1. Cyber Security
UNCLASSIFIED
Al-Nahrain Center for Strategic Studies
Iraq and the Regional Security in a Changing
Environment
Baghdad, Iraq
UNCLASSIFIED Lieutenant Colonel Randy Carlson, U.S. Army

2. UNCLASSIFIED
Cyberspace Environment
Goal for Environment
• Innovative – continue to adapt with changing system of networks
• Globally Interoperable – able to interact across international boundaries
• Secure – protect networks serving government and civilian equities
• Reliable – keep the network running
Achieving Goal
• Diplomacy – work together to create policy that will lead an open, secure and
reliable cyberspace
• Defense – protect networks and systems and reserve the right to defend vital
national assets
• Development – continue to work to create a cyberspace environment that is
more open, secure and reliable.
Global, Internationally Shared Operating Environment 2
UNCLASSIFIED

3. UNCLASSIFIED
Internet Security Terms
1. Spearphishing - A targeted trap that tricks
the user into revealing his security
credentials.
http://www.fbi.gov/news/stories/2009/april/spearphi
shing_040109
2. Hacktivism - the use of computers and
computer networks as a means of protest to
promote political ends.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hacktivism
3. Anonymous (used as a mass noun) is a
loosely associated hacktivist group that
originated in 2003 on the imageboard
4chan, representing the concept of many
online and offline community users
simultaneously existing as an
anarchic, digitized global brain.
4. Botnets - A botnet is a collection of
compromised computers, each of which is
known as a 'bot', connected to the Internet.
5. Rootkits- A rootkit is software that
implements stealth capabilities that are
designed to hide the existence of certain
processes or programs.
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UNCLASSIFIED

4. UNCLASSIFIED
Cyber Threat
• Cyber threats are a current threat to government
and civilian network infrastructure
• Cyber threats continue to grow on daily basis;
over 60,000 new malicious software programs
are identified every day (USCYBERCOM).
• Increased concern for attacks affecting economic
interests, especially the theft of business
information and intellectual property
• Three areas of cyber threats:
1. Exploitation
2. Disruption
3. Destruction
The threat is here now and has moved to major criminal activity
(McAfee).
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UNCLASSIFIED

5. Top Vulnerabilities for 2012
– Industrial threats will mature and segment
– Embedded hardware attacks will widen and deepen
– Hacktivism and Anonymous will reboot and evolve
– Virtual currency systems will experience broader and more
frequent attacks
– Domain Name System will drive new network threat vectors
– Traditional spam will go “legit,” while spearphishing will evolve
into the targeted messaging attack
– Mobile botnets and rootkits will mature and converge
– Rogue certificates and rogue certificate authorities will
undermine users’ confidence
– Advances in operating systems and security will drive next-
generation botnets and rootkits
Source: Mcafee Threat Predictions
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http://www.mcafee.com/us/resources/reports/rp-threat-predictions-2012.pdf

6. UNCLASSIFIED
Mitigating Actions to Cyber Threats
General
• Establish an organization to
anticipate, mitigate, and deter cyber threats.
• Work for strong cooperation between the
government and private industries.
• Collaborate with international community
and allied partners on cyberspace security
issues.
Active Cyber Defense
• Capability to discover and defeat threats and
vulnerabilities to government and civilian
networks and systems
• Use sensors, software, and intelligence to
detect and stop malicious activity before it
can affect networks or systems
• Intrusions may not always be halted outside
the local network; technology must also
work to identify and combat malicious
activity inside the local network.
Collaboration and Organization are Critical to Fight this threat
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UNCLASSIFIED

7. UNCLASSIFIED
Mitigating Actions to Cyber Threats
Manage
• Develop a trained and ready
workforce...
– simple user awareness
– committed investments in technical
education/training
• Establish procedures for incident
response and overall network
situational awareness
• Ensure solid access control measures
• Develop backup capabilities
• Establish accountability processes
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UNCLASSIFIED

8. References
Mcafee Threat Predictions
http://www.mcafee.com/us/resources/reports/rp-threat-predictions-2012.pdf
International Information Systems Security Certification Consortium
https://www.isc2.org/
IEEE Spectrum Security Page
http://spectrum.ieee.org/telecom/security
SAN Internet Storm Center
https://isc.sans.edu/
How Stuff Works - Firewalls
http://www.howstuffworks.com/firewall.htm
Log Analysis Software
http://www.sawmill.net/
How Visa Protects Your Data
http://www.fastcompany.com/magazine/160/visa-secret-security-center
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9. Thank You!!
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10. Backups
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11. Rule #1
• Know ALL of what is in your network and
EVERYBODY who is using your network.
– Inventory of Hardware and Software
– Inventory of Software
– Identity of People
• People must be trained and screened.
– Inventory of Address Space
– Inventory of Patches and Corrections
– Network Management Software is key.
• Network Element Manager
Must do these actions all the time! 11

12. Rule #2
• Monitor who and what is connecting into and out
of your network.
– Firewall Management is critical
– Intrusion Detection is critical
– Inventory of all Circuits
– Inventory of all Outsourced Maintenance Access
– Inventory of any shared gateways
– Inventory of EXTERNAL Address Space
– Visibility is critical, but in a different way.
• Log Analysis Tools
Execute persistent, consistent monitoring and protection! 12

13. Rule #3
• Recognize that the language of security varies from device to device and
vendor to vendor, this results in very big mistakes.
– Different Ways to say the same thing depending on vendor or model of device.
– On one type of firewall
• Deny 129.32.100.1 -255.255.255.0 -> Denies Networks from 129.32.100.1 to
129.32.100.255
• Deny 129.32.100.1 – 0.0.0.255 -> Allows Networks from 129.32.100.1 -> 129.32.100.255
– On another type of Firewall
• Deny 129.32.100.1 -255.255.255.0 -> Allows Networks from 129.32.100.1 to
129.32.100.255
• Deny 129.32.100.1 – 0.0.0.255 -> Denies Networks from 129.32.100.1 -> 129.32.100.255
– Very easy to make mistake that can open up your entire network.
– Must have “automated tools” and Big Picture Analysis to see these mistakes as
they are very difficult to see and tend to hide.
– Can be very hard to find a mistake.
Apply right tools and training at the right time. 13

14. Network Address Description
How many ways can you describe a group of hosts?
- Start to end 123.134.1.0 - 123.134.1.255
- Address to subnet mask - 123.134.1.0 255.255.255.0
- CIDR Format - 123.134.1.0/24
- Address and wildcard mask 123.134.1.0 0.0.0.255
- Label - "DMZ" - 123.134.1.0/24
Language
- Binary is universal?
- Checkpoint Firewall - ranges - 10.11.12.0-10.11.12.255
- If you wanted to let 1 IP address in on your Checkpoint Firewall – You
would do Permit 10.11.12.13 - 10.11.12.13
-Same Logic on Cisco Firewall – “access-list outside permit ip 10.11.12.13
10.11.12.13 any”
-You just let in over 4,000,000 IP addresses!!!
-Correct Statement would be:
-“access-list outside permit ip 10.11.12.13 255.255.255.0 any”
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15. Language Problems
Language??
- Binary is universal language?? Not so..
- Checkpoint Firewall - ranges - 10.11.12.0-10.11.12.255
- If you wanted to let 1 IP address in on your Checkpoint Firewall – You
would do Permit 10.11.12.13 - 10.11.12.13
-Same Logic on Cisco Firewall –
-“access-list outside permit ip 10.11.12.13 10.11.12.13 any”
-You just let in over 4,000,000 IP addresses!!!
-Correct Statement would be:
-“access-list outside permit ip 10.11.12.13 255.255.255.0 any”
You must know the SPECIFICS of how your equipment works!!!
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16. Examples (Not Recommendation) of
Technologies
– Inventory of Hardware - Microsoft® Systems
Management Server (SMS)
– Inventory of Software - Microsoft® Systems
Management Server (SMS)
– Identity of People – Public Key Encryption
– Inventory of Address Space – Solar Winds
– Inventory of Patches and Corrections - Novell
ZENworks
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17. Examples (Not Recommendations) of
Technologies
– Firewall Management - Juniper Networks®
Network and Security Manager (NSM)
– Intrusion Detection – McAfee IDS
– Inventory of all Circuits - Clarity Inventory
Manager
– Inventory of all Outsourced Maintenance Access –
ObserveIt 3rd Party Monitor
– Inventory of any shared gateways – Solar Winds
– Inventory of EXTERNAL Address Space – Firewall
Add on programs (DIFFICULT PROBLEM!!)
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