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Biodegradation of xenobiotics
1. Biodegradation of xenobiotic
compounds: Petroleum Hydrocarbons
and pesticide degradation
Gaurav Raja Parmar
M.Sc. 3rd sem.
Department of
Biotechnology, BU, Bhopal
2. Synopsis
1. Biodegradation
2. Xenobiotics
3. Source of Xenobiotics
4. Biodegradation pathway of xenobiotics
5. Microbial degradation of xenobiotics
- Degradation of Petroleum
- Degradation of Pesticide compounds
6. Recent research
7. References
3. Biodegradation
Biodegradation is the process by which organic substances are
decomposed by micro-organisms into simpler substances such as carbon
dioxide, water and ammonia.
Biodegradation is nature's way of recycling wastes, or breaking down
organic matter into nutrients that can be used by other organisms.
Degradation" means decay, and the "bio-" prefix means that the decay is
carried out by a huge assortment of bacteria, fungi, insects, worms, and
other organisms that eat dead material and recycle it into new forms.
http://www.eawag.ch/en
4. Xenobiotics
What are Xenobiotics ?
A compound that is foreign in nature to biological systems is
known as a Xenobiotic compound.
This compounds are relatively persisting in the environment
because they are highly thermodynamically stable
This compounds can have various toxic effects on humans such
as exhibit acute carcinogenic, mutagenic, teratogenic effects.
Pandit et al, 2007
5. Sources of Xenobiotics
• Chemical and pharmaceutical industries - Produce a wide array
of xenobiotics and synthetic polymerase.
• Pulp and Paper bleaching- Natural and man-made chlorinated
organic compound in environment.
• Mining – Which release heavy metals into biochemical cycle.
• Fossil fuels – Coal and petroleum.
• Intensive Agriculture- Which releases massive amounts of Fertilizers,
pesticides and herbicides.
Thakur , 2011
13. Microbial degradation of xenobiotic
compounds
Microorganism has the capability of degrading all naturally occurring
compounds; this is known as the principle of microbial infallibility proposed
by Alexander in 1965.
Microorganism play a major role in degradation of xenobiotics. They
transform toxic contaminants in to non-hazardous or less hazardous
substances. Most of the micro-organisms, particularly bacteria are known
for detoxifying abilities.
Hamsavathani et al, 2015
14. Microbial Enzymes involved in biodegradation
of petroleum hydrocarbons and pesticides
Microbial Oxidoreductases-
Oxidoreductases detoxify toxic xenobiotics like phenolic or
anilinic compounds, either by polymerization, copolymerization.
Microbial Oxygenases-
Oxygenases classified under the oxidoreductase group of enzymes
(Class 1). Oxidation reaction is the major enzymatic reaction of aerobic
biodegradation is catalyzed by oxygenases.
Phosphotriesterases (PTEs)-
PTEs are microbial isolated enzyme which hydrolyze and detoxify
organophosphatepesticides (OPs).These enzymes mainly hydrolyze phosphoester
bonds like P –O, P–F, P–NC, and P–S.
Hamsavathani et al, 2015
15. Degradation of Petroleum
products
The main components present in petroleum are
hydrocarbons, a significant portion of compounds contain
nitrogen, Sulphur and oxygen and some metals.
The compounds are degraded by aerobic and anaerobic
microorganisms containing catabolic enzymes and gene
present either plasmid or genomic DNA or both.
Thakur et al, 2011
19. Degradation of Pesticides
The pesticides belong to a category of chemicals that are
used worldwide as herbicides, insecticides, fungicides,
rodenticides and plant growth regulators in order to control
weeds, pests and diseases in crops as well as for health care of
humans and animals.
The use of pesticides for pest control has been widely used in
agriculture. However, the indiscriminate use of pesticides has
inflicted serious harm and problems to humans as well as to the
biodiversity.
Hamsavathani et al, 2015
20. Factors influencing pesticides degradation
The Environment
pH, temperature and salinity
Nutrient availability
Light quality and intensity
Available water
Binding to surfaces
The molecule
Solubility in water
Chemical structure, molecular weight
Concentration and solubility
Hamsavathani et al, 2015
21. Recent research
Study on the biodegradation of crude oil by free
and immobilized bacterial consortium in
marine environment
Qingguo Chen1 ,Jingjing Li1, Mei Liu1,Huiling Sun1,Mutai Bao2
1.College of Marine Science & Technology , Zhejiang Ocean
University, Zhoushan, P.R.China
2. Key Laboratory of Marine Chemistry Theoryand Technology,
Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao,
P.R.China
March 27, 2017
22. References
• Barragan H., Costa-Perez, C., Barrera J., Esparza G.F. Rodriguez V.R.,
(2007), Biodegradation of organochlorine pesticides by bacteria grown in
micro niches of the porous structure of green bean coffee, International
Biodeterioration & Biodegradation, 59: 239–244.
• Chen Q.,Li J.,Liu M.,Sun H., Bao M., (2017), Study on the biodegradation
of crude oil by free and immobilized bacterial consortium in marine
environment, Plos one, 12(3):1-25.
• Darsa K.V., Thatheyus A.J., Ramya D., (2014), Biodegradation of
petroleum compound using the bacterium Bacillus subtilis. Science
International, 20–25
• El-Bestawy E., Sabir J., Mansy A.H., Zabermawi N., (2014), Comparison of
the efficiency of different bioremediation technologies of Atrazine
contaminated soils. Journal of Bioremediation and Biodegradation, 5: 237-
243.
• Feuntes M.S., Benimeli, C.S., Cuozza S.A., Saezl J.M., Amorosa M.J.,
(2010), Microorganisms capable to degrade organochlorine pesticides,
Current Research, Technology and Education topics in Applied
Microbiology and Microbial Biotechnology, 1255-1264.
23. • Glazer A.N., Nikaido H., (2007), Microbial degradation of xenobiotics,In:
Microbial Biotechnology, 2nd (Edn) Cambridge University press c/o
Cambridge university press pvt. Ltd Cambridge house 4381/4 New
Delhi, pp 500-527.
• Hamsavathani V., Aysha O.S., Valli S., (2015), Biodegradation of
Xenobiotics: A review on petroleum hydrocarbons andpestiside
degradation, World Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science,
4: 1791-1808.
• Jayasekara R., Harding I., Bowater I., Lonergan G., (2005),
Biodegradability of selected range of polymers and polymer blends and
standard methods for assessment of biodegradation, Journal of
Polymers and Environment, 13(3): 231–250.
• Mittal A., Singh P.(2009). Isolation of Hydrocarbon degrading bacteria
from soils contaminated with crude oil spills, Indian J. Experimental .
Biology, 47: 760–765.
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of a Proteus vulgaris strain isolated from fish samples, American Journal
of Applied Sciences, 7(7): 922–928.
24. • Ortiz M. L., Sanchez E., (2010), Biodegradation of the organophosphate
pesticide tetrachlorvinphos by bacteria isolated from agricultural soils in
Mexico, Rev. Int. Contam. Ambient, 26(1): 27-38.
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