The document discusses environment-enhancing energy (E2-Energy) and third generation biofuels from converting biowaste and algae via hydrothermal processing. It proposes a system where biowaste is converted to biocrude oil, nutrients are recovered from the wastewater to feed algae growth which sequesters CO2, and the algae are recycled back into hydrothermal processing. Modeling suggests this process could meet 6.5 billion tons of US crude oil demand annually and improve wastewater treatment.

1. Environment-Enhancing Energy – Third Generation Biofuel An Introduction to E 2 -Energy Yuanhui Zhang, PhD, PE Professor of ABE, MechSE, CEE Leader, Bioenvironmental Engineering Agricultural and Biological Engineering University of Illinois at Urban-Champaign U NIVERSITY OF I LLINOIS AT U RBANA- C HAMPAIGN

3. Shale Oil The Oil Shale reserves found in the Green River Formation can produce an estimated 1.5 to 1.8 trillion barrels of crude oil [source: RAND ， 兰德公司 ]. This is three times more than the oil reserves Saudi Arabia currently holds. This amount could meet the United States' current oil demands for about 300 years. [Source: Argonne National Laboratory ， 阿岗实验室） ].

4. Tar Sand The Athabasca Oil Sands are large deposits of bitumen, or extremely heavy crude oil, located in northeastern Alberta, Canada. These oil sand contain about 1.7 trillion barrels (270×10 9 m 3 ) of bitumen in-place, comparable in magnitude to the world‘s total proven reserves of conventional petroleum, or another 300 years of US and Canadian Demand. （ EIA, 1997)

5. This vast identified 1.7 trillion ton reserve, could meet the US fuel demand for another ~200 years. (EIA, 1997) Source: EIA, 1997 Coal

6. All fossil fuels have a challenge Coal power plant Tar sand refinery in Canada

7. The challenge is Economic development demands energy, yet energy consumption has historically led to increased environmental pollution. In the context of our modern society, the relationship of ‘environment’ and ‘energy’ are more often opponents rather than friendly co-existents. Environmental protection and energy production, are among the greatest challenges facing mankind in the 21st century.

8. Biofuel Options (Regalbuto, 2009)

10. AgriEng, UIUC ‘97 Almost all energy on the earth – fossil fuel, solar, hydro, geothermal, wind, nuclear, and biomass, are derived from the Sun. We know that Photons

12. Comparison of average oil yield http://www.oilgae.com/algae/oil/yield/yield.html 100,000 Algae 藻类 2,689 Coconut 椰子 446 Soybean 大豆 5,950 Palm 棕榈树 779 Safflower 红花 952 Sunflower 向日葵 1,413 Castor 蓖麻子 Average oil yield (L/hectare) Crop

14. TCC Batch Reactor CO2 manure solids chars fertilizer liquid oil water

15. An example of experimental results from batch reactor § Dry basis. # By the difference: O = 100 – C – H – N – S – ash. -- 69.0  19.2 Hydrogen recovery rate, % of input H -- 76.0  21.4 Carbon recovery rate, % of input C -- 4.2  2.1 Ash, %wt -- 12.0  4.8 Oxygen, %wt # -- 0.20  0.05 Sulfur, %wt -- 4.1  0.5 Nitrogen, %wt 9.8 8.9  0.6 Hydrogen, %wt 77.9 71.0  4.7 Carbon, %wt Elemental composition § 38,250 34,580  2,500 Heating value of the oil product, kJ/kg 96.5 76.6  9.8 Benzene solubility, % 75.4 64.5  5.6 COD reduction rate, % 79.9 62.3  15.8 Oil production rate, % of volatile solids Maximum value Mean  SD Group/specific

16. Continuous TCC system (UIUC)

17. Pilot plant (40 barrels/day, Houston, Texas)

18. Conversion Efficiency Initial lipid content and HTP oil conversion efficiency for different feedstocks

19. Vision: To initiate a paradigm shift that synergistically integrates two competing elements -- ‘energy production’ and ‘environment protection’ -- into one complementary process, which can satisfy our entire national liquid fuel need… NSF EFRI No. 0938088 Zhang, et al., University of Illinois Title: Environment-Enhancing Energy (E 2 -Energy) – Hydrothermal Processing Biowaste and Algae into Crude Oil, Sequestering CO 2 and Improving Water Quality The E 2 -Energy Road Map : Waste biosolids are converted into biocrude oil via hydrothermal process (HTP). HTP wastewater recovers most of the nutrients, which are fed to fast-growing algae, which recycle back into the HTP and are converted to oil. Algae growth cleans the water and sequesters CO 2 from the atmosphere and HTP. Sunlight Algae CO 2 (from HTP and atmosphere) HTP wastewater with nutrients Clean water BioCrude oil Solid-Liquid Separation Fast-growing algae, 3-5% solar energy efficiency HTP conversion of biosolids & algae Biosolids Algae Separation Liquid BioWaste

20. A sustainable energy ought to be an Environment-Enhancing Energy (E 2 -Energy) – Our E 2 -Energy process will convert bio-waste from animal, human and food processing into crude oil via thermochemical conversion (TCC), and produce algae using the waste water from those streams. The algae then will be fed back to TCC process to convert into oil. During the algae growth the nutrient in waste water is utilized and atmospheric carbon dioxide is sequestered, thus the environment is improved .

21. ThermoChemical Conversion Mimicking Mother Nature’s millions-of-years process of turning deceased living matters buried beneath the ground into petroleum, swine manure and other bio-waste , have been converted into crude oil in minutes using thermochemical conversion (TCC) technology in 10 – 40 minutes.

22. Source: Hunt, John. 1979. Petroleum Geochemistry and Geology TCC 1.8 min

23. Qingdao （青岛） 2008

24. Dianchi （滇池）

25. Chaohu, Anhui ( 巢湖 ） Taihu （ 太湖 ）

26. Gulf of Mexico: Polluted area: ~ 20 million ha Algae-oil potential: 2 billion ton/yr US crude oil need: 1.2 billion ton/yr (7.3 billion bl/yr) Houston New Orleans

27. Now let’s think big … … The E 2 -Energy Potential US produces 54 billion cubic meter of waste water and 200 million tons of manure (dry mass, human and animal). If all were used to produce algae and all waste was converted, it would be equivalent to 6.5 billion tons of crude oil. US consumed 1.2 billion tons of crude oil in 2006. http://news.cnet.com/i/bto/20080620/Seambiotic_Ponds_540x354.jpg

28. http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/ngm/2007-10/biofuels/clark-photography.html Algae pilot plant in Netherland Algae pilot plant in U.K. Algae pilot by UIUC students

31. “ Life is sooo good.”

34. Harvested Algae Biofuel Energy Model (HABEM)

35. Harvest Methods Drag Net Traveling Screen Screw Pump Floatation

36. HTC AD Trans Fermentation Vessel 0.46 0.74 0.66 0.63 screen 0.02 0.03 0.02 0.02 floatation 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 conversion 0.44 0.10 0.07 0.11 preteatment 0.07 0.12 0.23 0.22 Ecout/Eh 0.75 0.70 0.67 0.51