on it
So it is a diverging lens
Concave lens or
double concave lens
A lens having both
surfaces curved inwards
It is thicker at the edges
than at the middle
This lens can diverge
light rays incident on it
So it is a diverging lens

Concepts related to lens
Each lens has two spherical surfaces. Each of
these surfaces form a part of a sphere
(1) Centre of curvature (C) It is the centre of
the imaginary sphere, which forms the given
lens. Each lens has two centre of curvatures
C1 and C2 respectively
(2) Principal axis It is an imaginary straight
line passing through the two centres of
curvatures of lens
Concepts related to lens
Each lens has two spherical surfaces. Each of
these surfaces form a part of a sphere
(1) Centre of curvature (C) It is the centre of
the imaginary sphere, which forms the given
lens. Each lens has two centre of curvatures
C1 and C2 respectively
(2) Principal axis It is an imaginary straight
line passing through the two centres of
curvatures of lens

(3) Optical centre (O) The central point of lens
on the principal axis is its optical centre
When a ray of light passes through the optical
centre of a lens it passes without undergoing
any deviation
(4) Principal focus of convex lens (F) When
several rays of light parallel to principal axis
are incident on a convex lens, they converge
at a point on the principal axis. It is the
principal focus of the convex lens. Every lens
has two principal foci
(3) Optical centre (O) The central point of lens
on the principal axis is its optical centre
When a ray of light passes through the optical
centre of a lens it passes without undergoing
any deviation
(4) Principal focus of convex lens (F) When
several rays of light parallel to principal axis
are incident on a convex lens, they converge
at a point on the principal axis. It is the
principal focus of the convex lens. Every lens
has two principal foci

(5) Focal length (F) The distance between
principal focus and optical centre of the lens is
the focal length
(5) Focal length (F) The distance between
principal focus and optical centre of the lens is
the focal length

Images formed by a convex lens can be
Ray diagrams are useful to study the position,
relative size and nature of the image formed by
lenses
Images formed by a convex lens can be
Ray diagrams are useful to study the position,
relative size and nature of the image formed by
lenses

Following are the rules for obtaining the images by a
convex lens
Rule 1 If the incident ray is parallel to principal axis
then the refracted ray passes through focus F
Rule 2 A ray of light passing through the optical
centre passes through the optical centre undeviated
Rule 3 If the incident ray is passing through the focus,
the refracted ray passes parallel to the principal axis
Following are the rules for obtaining the images by a
convex lens
Rule 1 If the incident ray is parallel to principal axis
then the refracted ray passes through focus F
Rule 2 A ray of light passing through the optical
centre passes through the optical centre undeviated
Rule 3 If the incident ray is passing through the focus,
the refracted ray passes parallel to the principal axis

Incident ray is
parallel to
principal axis
refracted ray
passes through
focus F
Ray of light
passing through
the optical centre
passes
undeviated
Incident ray is
parallel to
principal axis
refracted ray
passes through
focus F
Ray of light
passing through
the optical centre
passes
undeviated
Incident ray
passes through
the focus
Refracted ray
passes parallel to
the principal axis
Incident ray
passes through
the focus
Refracted ray
passes parallel to
the principal axis

Position of the
object
Position of
the image
Relative size
of the image
Nature of
the image
Fig. no.
at infinity At focus F2 highly
diminished,
point sized
Real and
inverted
F
beyond 2F1 between F2
and 2F2
diminished real and
inverted
E
at 2F1 At 2F2 same size real and
inverted
D
between F1 and
2F1
Beyond
2F2
magnified real and
inverted
C
At focus F1 at infinity infinitely large
and highly
magnified
real and
inverted
B
between focus F1
and optical centre
O
on the
same side
of the lens
as the
object
magnified virtual and
erect
A

Following diagrams are arranged as
A B C
D E F

Sign conventions for lens
The focal length of convex lens is positive and
that of concave lens is negative
Optical centre of lens is taken as origin
and principal axis of lens is taken as X-axis
The sign conventions for lens are similar to
the sign conventions of spherical mirror. Only
care should be taken to apply appropriate
signs for the values of object distance, image
distance, focal length according to the type of
lens, height of object and height of image
Sign conventions for lens
The focal length of convex lens is positive and
that of concave lens is negative
Optical centre of lens is taken as origin
and principal axis of lens is taken as X-axis
The sign conventions for lens are similar to
the sign conventions of spherical mirror. Only
care should be taken to apply appropriate
signs for the values of object distance, image
distance, focal length according to the type of
lens, height of object and height of image

Lens formula
The relationship between object distance (u),
image distance (v), and focal length (f) is lens
formula. Here distances should be measured
according to sign conventions.
The lens formula is given as
1/v - 1/u = 1/f
The lens formula is valid in all situations for
any spherical lens
Lens formula
The relationship between object distance (u),
image distance (v), and focal length (f) is lens
formula. Here distances should be measured
according to sign conventions.
The lens formula is given as
1/v - 1/u = 1/f
The lens formula is valid in all situations for
any spherical lens

The magnification produced by a lens is the
ratio of height of the image and height of the
object
Magnification = height of the image/ height of
the object
M= h2/h1
The magnification produced by a lens is the
ratio of height of the image and height of the
object
Magnification = height of the image/ height of
the object
M= h2/h1

Magnification produced by a lens is also
related to the object distance (u) and image
distance (v).
The relationship is given as:
M = v / u
Magnification produced by a lens is also
related to the object distance (u) and image
distance (v).
The relationship is given as:
M = v / u

Power of lens (P)
The ability of a lens to converge or diverge a
light ray depends on its focal length
E.g. convex lens of short focal length bends
the light rays through large angles, by
focusing them closer to the optical centre
The degree of convergence of light rays
achieved by convex lens is expressed in the
terms of power of lens
Power of lens (P)
The ability of a lens to converge or diverge a
light ray depends on its focal length
E.g. convex lens of short focal length bends
the light rays through large angles, by
focusing them closer to the optical centre
The degree of convergence of light rays
achieved by convex lens is expressed in the
terms of power of lens

It is the reciprocal of the focal length
P = 1 / f (in metre)
Unit of power of lens is “dioptre”.
If focal length is expressed in metre the power
of lens is expressed in dioptre. Therefore one
dioptre is the power of a lens whose focal
length is 1 metre.
1 dioptre = 1/ 1 metre
It is the reciprocal of the focal length
P = 1 / f (in metre)
Unit of power of lens is “dioptre”.
If focal length is expressed in metre the power
of lens is expressed in dioptre. Therefore one
dioptre is the power of a lens whose focal
length is 1 metre.
1 dioptre = 1/ 1 metre

Cornea
The human eye, has a thin membrane, known
as cornea. The light enters the eye through the
cornea. Maximum refraction of light rays
entering the eye takes place from cornea.
Iris
Behind the cornea, there is a dark muscular
diaphragm, called as iris. The colours of iris are
different for different people.
Cornea
The human eye, has a thin membrane, known
as cornea. The light enters the eye through the
cornea. Maximum refraction of light rays
entering the eye takes place from cornea.
Iris
Behind the cornea, there is a dark muscular
diaphragm, called as iris. The colours of iris are
different for different people.

Pupil
There is a small opening of variable diameter
at the centre of iris called pupil.
The pupil is useful to control and regulate the
amount of light entering the eye.
The pupil contracts if there is too much light
while the pupil dilates in insufficient light
This tendency of pupil to adjust the opening for
light is called adaptation
Pupil
There is a small opening of variable diameter
at the centre of iris called pupil.
The pupil is useful to control and regulate the
amount of light entering the eye.
The pupil contracts if there is too much light
while the pupil dilates in insufficient light
This tendency of pupil to adjust the opening for
light is called adaptation

The cornea forms a transparent bulge on the
surface of the eyeball. The eyeball is spherical
in shape with a diameter of 2.3 cm.
There is a transparent biconvex crystalline
body located just behind the pupil. It is a lens.
This crystalline lens provides fine adjustment
of focal length. With the help of this
adjustment, real and inverted image gets
formed on the retina.
The cornea forms a transparent bulge on the
surface of the eyeball. The eyeball is spherical
in shape with a diameter of 2.3 cm.
There is a transparent biconvex crystalline
body located just behind the pupil. It is a lens.
This crystalline lens provides fine adjustment
of focal length. With the help of this
adjustment, real and inverted image gets
formed on the retina.

Retina is the light sensitive screen. It is a
delicate membrane. It consists of a large
number of light sensitive cells. These cells get
activated upon illumination. They generate
electric signals. These signals are passed by
optic nerves to the brain.
The brain interprets these signals and also
processes the information in such a way that
we perceive the objects as they are.
Retina is the light sensitive screen. It is a
delicate membrane. It consists of a large
number of light sensitive cells. These cells get
activated upon illumination. They generate
electric signals. These signals are passed by
optic nerves to the brain.
The brain interprets these signals and also
processes the information in such a way that
we perceive the objects as they are.

The functioning of lens is very important in
human eye. The eye adjusts to various object
distances by changing the focal length of
lens.
For normal eye, in relaxed position of eye
muscles, the focal length of eye lens is about
2.5 cm.
The second focal point of eye lens is located
at the retina. In this position normal eye can
form sharp images of objects located at
infinite distance. At this time the lens is thin
and distant objects are clearly seen.
The functioning of lens is very important in
human eye. The eye adjusts to various object
distances by changing the focal length of
lens.
For normal eye, in relaxed position of eye
muscles, the focal length of eye lens is about
2.5 cm.
The second focal point of eye lens is located
at the retina. In this position normal eye can
form sharp images of objects located at
infinite distance. At this time the lens is thin
and distant objects are clearly seen.

Near objects
The focal length of eye lens decreases while
viewing the nearer objects and the lens
becomes thick. This gives a sharp image of
nearby objects on the retina.
Power of accommodation
It is the ability of the lens of adjusting focal
length.
The process of focussing the eye at different
distances is called accommodation. This is
brought about by a change in curvature of the
elastic lens making it thinner or fatter.
Near objects
The focal length of eye lens decreases while
viewing the nearer objects and the lens
becomes thick. This gives a sharp image of
nearby objects on the retina.
Power of accommodation
It is the ability of the lens of adjusting focal
length.
The process of focussing the eye at different
distances is called accommodation. This is
brought about by a change in curvature of the
elastic lens making it thinner or fatter.

Distance of distinct vision
It is the minimum distance from the normal eye
at which the objects can be seen clearly and
distinctly without any strain on the eye. It is
about 25 cm
The focal length of the eye lens cannot be
decreased below a certain value. We cannot
read the words in the book if it is held very
close to our eye.
Distance of distinct vision
It is the minimum distance from the normal eye
at which the objects can be seen clearly and
distinctly without any strain on the eye. It is
about 25 cm
The focal length of the eye lens cannot be
decreased below a certain value. We cannot
read the words in the book if it is held very
close to our eye.

Causes
Due to loss of power of accommodation
Weakening of ciliary muscles
Change in the size of eyeball
Irregularities on the surface of cornea
Formation of membrane over the eye lens
Because of refractive defects of eye the vision
becomes blurred
Causes
Due to loss of power of accommodation
Weakening of ciliary muscles
Change in the size of eyeball
Irregularities on the surface of cornea
Formation of membrane over the eye lens
Because of refractive defects of eye the vision
becomes blurred

Three common refractive defects of vision
Myopia/ near sightedness
Eye can see nearby objects but unable to see distant objects
The image of distant object is formed in front of retina
Reasons
Ciliary muscles do not relax sufficiently and converging power of eye lens
becomes high
Distance between eye lens and retina increases as the eyeball is
lengthened or lens is curved
Correction
A suitable concave lens can correct this defect
This lens causes light rays to diverge before they strike the lens of the eye
The power of the concave lens creates required divergence and forms the
image on the retina
Lens
Focal length of concave lens is negative
The power of spectacles is negative
The power of concave lens varies as per the degree of defect
Three common refractive defects of vision
Myopia/ near sightedness
Eye can see nearby objects but unable to see distant objects
The image of distant object is formed in front of retina
Reasons
Ciliary muscles do not relax sufficiently and converging power of eye lens
becomes high
Distance between eye lens and retina increases as the eyeball is
lengthened or lens is curved
Correction
A suitable concave lens can correct this defect
This lens causes light rays to diverge before they strike the lens of the eye
The power of the concave lens creates required divergence and forms the
image on the retina
Lens
Focal length of concave lens is negative
The power of spectacles is negative
The power of concave lens varies as per the degree of defect

Hypermetropia/ long sightedness
Eye can see distant objects but unable to see nearby objects
The image of near object falls behind the retina
Reasons
Weak action of ciliary muscles causes low converging power of eye lens
The distance between eye lens and retina decreases due to either
shortening of eyeball or flattening of lens
Focal length of the eye lens is too long
Correction
A suitable convex lens can correct this defect
The rays coming from a nearby object are first converged by convex lens
and then converged by eye lens to retina
Lens
Focal length of convex lens is positive
The power of spectacles is positive
The power of convex lens varies as per the degree of defect
Hypermetropia/ long sightedness
Eye can see distant objects but unable to see nearby objects
The image of near object falls behind the retina
Reasons
Weak action of ciliary muscles causes low converging power of eye lens
The distance between eye lens and retina decreases due to either
shortening of eyeball or flattening of lens
Focal length of the eye lens is too long
Correction
A suitable convex lens can correct this defect
The rays coming from a nearby object are first converged by convex lens
and then converged by eye lens to retina
Lens
Focal length of convex lens is positive
The power of spectacles is positive
The power of convex lens varies as per the degree of defect

Presbyopia/ old age hypermetropia
Power of accommodation of eye decreases with ageing.
Seeing nearby objects becomes difficult
Reason
Ciliary muscles lose the capacity to change the focal length of
eye lens
Sometimes aged people suffer from both myopia and
hypermetropia
Correction
This requires a bi-focal lens
Upper part is concave to correct myopia, useful for distant
vision
Lower part is convex to correct hypermetropia, useful for near
vision
Presbyopia/ old age hypermetropia
Power of accommodation of eye decreases with ageing.
Seeing nearby objects becomes difficult
Reason
Ciliary muscles lose the capacity to change the focal length of
eye lens
Sometimes aged people suffer from both myopia and
hypermetropia
Correction
This requires a bi-focal lens
Upper part is concave to correct myopia, useful for distant
vision
Lower part is convex to correct hypermetropia, useful for near
vision

Applications
Concave mirror
Torch, headlight Source of light is at focus to obtain a parallel beam of light
Flood lights Source of light is placed beyond the centre of curvature to get
intense beam of light
Reflecting mirrors for projector lamps Object is placed at the centre of
curvature to obtain an image of the same size
Collecting heat radiations in solar devices Heat radiations from the sun
coming from infinity are brought to focus by concave mirror in its focal
plane
Shaving mirror, dentist’s mirror Produces an erect, virtual and highly
magnified image of an object placed between its pole and focus
Solar furnaces Large concave mirrors concentrate sunlight to produce heat
in solar furnace
Applications
Concave mirror
Torch, headlight Source of light is at focus to obtain a parallel beam of light
Flood lights Source of light is placed beyond the centre of curvature to get
intense beam of light
Reflecting mirrors for projector lamps Object is placed at the centre of
curvature to obtain an image of the same size
Collecting heat radiations in solar devices Heat radiations from the sun
coming from infinity are brought to focus by concave mirror in its focal
plane
Shaving mirror, dentist’s mirror Produces an erect, virtual and highly
magnified image of an object placed between its pole and focus
Solar furnaces Large concave mirrors concentrate sunlight to produce heat
in solar furnace

Convex lens
Simple microscope Single convex lens of small focal
length for a simple microscope to get 20 times (20X)
magnification. Watch repairers, jewellers
Compound microscope Combinations of two convex
lenses having short focal lengths used in a compound
microscope. Bacteria, viruses, cells, microorganisms
Telescopes Combination of two convex lenses in
telescopes
Optical instruments Convex lenses used in
instruments like camera, projector, spectrometer
Spectacles Convex lens in spectacles to correct
hypermetropia
Convex lens
Simple microscope Single convex lens of small focal
length for a simple microscope to get 20 times (20X)
magnification. Watch repairers, jewellers
Compound microscope Combinations of two convex
lenses having short focal lengths used in a compound
microscope. Bacteria, viruses, cells, microorganisms
Telescopes Combination of two convex lenses in
telescopes
Optical instruments Convex lenses used in
instruments like camera, projector, spectrometer
Spectacles Convex lens in spectacles to correct
hypermetropia

THANK YOU
SSC Std 10th
Textbook
CBSE Std 10th
Textbook
YouTube
Google
Wikipedia
Suggestions and Appreciations welcome
gkwagh@gmail.com

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