3. Abstract
The political and cultural context
The Italian fascist government, the first to
officially recognize the USSR, watch at all the
Russians on their territory as 'sovietics' or spies,
according the same thinking way of Moscow.
Typically the "whites" of Italy joined an anti-
communism and antiwestern version of fascism,;
sometimes were spies of the secret policy Ovra.
Despite the ideologies, the relationship between
Rome and Moscow was excellent even in the
propaganda (the flight to Odessa of Italo Balbo,
shipments of Nobile, 7 Italian consulates in
Russia, 4 Russians consulates in Italy). Destroyed
in Italy the PCI in'27, the official agreements
of'31 -'33 were highlighted by the regards to the
black shirts sent by the secretary of PCI Togliatti
and by the made in Rome triumph of Stalin, Vogd
as the Duce. Similar attitude of governments
towards mutual immigration of "white" Russians
under control and "red" Italians, imprisoned in
lager. The Italian intellectuals welcomes the
USSR, considered the Krasnov book "Under 14
flags", as an adventoures and amazing saga in the
Salgari style. The Italian publishing published
Soviets writers and not the Russians in exile,
even KΓΌpperle, which made known in Italy the
Russian literature was underconsidered cause he
belong to the "whites".
The state of the community "whites"
Very few in number, little regarded, without any
support political or religious, with its autonomous
Orthodox Church and many going converted
under the Roman Church, the "whites" are
photographed by Kupperle in βFormer Russiansβ
in a state of frustration. Not to be confused with
Kremlin, facing a denationalisation in solitude as
Shcherbatov or in a superficial life, as the
ancestor of Bin Laden, Essad Bey or the Pitigrilli
style Michail NikolaeviΔ SemΓ«nov.
ΠΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ ΠΈ ΠΊΡΠ»ΡΡΡΡΠ½ΡΠΉ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΡ
ΠΡΠ°Π»ΡΡΠ½ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΡΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΡΡΠ²Π°,
ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ²ΡΠΉ ΠΎΡΠΈΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ·Π½Π°ΡΡ Π‘Π‘Π‘Π , ΡΡΠΈΡΠ°Π»
Π²ΡΠ΅Ρ ΡΡΡΡΠΊΠΈΡ Π½Π° eΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΡΠΎΡΠΈΠΈ "ΡΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΡΠΊΠΈΡ ",
ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΡΠΏΠΈΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠ². ΠΠ°ΡΠ°Π΄ΠΎΠΊΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎ ΠΡΠ°Π»ΠΈΠΈ
ΡΠΎΠ³Π»Π°ΡΠΈΠ»ΡΡ Ρ ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ°Π»ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΎΠΌ ΠΠΎΡΠΊΠ²Ρ.
ΠΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π½ΡΠ΅ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠ° ΡΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΉΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠΌΠΈΠ³ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ
ΠΠ°ΡΠΈΠΆΠ΅ ΠΈ ΠΡΠ°Π³Π΅, Π·Π°ΡΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΡΡ-ΠΠΎΡΠΊ. Π Π ΠΈΠΌΠ΅,
ΡΠΈΠΏΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎ, "Π±Π΅Π»ΡΠ΅" ΠΡΠ°Π»ΠΈΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½ΠΈΠ»ΠΈΡΡ
ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ°: ΠΈΡ ΡΠΎΡΠΊa Π·ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π°Π½ΡΠΈ-
ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΌΡΠ½ΠΈΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠ°Ρ, Π½ΠΎ ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ Π°Π½ΡΠΈ ΠΠ°ΠΏΠ°Π΄Π½Π°Ρ, Π²
ΠΌΠΎΠΌΠ΅Π½Ρ, ΠΊΠΎΠ³Π΄Π° Π‘ΡΠ°Π»ΠΈΠ½ ΠΊΡΠΈΡΠ°Π» ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ² Π€ΡΠ°Π½ΡΠΈΠΈ
ΠΈ ΠΠ΅Π»ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ±ΡΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΠΈ. ΠΠ΅ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅ ΠΈΠ· Π½ΠΈΡ
Π·Π°ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΡ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ² ΠΈΠ· ΡΠ°ΠΉΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠΈΠΈ
ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΡΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ(Ovra). ΠΡΠ»ΠΈ Π²Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ
ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΡΠ΅.ΠΠ΅ΡΠΌΠΎΡΡΡ Π½Π° ΠΈΠ΄Π΅ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡ, ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ
ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄Ρ Π ΠΈΠΌΠΎΠΌ ΠΈ ΠΠΎΡΠΊΠ²Π΅ ΠΎΡΠ»ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎ Π΄Π°ΠΆΠ΅ Π²
ΠΏΡΠΎΠΏΠ°Π³Π°Π½Π΄Ρ (ΡΠ΅ΠΉΡ ΠΡΠ°Π»ΠΎ ΠΠ°Π»ΡΠ±ΠΎ Π² ΠΠ΄Π΅ΡΡΡ,
ΠΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈe ΠΠΎΠ±ΠΈΠ»Π΅). Π‘ΡΠ°Π»ΠΈΠ½ ΠΏΡΠΈΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π» PCI
Π²Π½ΡΡΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΈΠΉ Π±ΡΠ½Ρ Π² ΠΡΠ°Π»ΠΈΠΈ Π² 1927 Π³.: ΡΠ΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°Ρ
Π·Π°ΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠ°Π΅ΡΡΡ Π² ΡΠΎΠΌ, ΡΡΠΎ PCI ΡΠ°Π·ΡΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΎ i Π±ΡΠ»
Π½Π΅ Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π΅ ΠΎΠΏΠΏΠΎΠ·ΠΈΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΡΡ Π°Π½ΡΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΡΡΠΊΠΈΡ .
ΠΠΎΡΠ»Π΅ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΡΠΎΠ³Π»Π°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ 1931 ΠΈ 1933 Π»Π΅Ρ, ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΡ PCI
Π’ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΡΡΠΈ ΠΈΠ· ΠΠΎΡΠΊΠ²Ρ ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΈΠ»ΡΡΡΡ Π΄ΠΈΠ°Π»ΠΎΠ³ Ρ
βΡΠ΅ΡΠ½ΡΠΌΠΈ ΡΡΠ±Π°ΡΠΊΠΈβ, ΠΏΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈ
ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΌΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΡ ΠΈΡ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΡΠ΅Π²ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎΠ΅
Π΄Π²ΠΈΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅, ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ·Π΄Π½Π΅Π΅ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ²Π»ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ Π΄ΡΡΠΆΠ±Ρ Π²
ΠΡΠ°Π»ΠΈΡ ΠΎΡΡΠΆΠ΄Π΅Π½Ρ ΡΠ°Π½ΠΊΡΠΈΠΉ ΠΠ±ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Ρ ΠΠ°ΡΠΈΠΉ.
Π‘ΠΎΠΎΡΠ²Π΅ΡΡΡΠ²ΡΡΡΠΈΠ΅ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΡΠ»ΡΡΡΠ²Π° Π±ΡΠ»ΠΈ Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π΅
ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ»Π΅Π½Π½ΡΠΌΠΈ, ΡΡΠΎ Π² Π½Π°ΡΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π΅ Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ: 7
ΠΈΡΠ°Π»ΡΡΠ½ΡΠΊΠΈΡ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΡΠ»ΡΡΡΠ² Π² Π ΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΈ, 4 ΡΡΡΡΠΊΠΈΡ Π²
ΠΡΠ°Π»ΠΈΠΈ. ΠΡΡΠ΅ Π²ΠΎΠ»Π½ ΡΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ
ΡΠΎΡΡΡΠ΄Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π°, ΠΡΠ°Π»ΠΈΡ Π±ΡΠ»Π° Π²ΠΎΠ·Π²ΡΡΠΈΠ»
Π‘ΡΠ°Π»ΠΈΠ½, ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ Π½ΠΎΠ²ΡΠΉ Π²ΠΎΠΆΠ΄, ΠΏΠΎΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΠ΅Π»Ρ
Π½Π°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ° ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠΌ ΠΡΡΡΠΎΠ»ΠΈΠ½ΠΈ.
ΠΠ°ΡΠ°Π»Π»Π΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΡΡΠ² ΠΊ
Π²Π·Π°ΠΈΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠΌΡ ΠΈΠΌΠΌΠΈΠ³ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ "Π±Π΅Π»ΡΠ΅" ΡΡΡΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΠΈ
"ΠΊΡΠ°ΡΠ½ΡΠΉ" ΠΈΡΠ°Π»ΡΡΠ½ΡeΠ². ΠΡΠ°Π»ΡΡΠ½ΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ
ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅Π»Π»ΠΈΠ³Π΅Π½ΡΠΈΠΈ Π΄Π°Π»Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠ·ΠΈΡΠΈΠ²Π½o ΠΏΠΎΡΡΡΠ΅Ρ
Π‘Π‘Π‘Π , a ΡΡΠΈΡΠ°Π»ΠΈ "De lβaigle imperale au
5. Abstract
In Naples, next to "white", there were also the
reds of Gorkji Maxim, who was a problem for the
fascists but that was always treated with all the
honours. In'26 Gramsci, the former secretary of
the PCI came into prison: there are no traces of
interest of the Russian writer who returned home
a year later. The Italian poors were not put closer
the proletariat revolution country with the high
standard of living of "whites", and "reds". The
state of war between Italy and Russia became
only be felt in'41 when the "whites" were
deported, with little rigour and hardness. The
following massacres of Cosacchi of Vlasov in
Rimini are all aother history. More quiet, almost
saving instead fields spread throughout the
peninsula for DP Russians. PS-The most famous
Russian names of Italian politics are two women,
the Ukrainian Angelica Balabanoff, lover of
Mussolini and collaborator of Lenin and Russian
Anna Kuliscioff, wife of Turati: both belong to
the previous period.
Conclusions
The term former Russian highlights the state of
estrangement "white" in Italy. The Italian interest
for Russia went beyond ideology to the point of
the wishful thinking to consider fascist the USSR
as Italy. It underlines the Italian lack of attention
to Jewish community membership among the
βwhites" if not in years of war and on the
contrary, of course, the great emphasis about the
Jewish element given by all Russians. Each
government, according to their historical meters
behaviour, was harsh towards mutual
immigration.
Π ΠΠ΅Π°ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π΅, ΡΡΠ΄ΠΎΠΌ Ρ "Π±Π΅Π»ΡΠΌ", ΡΠ°ΠΌ ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ Π±ΡΠ»ΠΈ
ΠΊΡΠ°ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ Gorkji ΠΠ°ΠΊΡΠΈΠΌ, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠΉ Π΄Π°Π»
ΡΠ°Π·Π΄ΡΠ°ΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅, ΡΡΠΎ, Π΅ΡΠ»ΠΈ ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΡΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ ΡΠ΅ΠΆΠΈΠΌ
Π±ΡΠ» Π²ΡΠ΅Π³Π΄Π° ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΌΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΡΡΡ ΡΠΎ Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΈ
ΠΏΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡΡΠΌΠΈ. In'26 ΠΡΠ°ΠΌΡΠΈ, Π±ΡΠ²ΡΠΈΠΉ ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΡ
PCI, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΈΡΠ»ΠΈ Π² ΡΡΡΡΠΌΡ: Π½Π΅Ρ Π½ΠΈΠΊΠ°ΠΊΠΈΡ
ΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ² ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΡΠ° ΡΡΡΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π»Ρ ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅
Π²Π΅ΡΠ½ΡΠ»ΠΈΡΡ Π½Π° ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ½Ρ Π³ΠΎΠ΄ ΡΠΏΡΡΡΡ. ΠΠ°ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π½Π΅
accomunava ΡΡΡΠ°Π½Π° Π² ΡΠ΅Π²ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ»Π΅ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠ°ΡΠ°
Ρ Π²ΡΡΠΎΠΊΠΈΠΌ ΡΡΠΎΠ²Π½Π΅ΠΌ ΠΆΠΈΠ·Π½ΠΈ "Π±Π΅Π»ΡΡ " ΠΈ
"ΠΊΡΠ°ΡΠ½ΡΡ ". Π‘ΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΠ΅ Π²ΠΎΠΉΠ½Ρ ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄Ρ ΠΡΠ°Π»ΠΈΠ΅ΠΉ
ΠΈ Π ΠΎΡΡΠΈΠ΅ΠΉ ΡΡΠ°Π»ΠΈ ΠΎΡΡΡΠ°ΡΡΡΡ Π»ΠΈΡΡ in'41, ΠΊΠΎΠ³Π΄Π°
"Π±Π΅Π»ΡΠ΅" Π±ΡΠ»ΠΈ Π΄Π΅ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Ρ, ΠΏΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΌΠ°Π»ΠΎ
ΡΡΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΈ ΠΆΠ΅ΡΡΠΊΠΎΡΡΡ. ΠΡΠ΅ Π±ΡΠ΄Π΅Ρ ΠΏΠΎ-Π΄ΡΡΠ³ΠΎΠΌΡ
ΡΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΡΠ°Ρ ΠΌΠ°ΡΡΠΎΠ²ΡΡ ΡΠ±ΠΈΠΉΡΡΠ²Π°Ρ Cosacchi ΠΈΠ·
ΠΠ»Π°ΡΠΎΠ² Π² Π ΠΈΠΌΠΈΠ½ΠΈ, Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π΅ ΡΠΏΠΎΠΊΠΎΠΉΠ½ΠΎΠΉ, ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠΈ
ΡΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠΌΠΈΠΈ Π²ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π΅ΠΉ ΠΏΠΎ Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΉ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠΎΡΡΡΠΎΠ²Π΅
DP Π΄Π»Ρ ΡΠΎΡΡΠΈΡΠ½. PS-Π‘Π°ΠΌΡΠΉ Π·Π½Π°ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡΡΠΉ
ΡΡΡΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½Π° ΠΈΡΠ°Π»ΡΡΠ½ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠΈΠΊΠΈ
ΡΠ²Π»ΡΡΡΡΡ Π΄Π²Π΅ ΠΆΠ΅Π½ΡΠΈΠ½Ρ, ΡΠΊΡΠ°ΠΈΠ½ΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ
ΠΠ½ΠΆΠ΅Π»ΠΈΠΊΠ° Balabanoff, Π»ΡΠ±ΠΎΠ²Π½ΠΈΠΊΠ° ΠΈΠ·
ΠΡΡΡΠΎΠ»ΠΈΠ½ΠΈ ΠΈ ΡΠΎΡΡΡΠ΄Π½ΠΈΠΊ ΠΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ½Π° ΠΈ Π ΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΉΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ
Kuliscioff ΠΠ½Π½Π°, ΠΆΠ΅Π½Π° Turati: ΠΎΠ±Π° ΠΏΡΠΈΠ½Π°Π΄Π»Π΅ΠΆΠ°Ρ
ΠΊ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΠ΄ΡΡΠΈΠΌ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠΌ.
ΠΡΠ²ΠΎΠ΄Ρ
Π’Π΅ΡΠΌΠΈΠ½ Π±ΡΠ²ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎ ΡΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΉΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΎΡΠ²Π΅ΡΠ°Π΅ΡΡΡ
ΡΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΎΡΡΡΠΆΠ΄Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ "Π±Π΅Π»ΡΠΉ" Π² ΠΡΠ°Π»ΠΈΠΈ.
ΠΡΠ°Π»ΡΡΠ½ΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Ρ Π΄Π»Ρ Π ΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΈ Π²ΡΡ ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡ Π·Π°
ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΊΠΈ ΠΈΠ΄Π΅ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΠΈ Π΄ΠΎ ΡΠΎΡΠΊΠΈ, ΠΆΠ΅Π»Π°ΡΡΠΈΡ ΡΠ²ΠΈΠ΄Π΅ΡΡ
ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΡΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ Π‘Π‘Π‘Π . ΠΠ½ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠ²Π°Π΅Ρ,
ΠΎΡΡΡΡΡΡΠ²ΠΈΠ΅ Π²Π½ΠΈΠΌΠ°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΊ ΠΈΡΠ°Π»ΡΡΠ½ΡΠΊΠΈΡ ΡΠ»Π΅Π½ΠΎΠ²
Π΅Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΉΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠΈΠ½Ρ "Π±Π΅Π»ΡΠΉ" Π΅ΡΠ»ΠΈ Π½Π΅ Π² Π³ΠΎΠ΄Ρ
Π²ΠΎΠΉΠ½Ρ ΠΈ Π²ΡΠΎΡΡΠΌ ΠΏΠΎ ΠΠ°ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ², ΠΊΠΎΠ½Π΅ΡΠ½ΠΎ ΠΆΠ΅,
Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΎΠ΅ Π²Π½ΠΈΠΌΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ΅, ΡΡΠΎ Π²ΡΠ΅ ΠΎΠ½ΠΈ Π±ΡΠ»ΠΈ
ΡΡΡΡΠΊΠΈΠΌΠΈ. ΠΠ°ΠΆΠ΄ΠΎΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΡΡΠ²ΠΎ, Π²
ΡΠΎΠΎΡΠ²Π΅ΡΡΡΠ²ΠΈΠΈ Ρ ΠΈΡ ΠΈΡΡΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠΌΠΈ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΎΠ²
ΠΏΠΎΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ, Π±ΡΠ»Π° ΡΡΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ Π² Π½Π°ΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ
Π²Π·Π°ΠΈΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΈΠΌΠΌΠΈΠ³ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ.
6. Abstract
In Naples, next to "white", there were also the
reds of Gorkji Maxim, who was a problem for the
fascists but that was always treated with all the
honours. In'26 Gramsci, the former secretary of
the PCI came into prison: there are no traces of
interest of the Russian writer who returned home
a year later. The Italian poors were not put closer
the proletariat revolution country with the high
standard of living of "whites", and "reds". The
state of war between Italy and Russia became
only be felt in'41 when the "whites" were
deported, with little rigour and hardness. The
following massacres of Cosacchi of Vlasov in
Rimini are all aother history. More quiet, almost
saving instead fields spread throughout the
peninsula for DP Russians. PS-The most famous
Russian names of Italian politics are two women,
the Ukrainian Angelica Balabanoff, lover of
Mussolini and collaborator of Lenin and Russian
Anna Kuliscioff, wife of Turati: both belong to
the previous period.
Conclusions
The term former Russian highlights the state of
estrangement "white" in Italy. The Italian interest
for Russia went beyond ideology to the point of
the wishful thinking to consider fascist the USSR
as Italy. It underlines the Italian lack of attention
to Jewish community membership among the
βwhites" if not in years of war and on the
contrary, of course, the great emphasis about the
Jewish element given by all Russians. Each
government, according to their historical meters
behaviour, was harsh towards mutual
immigration.
Π ΠΠ΅Π°ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π΅, ΡΡΠ΄ΠΎΠΌ Ρ "Π±Π΅Π»ΡΠΌ", ΡΠ°ΠΌ ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ Π±ΡΠ»ΠΈ
ΠΊΡΠ°ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ Gorkji ΠΠ°ΠΊΡΠΈΠΌ, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠΉ Π΄Π°Π»
ΡΠ°Π·Π΄ΡΠ°ΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅, ΡΡΠΎ, Π΅ΡΠ»ΠΈ ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΡΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ ΡΠ΅ΠΆΠΈΠΌ
Π±ΡΠ» Π²ΡΠ΅Π³Π΄Π° ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΌΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΡΡΡ ΡΠΎ Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΈ
ΠΏΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡΡΠΌΠΈ. In'26 ΠΡΠ°ΠΌΡΠΈ, Π±ΡΠ²ΡΠΈΠΉ ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΡ
PCI, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΈΡΠ»ΠΈ Π² ΡΡΡΡΠΌΡ: Π½Π΅Ρ Π½ΠΈΠΊΠ°ΠΊΠΈΡ
ΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ² ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΡΠ° ΡΡΡΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π»Ρ ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅
Π²Π΅ΡΠ½ΡΠ»ΠΈΡΡ Π½Π° ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ½Ρ Π³ΠΎΠ΄ ΡΠΏΡΡΡΡ. ΠΠ°ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π½Π΅
accomunava ΡΡΡΠ°Π½Π° Π² ΡΠ΅Π²ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ»Π΅ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠ°ΡΠ°
Ρ Π²ΡΡΠΎΠΊΠΈΠΌ ΡΡΠΎΠ²Π½Π΅ΠΌ ΠΆΠΈΠ·Π½ΠΈ "Π±Π΅Π»ΡΡ " ΠΈ
"ΠΊΡΠ°ΡΠ½ΡΡ ". Π‘ΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΠ΅ Π²ΠΎΠΉΠ½Ρ ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄Ρ ΠΡΠ°Π»ΠΈΠ΅ΠΉ
ΠΈ Π ΠΎΡΡΠΈΠ΅ΠΉ ΡΡΠ°Π»ΠΈ ΠΎΡΡΡΠ°ΡΡΡΡ Π»ΠΈΡΡ in'41, ΠΊΠΎΠ³Π΄Π°
"Π±Π΅Π»ΡΠ΅" Π±ΡΠ»ΠΈ Π΄Π΅ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Ρ, ΠΏΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΌΠ°Π»ΠΎ
ΡΡΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΈ ΠΆΠ΅ΡΡΠΊΠΎΡΡΡ. ΠΡΠ΅ Π±ΡΠ΄Π΅Ρ ΠΏΠΎ-Π΄ΡΡΠ³ΠΎΠΌΡ
ΡΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΡΠ°Ρ ΠΌΠ°ΡΡΠΎΠ²ΡΡ ΡΠ±ΠΈΠΉΡΡΠ²Π°Ρ Cosacchi ΠΈΠ·
ΠΠ»Π°ΡΠΎΠ² Π² Π ΠΈΠΌΠΈΠ½ΠΈ, Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π΅ ΡΠΏΠΎΠΊΠΎΠΉΠ½ΠΎΠΉ, ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠΈ
ΡΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠΌΠΈΠΈ Π²ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π΅ΠΉ ΠΏΠΎ Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΉ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠΎΡΡΡΠΎΠ²Π΅
DP Π΄Π»Ρ ΡΠΎΡΡΠΈΡΠ½. PS-Π‘Π°ΠΌΡΠΉ Π·Π½Π°ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡΡΠΉ
ΡΡΡΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½Π° ΠΈΡΠ°Π»ΡΡΠ½ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠΈΠΊΠΈ
ΡΠ²Π»ΡΡΡΡΡ Π΄Π²Π΅ ΠΆΠ΅Π½ΡΠΈΠ½Ρ, ΡΠΊΡΠ°ΠΈΠ½ΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ
ΠΠ½ΠΆΠ΅Π»ΠΈΠΊΠ° Balabanoff, Π»ΡΠ±ΠΎΠ²Π½ΠΈΠΊΠ° ΠΈΠ·
ΠΡΡΡΠΎΠ»ΠΈΠ½ΠΈ ΠΈ ΡΠΎΡΡΡΠ΄Π½ΠΈΠΊ ΠΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ½Π° ΠΈ Π ΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΉΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ
Kuliscioff ΠΠ½Π½Π°, ΠΆΠ΅Π½Π° Turati: ΠΎΠ±Π° ΠΏΡΠΈΠ½Π°Π΄Π»Π΅ΠΆΠ°Ρ
ΠΊ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΠ΄ΡΡΠΈΠΌ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠΌ.
ΠΡΠ²ΠΎΠ΄Ρ
Π’Π΅ΡΠΌΠΈΠ½ Π±ΡΠ²ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎ ΡΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΉΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΎΡΠ²Π΅ΡΠ°Π΅ΡΡΡ
ΡΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΎΡΡΡΠΆΠ΄Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ "Π±Π΅Π»ΡΠΉ" Π² ΠΡΠ°Π»ΠΈΠΈ.
ΠΡΠ°Π»ΡΡΠ½ΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Ρ Π΄Π»Ρ Π ΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΈ Π²ΡΡ ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡ Π·Π°
ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΊΠΈ ΠΈΠ΄Π΅ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΠΈ Π΄ΠΎ ΡΠΎΡΠΊΠΈ, ΠΆΠ΅Π»Π°ΡΡΠΈΡ ΡΠ²ΠΈΠ΄Π΅ΡΡ
ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΡΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ Π‘Π‘Π‘Π . ΠΠ½ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠ²Π°Π΅Ρ,
ΠΎΡΡΡΡΡΡΠ²ΠΈΠ΅ Π²Π½ΠΈΠΌΠ°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΊ ΠΈΡΠ°Π»ΡΡΠ½ΡΠΊΠΈΡ ΡΠ»Π΅Π½ΠΎΠ²
Π΅Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΉΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠΈΠ½Ρ "Π±Π΅Π»ΡΠΉ" Π΅ΡΠ»ΠΈ Π½Π΅ Π² Π³ΠΎΠ΄Ρ
Π²ΠΎΠΉΠ½Ρ ΠΈ Π²ΡΠΎΡΡΠΌ ΠΏΠΎ ΠΠ°ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ², ΠΊΠΎΠ½Π΅ΡΠ½ΠΎ ΠΆΠ΅,
Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΎΠ΅ Π²Π½ΠΈΠΌΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ΅, ΡΡΠΎ Π²ΡΠ΅ ΠΎΠ½ΠΈ Π±ΡΠ»ΠΈ
ΡΡΡΡΠΊΠΈΠΌΠΈ. ΠΠ°ΠΆΠ΄ΠΎΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΡΡΠ²ΠΎ, Π²
ΡΠΎΠΎΡΠ²Π΅ΡΡΡΠ²ΠΈΠΈ Ρ ΠΈΡ ΠΈΡΡΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠΌΠΈ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΎΠ²
ΠΏΠΎΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ, Π±ΡΠ»Π° ΡΡΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ Π² Π½Π°ΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ
Π²Π·Π°ΠΈΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΈΠΌΠΌΠΈΠ³ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ.