05. DEPTH STUDY GERMANY: NAZI REGIME - HITLER CONSOLIDATING POWER 1933-34.PPTX
![CAMBRIDGE IGCSE – DEPTH STUDY: GERMANY
THENIGHTOFTHELONGKNIVES DergroßeSS-Schutz-Staffel-Appellder
GruppeOstderSS.inBerlin!
[Ernst]Röhm, [Heinrich] Himmler, [Kurt]
Daluege.August1933.](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/05-230918063922-ca876ce3/75/05-depth-study-germany-nazi-regime-hitler-consolidating-power-193334pptx-23-2048.jpg?cb=1695019711)
05. DEPTH STUDY GERMANY: NAZI REGIME - HITLER CONSOLIDATING POWER 1933-34.PPTX
05. DEPTH STUDY GERMANY: NAZI REGIME - HITLER CONSOLIDATING POWER 1933-34.PPTX Following Hitler’s appointment as chancellor the Nazis were finally in a position of power. However, this power was limited, as the Nazis were just one party in a three party coalition government, under President Hindenburg. This topic will explore how the Nazis managed to eliminate their opposition and consolidate ultimate power over Germany, whilst maintaining an illusion of democracy. It will first explore this topic in chronological order, from the Reichstag Fire through to the death of President Hindenburg, and then explore it thematically in the last section. On the 31 January 1933, Hitler, conscious of his lack of a majority in the Reichstag, immediately called for new elections to try and strengthen his position. The Nazis aimed to increase their share of the vote so that they would have a majority in the Reichstag. This would allow them to rule unopposed and unhindered by coalition governments. Over the next two months, they launched themselves into an intense election campaign. On 27 February 1933, as the campaign moved into its final, frantic days, the Reichstag, the German Parliament building, was set on fire and burnt down. An atmosphere of panic and terror followed the event. This continued when a young Dutch communist, Van der Lubbe was arrested for the crime. The Nazi Party used the atmosphere of panic to their advantage, encouraging anti-communism. Göring declared that the communists had planned a national uprising to overthrow the Weimar Republic. This hysteria helped to turn the public against the communists, one of the Nazis main opponents, and 4000 people were imprisoned. The day after the fire, Hindenburg signed the Emergency Decree for the Protection of the German People. On the 28 February 1933, President Hindenburg signed the Emergency Decree for the Protection of the German People. This decree suspended the democratic aspects of the Weimar Republic and declared a state of emergency. This decree gave the Nazis a legal basis for the persecution and oppression of any opponents, who were be framed as traitors to the republic. People could be imprisoned for any or no reason. The decree also removed basic personal freedoms, such as the freedom of speech, the right to own property, and the right to trial before imprisonment. Through these aspects the Nazis suppressed any opposition to their power, and were able to start the road from democracy to a dictatorship. The atmosphere of uncertainty following the Reichstag Fire secured many voters for the Nazi party. The SA also ran a violent campaign of terror against any and all opponents of the Nazi regime. Many were terrified of voting of at all, and many turned to voting for the Nazi Party out of fear for their own safety. The elections were neither free or fair. On the 5 March 1933, the elections took place, with an extremely high turnout of 89%. The Nazis secured 43.9% of the vote.
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05. DEPTH STUDY GERMANY: NAZI REGIME - HITLER CONSOLIDATING POWER 1933-34.PPTX
- 1. DEPTH STUDY NAZI GERMANY HITLER DOMINATING GERMANY BY 1934 CONSOLIDATING POWER 1933-1934 05
- 2. CAMBRIDGE IGCSE – DEPTH STUDY: GERMANY
- 3. CAMBRIDGE IGCSE – DEPTH STUDY: GERMANY BEINGTHECHANCELLOR • WhenHitlerbecameChancellorofGermanyon30January1933,hisinfluencewas limitedonaccountoftheagreementbetweenHindenburgandvonPapen. • HewasjustanotherHeadofyetanotherWeimarcoalitiongovernment. • IttookHitler18monthstoconverthispositionintooneofabsolutepower. • Thefirststageintheprocesswasto callforageneralelectiontobeheldon5th of March. • Theelectionssupposedtobefreeandpeaceful,butpoliceandSAwereextremely violentagainstCommunists. • HitlerpersuadedHindenburg toissueanemergencydecreewhich suspended personalfreedomsandincreasedpolicepowers
- 4. CAMBRIDGE IGCSE – DEPTH STUDY: GERMANY
- 5. CAMBRIDGE IGCSE – DEPTH STUDY: GERMANY THEREICHSTAGFIRE • Ontheeveningof27 February,theReichstagbuildingburnt down. • ADutchCommunist,MarinusvanderLubbe,wasarrestedin theReichstaggroundsandchargedwithstartingthefire. • Hitlerimmediatelyclaimedthatthisisaproofof a Communistplotagainstthestate,andpersuaded Hindenburgtoissueanemergencydecreewhich suspended personalfreedomandincreasedpolicepowers. • Heusedtheopportunitytostartapublicscareaboutthe allegedCommunistthreat.
- 6. CAMBRIDGE IGCSE – DEPTH STUDY: GERMANY
- 7. CAMBRIDGE IGCSE – DEPTH STUDY: GERMANY THEREICHSTAGFIREATHERMATH • Hitlerwasdelightedbywhathappened,becausethiswastheevidenceofwhathe hadbeensayingforyears. • Thecommunistsweretryingtoseizepowerbyviolentrevolution. • Theyhad tobestopped. • Hehad4000leadingcommunists arrestedandpersuadedHindenburgtosign “A DecreefortheProtectionofthePeopleandtheState”. • HitlerusedthiseventtopreventNazisopponentsfromholdingpublicmeetingsand toarrestmorecommunists. • ThefirewasveryconvenientfortheNazis.Somehistorianshavesuggestedthat theyhadthefirestartedthemselves.
- 8. CAMBRIDGE IGCSE – DEPTH STUDY: GERMANY UNCONFIRMEDTHEORIES • Thereisnoobjectiveevidencetosuggestthattheydidit, butitremainsextremely doubtfulthatvanderLubbewasapartofacommunistconspiracy. • Healwaysdeniedthat.
- 9. CAMBRIDGE IGCSE – DEPTH STUDY: GERMANY
- 10. CAMBRIDGE IGCSE – DEPTH STUDY: GERMANY ACTIVITY1 • HowusefulisthesourceasevidenceofNazi involvementintheReichstagFire?
- 11. CAMBRIDGE IGCSE – DEPTH STUDY: GERMANY ACTIVITY2 SUMMARIZEIN ONEPARAGRAPH •WhywasHitlersopleasedbythe Reichstagfire?
- 12. CAMBRIDGE IGCSE – DEPTH STUDY: GERMANY ACTIVITY3 HOWDOESBRITISH SOURCEDIFFERFROM THESTATEMENT? HOWRELIABLEARE THESESOURCES? Marinus Van der Lubbe’s statement to the police about the Reichstag Fire, March 1933. A British newspaper reporter’s view of the Reichstag Fire.
- 13. CAMBRIDGE IGCSE – DEPTH STUDY: GERMANY THEGENERALELECTIONOF5MARCH1933 • Naziscontrolledthepoliceandthemedia (newspapersandradiostations)soHitler washopingtoachieveatleasthalfofthevotesintheincoming elections. • Thatwouldenablehimtoleadwithoutanyothercoalitionpartners(weak government). • Nazisreceived43.9% ofthevotesandthatwasnotenough. • HitlerneededthesupportoftheNationalists.
- 14. CAMBRIDGE IGCSE – DEPTH STUDY: GERMANY THEENABLINGACT –23MARCH1933 • InordertoincreasehispowersandbeabletogovernwithouttheReichstag (parliament),HitlerintroducedaverycontroversialActwhichwouldestablish thedictatorship. • Itachievedthenecessary66% intheParliamentbythreatsandpromises. • SAandSStroopswereinsideandoutsidetheKrollOperaHousebuilding, showingtheirweaponsandchantingslogans,toputpressureonthevoters. • OnlytheSocialDemocratsopposed,andthe EnablingActpassedby441 votesto 94.
- 15. CAMBRIDGE IGCSE – DEPTH STUDY: GERMANY
- 16. CAMBRIDGE IGCSE – DEPTH STUDY: GERMANY ALEGALDICTATORSHIP,WITHCHALLENGES • Hitlerwasnowalegaldictator. • Buthealsohadnumerouspeopletoopposehim, suchas: - Theunions,withthepowertoorganisestrikes(remembertheirroleintheKapp Putschin1920) - Theoppositionpartieswhocan regroupandchallengethelegalityoftheAct - TheCivilServicewhocouldhavechallengethelegalityofHitler’sactions, includingtheintroductionsof newlaws - Thestategovernmentscouldapprovesomenewanti-Nazipolicies - TheArmycouldhaveorganisedacoupunderHindenburg’s command
- 17. CAMBRIDGE IGCSE – DEPTH STUDY: GERMANY THECONSOLIDATIONOFPOWER:TRADEUNIONSANDPARTIES TRADEUNIONS InMay1933, thetradeunionswereabolished,theirleadersarrested,theirpremises andequipmentseizedandtheirfundsconfiscated. ANazi-ledGermanLabourFrontwassetupinitsplacetowhich allworkershadto belong.Strikeactionbecomeillegal. POLITICALPARTIES ByJuly1933, allpoliticalpartiesapartfromtheNazishadbeenbanned andGermany becameaone-partystate.
- 18. CAMBRIDGE IGCSE – DEPTH STUDY: GERMANY THECONSOLIDATIONOFPOWER:CIVILSERVICEANDGOVERNMENTS CIVILSERVICE TheCivilServicewaspurgedofallJewsand“enemiesofthestate”,tomakethem loyalandreliable. GOVERNMENTS InApril1933,Nazistategovernorswereappointedwithpowerstomakestatelaws. Stateparliamentswereabolishedinearly1934.
- 19. CAMBRIDGE IGCSE – DEPTH STUDY: GERMANY THEONLYREMAININGPROBLEM:THEARMY Hitler’sonlyremainingproblemwasthearmy. HewasworriedbyErnstRohm, theleaderoftheSA,andhisgrowing independence. Hitlerwantedtosendaclearsignaltothearmyleadersthattheyweretoremainin chargeof aspecial,highlytrainedandprofessionalbody. Hewantedtopreventacoup.
- 20. CAMBRIDGE IGCSE – DEPTH STUDY: GERMANY ARMYVSSTURMABTEILUNGACTIVITY TheadvantagesanddisadvantagesforHitlerinsupportingtheSA orthearmyaresetoutinthediagrambellow. DecidewhichHitlershouldchoose. SUPPORTINGTHESA Reasonsfor: 1. RohmwasanoldfriendofHitler 2. TheSAhadfoughtforHitlerinthe1923MunichPutschandinlaterfightagainstCommunism 3. TheywerecommittedNazis 4. TheSAhadgrowntoover2.5millionmenanditwasmuchlargerthanthearmy Reasonsagainst: 1. TheSAwasbeginningtogetoutofhand.Itwasinterferingintherunningof thecountryandthelawcourts. 2. ItdisapprovedofsomeoftheNazileaders. 3. IfHitlerusedtheSAtocontrolthearmy,thenhewouldhavetogoalongwiththeirotherdemands. 4. HitlerdidnotagreewiththeSA’santi-capitalistpoliciesandworking-classaims.
- 21. CAMBRIDGE IGCSE – DEPTH STUDY: GERMANY ARMYVSSTURMABTEILUNGACTIVITY TheadvantagesanddisadvantagesforHitlerinsupportingtheSAorthearmyaresetoutinthediagrambellow. DecidewhichHitlershouldchoose. SUPPORTINGTHEARMY Reasonsfor: 1. Thearmywaswelltrained,organisedanddisciplined. 2. ItwastheonlyorganisationwhichhadthepowertoremoveHitler. 3. Ithadthesupportofbigbusinessesandconservatives. 4. AnefficientarmywasneededforHitlertoretakethelandlostintheTreatyofVersailles. Reasonsagainst: 1. Thearmywassmall.Ithadonly100,000 men. 2. HowloyalthearmywouldbetoHitlerwasunknown. 3. SomeofthegeneralsdislikedHitlerandtheNazis.
- 22. CAMBRIDGE IGCSE – DEPTH STUDY: GERMANY THENIGHTOFTHELONGKNIVES On29 June1934 Hitleracted. HecalledameetingofSAleadersforthefollowingdayatWiesseeinBavaria. Onthenightof30th ofJune1934, RohmandotherSAleaderswerearrestedandshot. Duringthenext2weeks,severalhundredseniorsSAmenandotherrivalsand potentialenemies,includingvonSchleicher,werealsomurderedbytheSS. On13 July1934HitlertoldtheReichstagthat Rohmhadbeenarrestedandexecuted becausehewasplottingtoseizepower.
- 23. CAMBRIDGE IGCSE – DEPTH STUDY: GERMANY THENIGHTOFTHELONGKNIVES DergroßeSS-Schutz-Staffel-Appellder GruppeOstderSS.inBerlin! [Ernst]Röhm, [Heinrich] Himmler, [Kurt] Daluege.August1933.
- 24. CAMBRIDGE IGCSE – DEPTH STUDY: GERMANY THENIGHTOFTHELONGKNIVESCONT. TheprimaryinstrumentsofHitler'saction,which carriedoutmostofthekillings, weretheSchutzstaffel(SS)paramilitaryforceunderHimmleranditsSecurity Service(SD),andGestapo(secretpolice)underReinhardHeydrich. Göring's personalpolicebattalionalsotookpartinthekillings. ManyofthosekilledinthepurgewereleadersoftheSA,thebest-known beingRöhm himself,theSA'schiefofstaffandoneof Hitler'slongtimesupportersandallies.
- 25. CAMBRIDGE IGCSE – DEPTH STUDY: GERMANY THENIGHTOFTHELONGKNIVESCONT. Leadingmembersoftheleftist-leaningStrasseristfactionoftheNaziParty,including itsleaderGregorStrasser,werealsokilled,aswereestablishmentconservativesand anti-Nazis,suchasformerChancellorKurtvonSchleicherandBavarianpolitician GustavRittervonKahr,whohadhelpedsuppressHitler'sMunichBeerHallPutschin 1923. ThemurdersofSAleaderswerealsointended toimprovetheimageoftheHitler governmentwithaGermanpublic thatwasincreasinglycriticalofthuggishSA tactics.
Notas do Editor
- Hitler stepping to dictatorship