TOURIST & ITS TYPE &MOTIVETIONAL FACTORS & BEHAVIOR .pptx
A. Nickerson :: Rome’s Angels & Demons
1. Rome’s Angels & Demons
The Insider’s Guide to the Locations
Featured in the Book and Movie
Angela K. Nickerson
ROARING FORTIES PRESS BERKELEY, CALIFORNIA
3. Contents
Introduction
1. Important Historical Figures in Angels & Demons 1
Galileo Galilei 2
Raphael of Urbino 5
Gianlorenzo Bernini 7
Map of Rome: Locations Featured in Angels & Demons 9
2. The Vatican and the Holy See 10
Defending the Vatican: The Swiss Guard and Il Passetto 12
St. Peter's Basilica 15
The Sistine Chapel 19
The Scavi and St. Peter 23
The Vatican Secret Archives 25
3. The Path of Illumination 27
Egyptian Obelisks in Rome 28
A False Start: The Pantheon 30
Earth: Santa Maria del Popolo 32
Air: Piazza San Pietro 34
Fire: Santa Maria della Vittoria 36
Water: Piazza Navona 38
The Church of Illumination: Castel Sant'Angelo 41
About the Author 43
About Roaring Forties Press 43
4. Introduction
Religion, art, and politics converge in Rome.
It is the city of caesars and scoundrels,
sculptors and senators, saints and centurions.
On this rich stage, Dan Brown’s novel Angels
& Demons unfolds. Professor Robert
Langdon, Harvard symbologist-turned-
detective, and Vittoria Vetra, brilliant
physicist, hurtle through the streets of Rome
in a race against time. The Illuminati, a
shadowy secret organization, plans to end the
centuries-old debate between science and
religion once and for all, and Langdon and
Vittoria must stop the Illuminati before its
members obliterate Vatican City and the
treasures therein.
It’s no wonder that the spellbinding book was
turned into a blockbuster movie. Part of the
appeal lies in the setting. As Langdon and
Vittoria dash around Rome, they face a
fictional villain in real places. The College of
Cardinals convenes to select a new pope in
the most famous room in Rome: the Sistine
Chapel. Tourists posing for photos in Piazza
Navona may recall the battle between
Langdon and the Hassassin in the Fountain of
the Four Rivers. Langdon and Vittoria take
their first wrong turn at the Pantheon. Brown
skillfully weaves together the familiar and the
mysterious into a thriller that transcends the
centuries.
Rome’s Angels & Demons: The Insider’s
Guide to the Locations Featured in the Book
and Movie embraces the mixture of fact and
fiction that Brown delivers. Slipping between
the world of conspiracies and the solidity of a
travel guide, Rome’s Angels & Demons offers
travelers a new perspective on the city.
Biographical information about the book’s
key historical figures—Raphael, Galileo, and
Bernini—places them in a historical context,
while practical tips afford the traveler an
insider’s guide to the Eternal City. Maps and
photographs help readers see the Ecstasy of
St. Theresa and the hulking fortress of Castel
Sant’Angelo. Used as an itinerary or as a
companion to the novel, Rome’s Angels &
Demons takes the reader into a world of
intrigue and collusion.
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5. 1
Important Historical Figures in Angels & Demons
Angels & Demons walks the tightrope
between fiction and reality. Just as Dan
Brown sets the events of the book in real
places, he uses familiar historical figures as
pillars, creating an air of “what if…” and
“well, it could be…”
The floor here was also marked with a
pentagramal block. Langdon stared at the
block, trembling, wondering if Bernini
himself had held the chisel that had
shaped these chunks. Overhead, the
archway was adorned with a tiny carved
cherub. This was it…
He ascended into the total darkness,
keeping one hand on the wall. Higher. In
the blackness, Langdon sensed the ghost
of Galileo, climbing these very stairs,
eager to share his visions of heaven with
other men of science and faith. (Chapter
107)
In Brown’s universe, Bernini and Galileo
helped found the Illuminati, a secret society
where scientific exploration could be
undertaken. But the reality of the lives of
Bernini, Galileo, and Raphael is as
extraordinary as any fiction, and all three left
legacies in Rome that continue to inspire
today.
Galileo Galilei
Galileo Galilei (1564–1642) was born in Pisa,
the son of a musician. He was the first of six
children in a family of modest means. Before
his tenth birthday, Galileo moved to Florence
with his family. As a young man, he
considered entering the priesthood, but in
1581, he entered the University of Pisa
instead. His father hoped he would become a
doctor, but Galileo became fascinated with his
study of physics—beginning with the
movement of the pendulum.
At university, Galileo studied the works of the
ancient Greek scientist Aristotle. However,
the student began to question Aristotle’s
thinking, and set out to disprove his
contention that heavier objects fall faster than
lighter ones. Galileo’s penchant for
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6. questioning and experimentation led to
incredible innovations. He invented many
mechanical devices, some of which he
manufactured for sale, but his most significant
invention was the telescope. Through his
telescope, he achieved a 20x magnification,
allowing him to study the moon and discover
sunspots. He identified four satellites of
Jupiter and observed a supernova. But his
greatest achievement was his most
controversial: He proved that the Earth
revolves around the sun.
of
an
ed at
e stake.
Galileo was not the first to assert
this idea. Nicolaus Copernicus, a
Polish astronomer, posed the
theory in 1543. But the
Copernican system was not
popular with the Catholic
Church, which preferred to assert
that the Earth was the center
the universe. The Inquisition,
investigational arm of the Church
designed to weed out heretics,
declared that the Copernican
system was a heresy. Scientists
came under scrutiny for
espousing the Copernican
system. Some, including
Giordano Bruno, were burn
th
Despite church warnings against discussing
the Copernican system, Galileo published
Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World
Systems, provoking the Vatican’s ire, and he
was called to Rome in 1633 to face the
Inquisition. He was formally threatened with
torture and made to stand trial, at which he
was sentenced to prison and to religious
penance. He also was forced to recant and
confess his errors at a formal ceremony held
in the convent of Santa Maria sopra Minerva.
Having done so, Galileo was sentenced to
house arrest for the remainder of his life.
The convent adjacent to Santa Maria sopra Minerva hosted
Galileo's trial. Bernini created the elephant topped with an obelisk
that stands outside the church.
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7. Angels & Demons depicts Galileo as a man
pitted against the Catholic Church; the reality
is more nuanced. Galileo was a devout
Christian who struggled to reconcile his
scientific findings with the politics of his
time. In his later years, he wrote about the
relationship between the scriptures and
science, putting forth his belief that they both
were sources of truth.
Brown’s Diagramma della Verita may be a
fiction, but while under house arrest, Galileo
did continue to work and to publish his
findings. Gradually he lost his sight, first in
one eye and then in the other. But still he
worked. Indeed, he invented the pendulum
clock when he was completely blind. In
September 1638, John Milton—the poet who
ostensibly wrote the pivotal four lines of verse
in Angels & Demons—visited Galileo at his
home.
While the casual visitor doesn’t have access
to the Vatican Secret Archives, there are other
places to find Galileo in Rome.
Where to Find Galileo in Rome
Campo de’ Fiori: Public executions
took place in this pleasant marketplace
until the mid-1800s. The statue of
Giordano Bruno in the middle of the
square commemorates the life of the
free-thinker who followed the
teachings of Copernicus and was
burned at the stake after a trial that
lasted years.
Palazzo Firenze (Piazza Firenze,
27): During Galileo’s lifetime, this
palazzo was the Florentine embassy,
where Galileo spent much of his time
when in Rome. Today it is the
headquarters of the Dante Alighieri
Society.
Santa Maria sopra Minerva:
Galileo’s trial was held in the convent
adjoining this church, which was built
on the site of an ancient temple to
Minerva. The Galileo Rooms are now
part of the Biblioteca della Camera dei
Deputati, but they are not open to the
public at this time.
Villa Medici: Galileo stayed here
several times, including following his
trial when he was sentenced to house
arrest. After a few days, however, the
archbishop of Sienna intervened on his
behalf, and Galileo was allowed to
return to Tuscany.
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8. Raphael of Urbino
From Santi’s earthly tomb with demon’s
hole…
Langdon chuckled to himself. He was
amazed how few people knew Santi, the
last name of one of the most famous
Renaissance artists ever to live…
“Santi,” Langdon said, “is the last
name of the great Renaissance master,
Raphael.” (Chapter 55)
Raphaello Sanzio
(1483–1520), the
son of a painter,
grew up in Urbino.
As Langdon notes,
he is also known as
“Raphael Santi.”
Raphael came to
Rome to perfect
his craft as an
artist; he studied
under his cousin,
Bramante, and
took over as
architect of St.
Peter’s Basilica
after Bramante’s
death.
Raphael was known as a lovable and affable
fellow with a penchant for the ladies. Indeed,
on more than one occasion, his lust for
women interfered with his work. Agostino
Chigi was one of Raphael’s patrons, and he,
too, shared Raphael’s amorous tendencies.
When Chigi employed Raphael to create
frescoes in his summer home, Villa Farnesina,
Chigi provided the artist with living quarters
at the villa because it was so close to the
home of Raphael’s lover. In fact, the story
goes, one day
Raphael and his
beloved were
enjoying each
others’ company
when
Michelangelo
stopped by. The
two were so
engrossed in their
passion that they
did not notice
Michelangelo,
who picked up a
brush and
completed a
figure in the
fresco before
leaving. Chigi
also com-
missioned Raphael’s work on the Chigi
Raphael included a self-portrait in the School of
Athens. Sporting a slouchy black hat, he peers directly
at the viewer.
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9. Chapel at Santa Maria del Popolo—the First
Altar of Science on the Path of Illumination.
Raphael’s biographer, Vasari, attributes the
artist’s death to a night of lovemaking that
was “even more immoderate than usual.” He
says that when Raphael returned home that
night with a fever, the doctors misdiagnosed
the cause, and they prescribed the wrong
treatment, which killed him. Raphael had
expressed his desire to be buried in the
Pantheon (a first for an artist), and the
grieving city of Rome honored that request.
Langdon and Vittoria begin their quest for the
Path of Illumination at the Pantheon. Rather,
they attempt to begin.
Where to Find Raphael in Rome
The Vatican Museums: Raphael is
best known for a series of frescoes—
the Raphael Stanze—he painted in the
papal apartments between 1508 and
1511. He also designed a series of
tapestries that run the circumference
of the Sistine Chapel. The tapestries
were stolen during the Sack of Rome
in 1527 and were not returned until
1550.
Villa Farnesina: The palazzo where
the artist was caught canoodling with
his lover is now open to the public.
Palazzo Barberini: Here visitors can
glimpse Raphael’s La Fornarina. The
elegant nude in the painting is the
daughter of the neighborhood baker—
and Raphael’s lover. She wears an
armband upon which is written
“Raphael Urbinas.”
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10. Gianlorenzo Bernini
Vittoria moved closer. “I found out who
the unknown Illuminati sculptor was.”
Langdon’s head whipped around.
“You what?”
“Now we just need to figure out
which sculpture in here is the—”
“Wait a minute! You know who the
Illuminati sculptor was?” He had spent
years trying to find that information.
Vittoria smiled. “It was Bernini.” She
paused. “The Bernini.” (Chapter 69)
Gianlorenzo Bernini (1598–1680) was the
most successful Italian artist of the
seventeenth century. The son of a sculptor,
Bernini grew up in an environment
celebrating artistic achievement. He was born
in Naples, but his family moved to Rome
around 1606. As a young man, Bernini
learned architecture from the respected
architect Maderno, with whom he worked on
Piazza Barberini as well as St. Peter’s
Basilica. Bernini also studied sculpture with
his father. An affable character, Bernini had
social graces that charmed Rome’s most
powerful people. Rome’s elite—including
eight successive popes—kept him employed
for his entire life.
Bernini’s gifts as a sculptor rival those of
Michelangelo. Langdon and Vittoria race
from church to church searching for a few of
his sculptures: Habakkuk and the Angel, the
Ecstasy of St. Theresa, and the fountains at
Piazza Navona. Bernini was prolific, and he
had a workshop full of employees who
created according to his designs.
Bernini lived in Rome most of his life, with
the exception of a brief interlude in France
(where he worked on the Louvre Palace). His
fingerprints are all over the city—in sculpture
and in architecture. He spent decades working
on St. Peter’s, first as an apprentice and then
as the primary architect. He contributed to St.
Peter’s façade and designed Piazza San
Pietro, and he helped organize and simplify
the interior and designed several of the tombs
inside the basilica. In addition to his work as
an architect and sculptor, Bernini wrote plays
and designed sets for the theater.
“Bernini was the Vatican’s wonder boy. The
church loved Bernini. He was elected the
Vatican’s overall artistic authority. He
practically lived inside Vatican City his entire
life” (Chapter 69). When Langdon can’t
believe Vittoria’s proposition that Bernini is
“the unknown master,” he has good reason to
be suspect. Bernini spent most of his life
working for the papacy, and he had good
relationships with the popes who employed
him and rewarded him handsomely.
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11. When Bernini died in Rome in 1680, the
entire city mourned. He is buried at Santa
Maria Maggiore, and his family tomb slab is
just outside that church’s Sistine Chapel
(Rome’s less famous chapel by that name).
The Galleria Borghese: A building
that Bernini designed holds several of
his finest sculptures. His David is a
self-portrait. In the Rape of
Persephone and Apollo and Daphne,
Bernini executes two tales from
mythology with reverence and
passion.Where to Find Bernini in Rome
Piazza di Spagna: Bernini’s father,
Pietro, designed the small boat
fountain at the foot of the Spanish
Steps.
Piazza Barberini: Bernini designed
the Fontana del Tritone (the Triton
Fountain) for his patrons, the
Barberini family.
As seen from the lantern of Michelangelo’s dome, Bernini’s Piazza
San Pietro is where thousands gather to keep vigil in Angels &
Demons.
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12. Rome: Locations Featured in Angels & Demons
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13. 2
The Vatican and the Holy See
The imperial mountain of Vatican City
rose before him as a dismal reminder of
what men could accomplish when they
put their minds to it. (Chapter 48)
In common speech and writing, “the Vatican”
is often used to name the Catholic Church, but
technically that is a misnomer. The State of
the Vatican City (Stato della Città del
Vaticano) is the smallest sovereign country in
the world. It occupies approximately 110
acres of land outside the historic walls of
Rome and claims a population of fewer than
1,000 people. The State of the Vatican City is
a country that governs the territory within the
Vatican City. It is headed by a monarch with
absolute authority: the pope.
The Holy See, on the other hand, is not a
place but the religious body of the Catholic
Church. It too is governed by the pope. The
Holy See was separated from the State of the
Vatican City to solve a problem that arose
after the unification of Italy. For a time it was
unclear whether Italy controlled the land now
known as Vatican City or whether the area
was a distinct entity. The Lateran Treaty of
1929 established the sovereignty of Vatican
City, but it also effectively separated the Holy
See from the land itself so that should the city
be occupied or destroyed, the Catholic Church
could continue to function.
Each pope's seal is different, combining
elements from his family's heraldic crest
with papal symbols. Every seal includes
three images: two keys and the papal hat.
The keys, one gold and one silver,
represent keys Christ gave to St. Peter.
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14. The camerlengo looked sincerely sad.
“You are misguided. A church is more
than mortar and stone. You cannot simply
erase two thousand years of faith… any
faith. You cannot crush faith simply by
removing its earthly manifestations. The
Catholic Church will continue with or
without Vatican City.” (Chapter 41)
Vatican City and the Holy See are
independent entities; the Holy See exists
regardless of the existence of Vatican City.
Thus, the Illuminati’s plan to destroy the
Catholic Church includes the destruction of
the material wealth of Vatican City as well as
the four cardinals most likely to be elected as
the next pope.
A Word for Travelers
Like Mecca, Jerusalem, or Qufu, Rome is a
holy city. Many of the places in Angels &
Demons are churches and sacred spaces. In
fact, when making the film adaptation, the
film crew was forced to re-create some
locations because the Catholic Church denied
it access, citing the holiness of those spots.
Travelers tracing the events in the novel
should be aware of this fact and behave in a
respectful fashion.
In many of Rome’s churches, including St.
Peter’s Basilica, men and women must cover
their shoulders. If you choose to wear a
sleeveless shirt, tuck a t-shirt or a wrap into
your bag and put it on before entering the
building. Additionally, women are forbidden
to enter many churches when wearing shorts
or very short skirts. Dress comfortably but
conservatively when planning to visit a holy
place.
Finally, remember that the church is a place
for worship and prayer. Speak in hushed
tones, hang on to your children, and should
you arrive to find a worship service in
progress, return at a later time to tour the
building.
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15. Defending the Vatican: The
Swiss Guard and Il Passetto
When Langdon and Vittoria first encounter
Olivetti and the Swiss Guard, they are
frustrated and angry. Olivetti, a man who
takes his job seriously, is rather inflexible:
Through the glass, Langdon could see
Olivetti say something to the guard. The
sentinel nodded. As Olivetti strode out of
the room, the guard spun and faced them
on the other side of the glass, arms
crossed, a large sidearm visible on his hip.
(Chapter 36)
Olivetti comes from a tradition of protective
service that many international leaders envy.
Each year on May 6 the guardians of the
pope—the Swiss Guard—swear an oath of
loyalty to the pontificate. The oath calls on
each member of the guard—men of Swiss
origin who have trained for their duties at a
Swiss military school—to “faithfully, loyally,
and honorably serve the Supreme Pontiff
Benedict XVI and his legitimate successors,
and also dedicate myself to them with all my
strength, sacrificing if necessary also my life
to defend them… May God and our Holy
Patrons assist me!” One by one, the young
men grasp the standard of the Guard and raise
their rights hands and pledge to “observe
faithfully, loyally, and honorably all that has
now been read out to me!”
The men taking part in this sacred ritual join
Although Michelangelo did not design the
Swiss Guard's colorful uniforms, as Langdon
says, they do have their origins in
Renaissance fashion.
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16. the thousands who have served since 1506.
Members of the guard are both ceremonial
servants and a well-trained security force;
Langdon is correct to admire and fear them.
In 1506, Pope Julius II needed a guard he
could trust. Roman politics were such that he
could not assume that the Italians in his forces
were always faithful to his cause. Julius II
looked to the Helvetians, sometimes known as
the Swiss Cantons, a people who made their
living as mercenary soldiers. On January 22,
1506, a small band of Swiss Cantons passed
through the Porta del Popolo and became the
Pontifical Swiss Guard. Thus began the
history of loyal duty to the Vatican.
One date remains truly remarkable in the
history of the Swiss Guard. On May 6, 1527,
armed forces attacked Rome, pillaging the
city and wreaking havoc in the streets. Now
known as the Sack of Rome, the day was one
of bloody atrocities as the Eternal City was
brought to its knees. At the Vatican, 189
Swiss Guard stood firm, holding off the
rampaging forces as long as they could and
taking a stand around the obelisk in Piazza
San Pietro. However, the invading forces
were too strong. The Guard’s leader was
hacked to death inside the basilica; when his
wife rushed to hold her husband’s body, her
hands were severed by the violent horde.
But all was not lost. During the thirteenth
century, a fortified corridor had been built
between Castel Sant’Angelo and the Vatican
Palace. Known as Il Passetto di Borgo, the
corridor resembles a Roman aqueduct. It runs
for 800 meters above the streets and through
the neighborhood, providing a safe passage
for the pope should he be forced to flee to
safety. When Rome was sacked, Pope
Clement VII did just that. Forty-two members
of the Guard spirited him through the Passetto
to Castel Sant’Angelo, where they held off
the invaders. Twelve thousand Romans died
that day. The contingent that secured the
pontiff in Castel Sant’Angelo were the only
members of the Guard to survive the Sack of
Rome, and it is in their memory that the
Guard takes its vows each year.
Robert Langdon makes a common mistake
when he attributes the Swiss Guard’s colorful
uniform to Michelangelo’s design. While the
fashion sensibility dates back to the
Renaissance, the current uniforms owe more
to Raphael than to Michelangelo. Raphael
included members of the Swiss Guard in a
painting he did of Pope Julius II. In the early
twentieth century, the Guard’s uniforms were
revised using Raphael’s images as a guide.
The colors—blue, red, and yellow—are the
colors of the Medici family. And oak leaves
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17. appear on the metalwork—the symbol of
Pope Julius II’s family.
The Office of the Swiss Guard.
Langdon stood in the doorway,
surveying the collision of centuries before
them. Mixed media. The room was a
lushly adorned Renaissance library
complete with inlaid bookshelves, oriental
carpets, and colorful tapestries … and yet
the room bristled with high-tech gear—
banks of computers, faxes, electronic
maps of the Vatican complex, and
televisions tuned to CNN. (Chapter 30)
However ancient their uniforms may appear,
the Swiss Guard are indeed a modern security
team. The 1981 assassination attempt on Pope
John Paul II reinforced the need for the Swiss
Guard to be more than just a ceremonial
establishment. Their training and security
measures continue to change with the times.
Where to See the Swiss Guard
Guards in uniform are stationed at various
places in Vatican City. They are most
commonly seen at the Scala Regina, Bernini’s
staircase on the north side of St. Peter’s
Basilica. To reach the Scala Regina, pass
through the security screening on the north
side of Piazza San Pietro. The staircase will
be to your right as you approach the basilica.
If you plan a trip to the Scavi, the Swiss
Guard will check your reservation and escort
you past the security checkpoint to the Scavi
offices.
Photographs are permitted of the Swiss
Guard, but visitors are reminded that the
guard is a working security force.
Where to See Il Passetto di Borgo
Il Passetto di Borgo runs just north of Via
della Conciliazione along what is now Via dei
Corridori. It is made of stone, with arches
similar in style to an ancient aqueduct. No one
is allowed inside Il Passetto, but Castel
Sant’Angelo affords some of the best views of
the corridor, and the entrance to Il Passetto is
sometimes open from the museum at Castel
Sant’Angelo.
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18. St. Peter’s Basilica
The main aisle of St. Peter’s Basilica,
Lieutenant Chartrand had once figured
out, was longer than an Olympic soccer
field. Tonight, however, it felt like twice
that…
Somewhere up ahead, beyond the
reach of the BBC spotlight, the
camerlengo’s voice rang out joyously.
“Upon this rock I will build my church!”
(Chapter 118)
Until the fourth century AD, Roman
Christians worshipped in private, gathering
together in homes. However, under Emperor
Constantine (306–37 AD), the political
climate in Rome changed. Constantine
converted to Christianity, and he built the
three grand Christian churches in the city: San
Giovanni in Laterano, San Pietro in Vaticano
(St. Peter’s), and San Paolo fuori le Mura.
f
pes
lius II
St. Peter’s Basilica was
not the most important
church in early Christian
Rome. That honor fell to
San Giovanni in
Laterano, which was
(and still is) the seat o
the pope in Rome. In
fact, until the
Renaissance, the po
lived at San Giovanni in
Laterano.
By the time Pope Julius
II was elected in 1503,
the papacy had moved to
the Vatican, and Ju
sought to create a
monumental church that
would be a symbol of the
As the action heats up, Langdon must decide if he will attempt to save
St. Peter’s Basilica from certain destruction, risking his own life.
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19. t.
n a
rounding a
entral piazza.
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shape the
uilding into his own design.
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ighteningly, might have collapsed.
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.
tastes and
assions of the Baroque era.
thin
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es.
the
opolis
), which must be
power of Christianity in the world. The old St.
Peter’s was a basilican-style church, built
around the tomb of St. Peter. When the old S
Peter’s Basilica was built, the land at the
Vatican was swampy, beyond the protection
of Rome’s city walls, and exposed. But the
area around the church grew up over time
until the old St. Peter’s was much more tha
church. It was a village with housing,
barracks, homes, and shops sur
c
Julius II hired Donato Bramante, Rome’s
preeminent architect, to design a new c
for the Vatican. Nicknamed “Maestro
Ruinate” (the Master of Ruins), Bramante
proceeded to demolish the old St. Peter’
Basilica, a church that was more than a
thousand years old. Over the next forty years,
a procession of architects worked on the new
St. Peter’s Basilica, each deviating from th
original plans and attempting to
b
In 1546, Pope Paul III hired Michelangelo
Buonarroti to put the construction project on
the right course. Michelangelo stripped dow
the building—removing much of what had
been built previously—and returned to
of Bramante’s original ideas. He also
designed the dome over St. Peter’s, wh
was modeled after the domes over the
Pantheon in Rome and Santa Maria della
Fiore in Florence. Scholars disagree about
how much influence Michelangelo had on the
floor plans of St. Peter’s in the end. He died
century before the building was completed.
However, without his guidance, the church
might never have been finished and, m
fr
Today, St. Peter’s Basilica reflects the wo
and passion of dozens of architects, each
leaving an indelible mark on Christianity’s
largest house of worship. The church covers
5.7 acres and can hold 60,000 worshippers
The interior reflects the ornate
p
For those on an Angels & Demons quest,
Bernini’s work is found in many places wi
St. Peter’s, from the baldacchino over th
altar to several of the tombs within the
building. When Vittoria and the camerlengo
disappear to examine the recently deceased
pope’s body, they descend into the grotto
Located beneath the floor of St. Peter’s
Basilica, the grottoes are the resting place of
many popes. There are often long lines as
faithful wait to pay homage at (and take
photographs of) the tomb of John Paul II.
Additionally, consider a visit to the necr
excavations (the Scavi
arranged in advance.
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20. ighlights of St. Peter’s Basilica
he
as
as one of
Rome’s finest sculptors.
descends
as if he
f
e
ieces
ation is unclear—though
unlikely.
from the Pantheon and melted down.
the
ith a
onica) are by
Bernini’s students.
of
H
Pieta: Michelangelo’s Pieta occupies
one of the small chapels just inside t
basilica’s front doors. This famous
work, completed when the artist w
twenty-four years old, cemented
Michelangelo’s reputation
The Confessio and the Niche of the
Palliums: When the camerlengo races
off to find the antimatter, he
the staircase in front of the
baldacchino, lit by lamps that
surround the opening. It looks
is headed for the Niche of the
Palliums. “What is he doing? Langdon
wondered. Certainly he can’t think the
golden box…” (Chapter 118). But o
course the camerlengo knows what
Langdon knows as well: The box in
the Niche does not actually contain th
remains of St. Peter. The gold coffer
in the Niche holds “palliums”—p
of fabric made from the wool of
blessed sheep, which serve as a
reminder of the church’s unity
throughout the world. The lamps
surrounding the Confessio are never
extinguished—they are a symbol of
the eternal nature of God’s love and
Jesus’s role as “the light of the world.”
Whether the lamps hold a fuel potent
enough to support the camerlengo’s
self-immol
Baldacchino: As work on the basilica
neared completion, Pope Urban VIII
commissioned Bernini to create the
baldacchino—or canopy—for the
altar. It is nearly 100 feet tall and is
made of 1,000 tons of bronze taken
Pier of St. Longinus: Bernini
sculpted one of the four saints
depicted at the Great Crossing by
main altar. St. Longinus was the
soldier who pierced Jesus’s side w
spear when he was crucified. The
other three statues (St. Helena, St.
Andrew, and St. Ver
Cathedra Petri: The elaborate
window featuring a dove and the
surrounding gilded statuary center
upon a chair: the throne of St. Peter,
the first pope. Bernini designed this
Baroque reliquary as a statement
the power of the papacy and its
ancient lineage. Don’t be fooled,
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17
21. inside the gold chair Bernini created.
b
e
southwest
corner of the basilica.
’s
of
esigned
in the
seventeenth century.
isiting St. Peter’s Basilica
asilica di
an Pietro, St. Peter’s Basilica.
cavi. No bare knees or shoulders for men or
ost: Basilica and Grottoes: free; Treasury:
arch, 9am–6pm,
aily; April–September, 9am–7pm, daily.
rottoes: 8am–5pm, daily.
le
ica,
he
ty and Rome.
fact, Michelangelo’s dome is often referred
Hours: October–March, 8am–5pm, daily;
April–September, 8am–6pm, daily.
though! The gold chair is not actually
St. Peter’s chair. That 2,000 year-old
chair is now in fragments that reside
Tombs of Urban VIII and
Alexander VII: Both these dramatic
tombs were designed by Bernini and
use elements such as skeletons and
voluminous stone drapery. The tom
of Urban VIII is to the right of th
Cathedra Petri, and the tomb of
Alexander VII is in the
The Dome: The dome over St. Peter
was designed by Michelangelo and
was the greatest engineering feat
the Renaissance. The interior is
covered in mosaics and gold d
by Cavaliere d’Arpino
V
Names: San Pietro in Vaticano, B
S
Notes: Active as a Catholic church. Photo-
graphy is permitted except on the tour of the
S
for women.
C
€4.
Hours: Basilica: October–M
d
G
Visiting Michelangelo’s Dome
For a modest fee, visitors can take an elevator
or climb the stairs to the drum of
Michelangelo’s dome. From here it is possib
to look down into the basilica over the main
altar and to explore the roof of the basil
where there is a small café and store. On the
roof level, the scale of Bernini’s saints
becomes clear. For visitors who can make t
climb, the trek up 320 steps to the dome’s
lantern is worth the effort. The staircase is
small and tightly enclosed, but the top offers
unsurpassed views of Vatican Ci
In
to as “the eighth hill in Rome.”
Cost: Stairs to the dome: €4; elevator: €5.
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22. The Sistine Chapel
He could see the great bronze door of the
Sistine Chapel now, dutifully protected by
four Swiss Guards. The guards unbolted
the door and pulled it open. Inside, every
head turned. The camerlengo gazed out at
the black robes and red sashes before him.
He understood what God’s plans for him
were. The fate of the church had been
placed in his hands.
The camerlengo crossed himself
and stepped over the threshold. (Chapter
47)
The Sistine Chapel was built in the late 1400s
by Pope Sixtus IV as a replacement for the
medieval Capella Magna, which was
considered dark, damp, and gloomy. The
chapel was built to host the Vatican’s papal
conclave, during which the College of
Cardinals elects the new pope in secrecy.
After a pope dies, the College of Cardinals
meets in the Sistine Chapel to elect a new
pope. The cardinals, the highest-level
appointees within the church, are forbidden
contact with the outside world during the
conclave; the punishment for breaking the
vow of secrecy that they take at the beginning
of the meeting is excommunication. Very
little is known about how a conclave works.
We do know a few things, however: Each
cardinal receives a ballot upon which he
writes the name of his candidate. The ballots
are collected at the altar of the chapel in a
chalice. They are tallied and burned after each
vote. When there is no agreement, the ballots
are mixed with straw to create black smoke;
when the vote is unanimous, the smoke is
white to indicate that a pope has been elected.
As the Illuminati are well aware, the Catholic
Church is at its most vulnerable when its
leadership is all together in the same room—
like at a papal conclave. Thus, the chapel’s
architects constructed a bastion of strength
and security. It boasts slits for archers’ bows,
windows only at the ceiling, and secret
openings from which boiling oil might be
poured onto attackers.
As befits its grand purpose, the chapel was
decorated by the greatest masters of the day.
Upon its completion in 1480, Lorenzo de’
Medici sent a group of Florentine artists to
Rome to fresco the walls: Pietro Perugino,
Sandro Botticelli, Cosimo Roselli, Luca
Signorelli, and Domenico Ghirlandaio
(Michelangelo’s future teacher). The vaulted
ceiling was frescoed by Piermatteo d’Amelia
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23. in a brilliant blue dotted with gold stars,
representing the vast expanse of the heavens.
The scheme for the Sistine Chapel was
intended to remind the cardinals that their
work was important and not political but
spiritual. The artists divided the walls from
the ceiling to the floor:
The vault is frescoed in blue with gold
stars—an expensive and dramatic
look.
Ancient popes remind the conclave of
the historic and spiritual nature of
their electoral task.
Scenes depict the life of Moses, the
most important figure in the Old
Testament.
Scenes depict the life of Jesus, the
most important figure in the New
Testament.
Each event from Moses’s life is paired with
one from Jesus’s life, illustrating the parallels
between their stories. This scheme also draws
connections between the Old and the New
Testaments.
It was evident by 1500 that the roof of the
Sistine Chapel leaked. When Pope Julius II
was elected in 1503, he was eager to fix the
problem. The starry vault painted on the
ceiling had sustained serious damage, and a
crack patched with bricks and plaster ran
through the sky. Julius II chose Michelangelo
to repaint the ceiling. Reluctantly,
Michelangelo agreed. He considered himself
a sculptor, not a painter, but he could not
refuse the pope.
Michelangelo chose to depict the history of
God and man working together, and produced
a scheme consisting of several interrelated
components:
Scenes from Genesis: Down the
center of the vault, Michelangelo
painted scenes starting with Noah and
working backward chronologically to
Creation.
Prophets and Sibyls: Sitting on
thrones set into the monumental
trompe l’oeil architecture are the
prophets and sibyls who predicted the
coming of Christ.
The Human Family: Above the
windows in triangular frames are
scenes of families: mothers, fathers,
and children.
The Ancestors of Jesus: The lunettes
above the windows (where
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24. Michelangelo’s work merges into the
frescoes by other Florentine artists)
are filled with the ancestors of Jesus,
establishing the lineage that runs from
Moses to Christ.
Scenes of Victory: In corner of the
room, spandrels tell stories of the
victory of the Jewish people over
peril.
Other elements: Dramatic
architectural elements divide the space
into regular geometric spans.
Michelangelo painted the ceiling in two
halves, erecting a scaffold that covered one
half of the floor at a time. When in 1511 he
took down the scaffolding after finishing the
first half of the ceiling, Michelangelo could
finally see the work from afar. Viewed from
the floor, the figures in the Flood disappear
into the crowded scenes and the ancestors of
Christ bunch together, but the prophets are
strikingly powerful. With this in mind,
Michelangelo decided that the second half of
the ceiling would feature fewer figures in
each scene and that, like the prophets in the
first half, those figures would be larger and
the intensity of their actions would be more
pronounced.
On October 31, 1512, the chapel’s doors were
opened. Michelangelo’s work created an
immediate sensation in the city and beyond.
The Last Judgment
Twenty-three years after finishing his work
on the ceiling, Michelangelo was back in the
Sistine Chapel, this time to paint the Last
Judgment on the altar wall. Michelangelo
filled his depiction with nudes, an act that
would bring him criticism for the remainder
of his life. Michelangelo believed that
physical beauty reflects spiritual and moral
beauty, and he distinguished between
artificial and physical beauty. No clothes—no
matter how grand—could disguise a sinful
soul.
But attitudes about art had changed since
Michelangelo had completed the chapel’s
ceiling. Nudity, once considered beautiful,
was now deemed indecent. Whereas people
had marveled at Michelangelo’s work on the
ceiling (the nude figure of Adam had been
acclaimed as a triumph), the Last Judgment
garnered mixed reviews primarily because
most of the figures in it were nude. Calls to
censor or destroy the Sistine Chapel’s nudes
plagued the artist. After Michelangelo’s
death, several popes appointed painters to
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25. alter the nudes in the Last Judgment, though
over time the fresco suffered even more from
smoke damage and neglect.
Be sure to look for Minos, the Judge of Souls,
just above the door—he has the ears of a
jackass and a snake attached to his penis.
Michelangelo gave him the face of the papal
Master of Ceremonies, Biagio da Cesena,
who complained heartily about the nudity of
Michelangelo’s figures. Michelangelo
portrayed himself in the Last Judgment as
well. The flayed skin in St. Bartholomew’s
hand bears Michelangelo’s face—and St.
Bartholomew wears the countenance of one
of Michelangelo’s critics-turned-blackmailer.
Today the Sistine Chapel is the centerpiece of
the Vatican Museums, a vast and sometimes
confusing collection of art ranging from
ancient Egyptian artifacts to modern religious
icons.
Visiting the Sistine Chapel and the
Vatican Museums
Names: Musei Vaticani, the Vatican
Museums.
Notes: At certain times of the year, lines for
the Vatican Museums can be very long.
Tickets can be purchased in advance online:
http://biglietteriamusei.vatican.va. Arrive
early! Photography is permitted except in the
Sistine Chapel and a few other places. No
bare knees or shoulders for men or for
women.
Cost: €10 (tickets purchased online are
assessed an additional fee). There is no
admission charge on the last Sunday of each
month.
Hours: Monday–Saturday, 9am–4pm.
The Vatican Museums close on specific
holidays and most Sundays. Consult the
Museums’ website when planning a trip:
http://mv.vatican.va.
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26. The Scavi and St. Peter
When the camerlengo figures out where the
antimatter has been hidden, he rushes off in
search of St. Peter’s tomb. The location of St.
Peter’s final resting place has been debated
for centuries. The Gospels do not refer to
Peter’s journey to Rome or to his death.
However, Rome has laid claim to St. Peter’s
remains since the first century A.D., and the
Catholic Church regards him as the first pope.
In the Gospels, Jesus declares, “You are Peter
and upon this rock I will build my church”—
words that appear on the drum of
Michelangelo’s dome.
Tradition has it that Peter died at the hands of
Nero in a massacre of Christians that took
place in the circus, a venue for races and
sporting events. The Christians, a new
religious group in Rome, made a convenient
scapegoat for the fire that destroyed much of
Rome in 64 A.D. Peter was buried in a
necropolis near the circus. When
Constantine built the first St. Peter’s, he filled
in the necropolis to create a solid foundation
for his new basilica. That church, in turn, was
demolished to make way for the new St.
Peter’s during the Renaissance.
Pope Pius XII, hoping to identify Peter’s
remains, authorized excavations underneath
the altar in St. Peter’s. The excavations took
ten years and were conducted entirely in
secret. In 1951, the archaeologists announced
their findings: They had found St. Peter’s
tomb. Because they had not used standard
archaeological practices, however, their
findings were largely dismissed by the
scientific community, and the archaeologists
themselves descended into a bitter feud that
further clouded their assertions.
The altar of the new St. Peter’s Basilica with
its soaring dome was built over the spot
where the old St. Peter’s altar had been. That
altar was supposedly built over the tomb of
Peter, the rock. To destroy the church from its
very heart, the Illuminati plan to strike at its
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27. core: the physical and symbolic center of the
Christian church on Earth.
Visiting the Scavi
Names: The Scavi, the Vatican Necropolis,
Necropoli sotto la Basilica Vaticana
Notes: Arrangements to visit the Scavi must
be made several weeks or months in advance.
Send an email with your request to
cavi@fsp.va or uff.scavi@fabricsp.va
or fax 06 69873017. Include the following
information: number of participants; name of
each participant; language for the tour; days
you would be available to take the tour
(which lasts approximately one hour, but
allow time to get to and from the Ufficio
Scavi) and contact information (email address
or fax number). If you are granted a tour, you
will receive a confirmation email or fax to
which you must reply with your payment
method. Tours are generally conducted by
seminarians and can be arranged in multiple
languages. Photography is not permitted on
the tour of the Scavi. No bare knees or
shoulders for men or for women.
Cost: €10 per person.
Hours: By appointment only.
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28. The Vatican Secret Archives
There is a reason the Vatican Secret Archives
are so named. This repository of valuable
documents is kept under lock and key and is
accessible only with special permission. The
archives house some of the western world’s
most valuable and obscure documents, largely
pertaining to the history of the Catholic
Church. Documents in the collection include
Henry VIII’s letter requesting an annulment
of his marriage to Queen Catherine, files
recording the payment arrangements for
Michelangelo’s work in the Sistine Chapel,
and yes, as Angels & Demons contends,
records of the trial of Galileo.
The files in the archives have been used to
further political goals for hundreds of years.
Napoleon removed the entire contents of the
archives in 1810 and took them to Paris. This
was neither the first nor the last time the
documents were pawns in a political struggle.
Each time the archives have been removed,
something has gone missing. According to the
Vatican, the oldest document in the Secret
Archives dates to the eight century. The
archives reportedly contain all kinds of files
related to the administration of the Catholic
Church—from financial records to historical
items like the files on Galileo’s trial. Material
related to a specific pope are not released to
the archives until seventy-five years after the
death of that pope.
That Langdon and Vittoria are given
unfettered access to the archives is
extraordinary—and highly unlikely.
Thankfully, what they needed could be found
in the Vatican Secret Archives, for there is
another archive even more secret in the
Vatican. The records of the Apostolic
Penitentiary, which contain documentation of
excommunications, confessor disputes, and
other sensitive internal matters within the
church, are never made public.
Visiting the Vatican Secret Archives
Names: Archivum Secretum Apostolicum
Vaticanum, the Vatican Secret Apostolic
Archives.
Notes: Access to the Vatican Secret Archives
requires a formal written request. Browsing is
not permitted. The request must be made for a
specific document on a specific topic—the
person making the request must know that the
document exists. Only scholars are allowed to
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29. use the archives, and the application process
requires letters of introduction, copies of
academic credentials … in other words: Only
a select few ever gain admittance.
That said, the process for admission is not so
different than for other archives. Many
archives restrict access to scholars simply to
protect the documents contained from wear
and tear. However, the Vatican Secret
Archives has a reputation for being
particularly picky in its approval process—a
process dictated by the Archivist and
Librarian Cardinal. Some archivists exercise
tighter controls than others. According to
published Vatican reports, 1,000–1,500
scholars per year have been admitted during
the most recent administrations, which is
remarkable considering the Secret Archives
were closed to all but the pontiff and the
College of Cardinals until 1881.
For a glimpse into the Vatican Secret
Archives collections, visit
http://asv.vatican.va. The website features
images and downloads of several historic
documents, including documents pertaining to
the trial of Galileo.
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30. 3
The Path of Illumination
According to legend, the Illuminati is a secret
society devoted to science and persecuted by
the Catholic Church. In Angels & Demons,
the Illuminati have emerged from the
shadows of history with a threat: They plan to
assassinate four Catholic cardinals and
destroy Vatican City within the span of a few
hours.
To find the madmen responsible for this
menace, Langdon and Vittoria must discover
the Path of Illumination—a path that has
eluded seekers for centuries and that leads to
the Illuminati’s hidden lair. Langdon
explains:
Galileo’s Illuminati needed to protect
themselves from the Vatican, so they
founded an ultrasecret Illuminati meeting
place here in Rome. They called it The
Church of Illumination. (Chapter 46)
Langdon and Vittoria’s only clue to guide
them on the path is a riddle they must
untangle. Deep in the stacks of the Vatican
Secret Archives, Langdon and Vittoria find a
“lost” manuscript by Galileo; in its margins
are penned four lines in English script—lines
attributed to John Milton.
From Santi’s earthly tomb with demon’s
hole,
‘Cross Rome the mystic elements unfold.
The path of light is laid, the sacred test,
Let angels guide you on your lofty quest.
(Chapter 55)
If Langdon and Vittoria can find four hidden
markers on the Path of Illumination—
representing the mystic elements Earth, Air,
Fire, and Water—they might be able to stop
the cardinals’ assassinations and save the
church from catastrophe.
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31. Egyptian Obelisks in Rome
The piazza seemed subtly filled with
Illuminati significance. Not only was it
laid out in a perfectly elliptical shape, but
dead center stood a towering Egyptian
obelisk—a square pillar of stone with a
distinctively pyramidal shape. (Chapter
64)
The Romans conquered Egypt in 30 BC after
Augustus defeated famous lovers Antony, a
Roman, and Cleopatra, the queen of Egypt, in
battle. The Romans admired Egyptian arts and
architecture, and they brought back trophies
of their conquests that they displayed
prominently in Rome. Consequently, Rome
has the finest collection of Egyptian obelisks
in the world—twelve dot the Roman
landscape.
The Egyptians created obelisks as solar
symbols—sundials with shadows that trace
the passage of the days and seasons across
large open areas. But obelisks also
commemorated victories, anniversaries, and
moments when the gods favored the pharaohs.
Most are carved with hieroglyphics telling of
the pharaohs and their conquests.
Rome’s Obelisks
Piazza del Quirinale
Piazza dell’Esquilino (behind Santa
Maria Maggiore)
Piazza San Giovanni in Laterano (the
tallest obelisk in Rome)
Piazzale Bucarest (on the Pincian Hill)
Piazza della Trinita dei Monti (at the
top of the Spanish Steps)
Piazza della Rotonda* (in front of the
Pantheon)
Villa Celimontana
Piazza San Pietro* (the center point
for Bernini’s piazza design)
Piazza del Popolo*
Piazza dei Santa Maria sopra Minerva
(set upon the carved elephant by
Bernini in 1667)
Piazza Navona* (used by Bernini in
the Fountain of the Four Rivers)
Piazza di Termini
Piazza di Montecitorio
*Featured in Angels & Demons
Brown links the four Altars of Science using
Rome’s obelisks as markers. But contrary to
the author’s assertion, there has never been an
obelisk in Piazza Barberini. The obelisk now
in Piazzale Bucarest was once in a private
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32. garden near Piazza Barberini, but Langdon is
incorrect in thinking, “In Bernini’s day…
Piazza Barberini had contained an obelisk”
(Chapter 88).
In 1937, Mussolini took the Azum Obelisk
from Ethiopia and moved it to Rome as a sign
of his conquest. In 2005, the obelisk was
returned to Ethiopia and re-erected in its
original position.
An Obelisk Returned
The obelisk at Piazza Navona features remarkable hieroglyphics
and is topped with a dove that points Langdon toward Castel
Sant'Angelo.
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33. A False Start: The Pantheon
Faced with a ticking clock and an odd riddle,
Langdon and Vittoria sit down to puzzle out
the meaning of their only clue, the four lines
by Milton.
When Langdon attributes “Santi’s earthly
tomb” to Raphael, he is half-right. He and
Vittoria dart across town with the Swiss
Guard backing them. They arrive at the
Pantheon to await the killer. Officially, the
Pantheon is known as Santa Maria Rotunda or
Santa Maria ad Martyres, but the consecrated
Christian church is better known by its pagan
name.
The site where the Pantheon sits has been
considered sacred since at least 25 BC. The
current building is the third known temple to
be constructed there; it was built by Emperor
Hadrian in 126 AD. The structure was
consecrated as a Christian church in 609 AD
by Pope Boniface IV after it was stripped of
pagan artwork, including bronze figures in the
pediment over the porch and a sculpture of
Julius Caesar. The fact that the Pantheon
became a Christian church assured its
continued existence, but at a price. The roof
was once covered in gilded bronze tiles that
reflected the sun; the original doors were
plated in gold, as were many of the sculptures
representing the gods that were once inside.
In search of building materials, Renaissance
and Baroque Romans often reused elements
from ancient buildings, and they eventually
stripped the Pantheon of most of its
spectacular decorations. So, for example,
when Bernini needed bronze to create the
baldacchino in St. Peter’s, he took the bronze
from the Pantheon’s porch roof—more than
200 tons of it.
Langdon and Vittoria begin their quest in the
Pantheon.
Raphael was buried in the Pantheon.
However, his body was not, as Brown asserts,
moved there later; his body was buried in the
Pantheon immediately after his death in 1520.
The placement of his tomb was an honor for
Rome’s favorite artist. Unlike many of
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34. Rome’s churches, the Pantheon has few
memorials.
Langdon’s assumption that the poet’s
“demon’s hole” might refer to the Pantheon’s
oculus is natural. The oculus (a circular hole
in the roof) connected the world of the gods
with the human world. But Milton and
Bernini would not have considered the oculus
a demon’s hole. Rather, men and women of
their generation were awed by the dome that
spans the Pantheon—an architectural marvel
not surpassed for nearly two millennia.
As Langdon and Vittoria wait in vain for the
assassin to arrive, Langdon realizes that he
has made a mistake.
“Santi designed the tomb,” Langdon said.
Vittoria turned. “What?”
“It’s not a reference to where Raphael is
buried, it’s referring to a tomb he
designed…” (Chapter 62)
Visiting the Pantheon
Names: The Pantheon,
Santa Maria ad
Martyres, Santa Maria
Rotunda.
Notes: Activeas a
Catholic church.
Cost: Free
Hours: Monday–
Saturday, 8:30am–
7:30pm; Sunday, 9am–
6pm; closed Christmas
Day, New Year's Day,
May 1.
Langdon and Vittoria initially assume that the "devil's hole" refers to
the Pantheon's oculus.
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35. Earth: Santa Maria del Popolo
When Langdon and Vittoria realize that they
are in the wrong place, they sprint to Piazza
del Popolo searching for the Chigi Chapel in
Santa Maria del Popolo. At the center of the
piazza sits the Obelisk of Ramses II.
Originally raised in Heliopolis, the obelisk
was brought to Rome by Augustus in 30 BC
and placed in the center of the Circus
Maximus, where it was dedicated to the sun.
In 1589, the obelisk was moved to Piazza del
Popolo and topped with the symbols of Sixtus
V: mountains and a star.
The church that Langdon and Vittoria seek is
one of three churches on the piazza. But don’t
trust Brown’s description. Santa Maria del
Popolo is far from gloomy. Santa Maria del
Popolo was constructed in 1099, after locals
complained that the site was haunted by the
ghost of Emperor Nero. It has been
reconstructed several times since, giving
many artists and architects, including
Bramante, Pinturicchio, and Raphael, a
chance to refine their craft.
Agostino Chigi, a wealthy Sienese banker and
notorious playboy, commissioned Raphael to
decorate the Chigi Chapel in 1513. Raphael
worked on the chapel intermittently until his
death in 1520—the same year that Chigi died.
Construction on the chapel stalled until
Bernini was hired by Chigi’s descendants to
finish it in 1652. Raphael and Bernini both
used rich materials—marbles, granite, bronze,
and mosaics—as a reflection of their patrons’
wealth and power.
Overhead, the domed cupola shone with a
field of illuminated stars and the seven
astronomical planets. Below that the
twelve signs of the zodiac—pagan,
earthly symbols rooted in astronomy. The
zodiac was also tied directly to Earth, Air,
Fire, Water … the quadrants representing
power, intellect, ardor, emotion. Earth is
for power, Langdon recalled.
Farther down the wall, Langdon saw
tributes to the Earth’s four temporal
seasons—primavera, estate, autunno,
invérno. But far more incredible than any
of this were the two huge structures
dominating the room. Langdon stared at
them in silent wonder. It can’t be, he
thought. It just can’t be! But it was. On
either side of the chapel, in perfect
symmetry, were two ten-foot-high marble
pyramids. (Chapter 65)
Bernini’s pyramidal decorations are unusual,
but they are not unique. Indeed, there is an
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36. ancient pyramid within Rome—the Pyramid
of Cestius, built in 12 BC, which stands near
the Porta San Paolo.
: Free.
In addition to the decorative motif in the
chapel, Bernini contributed two sculptures:
Daniel and Habakkuk
and the Angel. They tell
two parts of the same
story. Daniel, a prophet,
is imprisoned in a lions’
den for his religious
beliefs. He is hungry and
prays to God for
protection and
sustenance. Habakkuk, a
prophet hundreds of
miles away, is taken by
an angel to share a meal
with Daniel. Bernini
depicts the angel
grabbing Habakkuk by
the hair for their journey
while—across the
chapel—Daniel prays as
a hungry lion licks his
foot.
Langdon and Vittoria don’t pay much
attention to the sculptures at first. But after
descending through the devil’s hole in the
floor of the chapel to discover that they are
too late to save the cardinal, they set off,
following the angel’s outstretched finger.
Other Highlights
In the Cerasi Chapel (also within Santa Maria
del Popolo) are two famous
paintings by Caravaggio: the
Crucifixion of St. Peter and the
Conversion of St. Paul. The
Crucifixion depicts the same
Peter for whom St. Peter’s
Basilica is named and whose
remains may or may not lie
beneath the altar at the basilica.
Visiting Santa Maria del
Popolo
Names: Santa Maria del Popolo
(on Piazza del Popolo).
Notes: Active as a Catholic
church.
In Angels & Demons, the pyramids
in the Chigi Chapel signify that it is
the First Altar of Science.
Cost
Hours: Monday–Saturday, 7am–noon and 4–
7pm; Sunday, 7:30am–1:30pm and 4:30–
7:30pm.
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37. Air: Piazza San Pietro
“That tile you’re talking about in St.
Peter’s Square is called the West
Ponente— the West Wind. It’s also
known as Respiro di Dio.”
“Breath of God?”
“Yes! Air! And it was carved and put
there by the original architect.” (Chapter
72)
As Vittoria and Langdon cross the city in
search of their next clue, their destination is
one of the world’s most iconic sites: St.
Peter’s Piazza. Construction of St. Peter’s
Basilica and its surrounds began in the early
1500s and continued for nearly 200 years as
architects and popes continually refined the
design. When the basilica was nearly finished
in the 1600s, the piazza before it was small,
cramped, and unimpressive. The basilica was
intended to be the central church in
Christendom, and it needed an entrance that
was equally grand.
Bernini worked on the basilica first as an
apprentice and then as an architect. He turned
his attention to the basilica’s approach, calling
upon his experience as a theatrical designer to
create the stage for the world’s grandest
religious pageantry. His goal was to
emphasize the basilica’s size and to organize
the space so that the Vatican would be an
impressive stage for papal events. He lined
the roofs of the basilica and the colonnade
with hundreds of larger-than-life-sized figures
of saints and martyrs: an audience for the
events below.
Bernini shaped the piazza space using a grand
ellipse and surrounded it with a covered
walkway supported by columns—the
colonnade. The colonnade had to be low
enough that the pope could make addresses
from his traditional location: the balcony off
the papal apartments. But it also had to be
massive so that, in Bernini’s words, it could
“reach out with open arms to embrace
Catholics to reaffirm their belief, heretics to
reunite them with the church, and agnostics to
enlighten them with the true faith.” Bernini
constructed nearly 300 columns around the
piazza. On each side of the piazza is a “sweet
spot.” When you stand in that particular spot
(marked in stone on the ground), the columns
line up in perfect visual symmetry.
The obelisk in Piazza San Pietro was brought
to Rome from Egypt by the emperor Caligula
in 36 AD. He raised it as the centerpiece of
the circus (race track) that occupied what is
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38. now the Vatican. Supposedly, St. Peter
died very near the obelisk when he was
executed in the circus. The obelisk
weighs 350 tons and was moved to its
present location in 1586 by Pope Sixtus
V—a task that took four months and
intensive engineering skills. Carlo
Maderno built one of the fountains on the
piazza, and Bernini built the other—
creating balance and symmetry.
The obelisk is one of the world’s largest
sundials, and among the stones on the
ground bearing the signs of the zodiac,
Langdon and Vittoria find what they
seek.
The relief was elliptical, about three feet
long, and carved with a rudimentary
face—a depiction of the West Wind as an
angel-like countenance. Gusting from the
angel’s mouth, Bernini had drawn a
powerful breath of air blowing outward
away from the Vatican … the breath of
God. This was Bernini’s tribute to the
second element … Air … an ethereal
zephyr blown from angel’s lips. (Chapter
74)
Vittoria and Langdon fail to save the cardinal,
but they follow the West Ponente on to their
next destination.
The West Ponente is one in a series of markers
that mark North, South, East, and West on Piazza
San Pietro.
Visiting Piazza San Pietro
Names: Piazza San Pietro (St. Peter’s Square)
Notes: Active as a Catholic church
Cost: Free
Hours: The piazza is open all day and
evening unless an official Vatican event is
taking place.
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39. Fire: Santa Maria della Vittoria
Santa Maria della Vittoria was designed by
the architect Carlo Maderno. Maderno was
the father of Baroque architecture, a style that
predominated in Rome in the late sixteenth
and early seventeenth centuries. But Santa
Maria della Vittoria isn’t just famous for its
architecture. Like Vittoria and Langdon,
visitors flock to Santa Maria della Vittoria to
see Bernini’s depiction of St. Theresa in the
throes of divine revelation. But whereas the
Hassassin chooses to build a bonfire in the
church, the fire Bernini built is of another
kind.
As a young woman, Theresa of Avila was
sent to a convent because she turned to
rebellious behavior after her mother’s death.
In the mid-1540s, she began having visions
that she interpreted as reprimands for the
comfortable existence at her convent. She
described the incidents as “a transport so
sudden that it almost carried me away” and
became convinced that they were, in fact,
divine inspiration.
One day in 1560, an angel appeared to her.
She wrote, “In his hands I saw a long golden
spear and at the end of the iron tip I seemed to
see a point of fire. With this he seemed to
pierce my heart several times so that it
reached to my entrails. When he drew it out I
thought he was drawing them out with it, and
he left me completely afire with a great love
of God.”
Bernini's Ecstasy of St. Theresa marks
the third Altar of Science.
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40. Bernini chose St. Theresa as his subject soon
after she was canonized. The Ecstasy of St.
Theresa depicts the angel poised to pierce
Theresa with the fire-tipped arrow. In later
years, the sensuality of Bernini’s work
inspired controversy. Although St. Theresa is
fully clothed, her state of ecstasy looks much
like the throes of sexual passion.
Langdon was not entirely convinced until
he glanced up at the sketch again. The
angel’s fiery spear was raised like a
beacon, pointing the way. Let angels
guide you on your lofty quest. Even the
type of angel Bernini had selected seemed
significant. It’s a seraphim, Langdon
realized. Seraphim literally means “the
fiery one.” (Chapter 84)
Bernini also designed the Cappella Cornaro
(Cornaro Chapel) where the Ecstasy of St.
Theresa reigns. The chapel is designed to
look like a theater; members of the Cornaro
family sculpted in marble watch the action
from boxes on both sides of the chapel.
Langdon and Vittoria don’t have time to
admire Bernini’s artistry as they fight for their
lives. Visitors are sometimes disappointed to
find that the church’s sarcophagi are mounted
to the walls; Langdon could not have been
trapped underneath one. But there was once a
fire in the church—in 1833, the church nearly
burned to the ground.
Visiting Santa Maria della Vittoria
Name: Santa Maria della Vittoria (on Via 20
Settembre).
Notes: Active as a Catholic church. Dan
Brown incorrectly places Santa Maria della
Vittoria on Piazza Barberini. It is on Via 20
Settembre where it intersects with Via
Barberini, just across the street from the
Fontana dell’Acqua Felice.
Cost: Free.
Hours: Monday–Saturday, 9am–noon and 3–
6pm; Sunday, 3–6pm.
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41. Water: Piazza Navona
poetic
in
clue.
‘Cross Rome the mystic
elements unfold!
It was cunning
wordplay. Langdon had
originally read the word
‘Cross as an
abbreviation of Across.
He assumed it was
license intended to reta
the meter of the poem.
But it was so much more
than that! Another
hidden
The cruciform on the
map, Langdon realized,
was the ultimate
Illuminati duality. It was
a religious symbol
formed by elements of
science. Galileo’s path of
Illumination was a tribute to both
science and God!
The rest of the puzzle fell
into place almost immediately.
Piazza Navona. (Chapter 100)
From Santa Maria della Vittoria, Langdon
makes his way to Piazza Navona, Rome’s
most famous piazza. Piazza Navona has been
a gathering place for millennia. During the
Roman Empire, a stadium was built on the
site; the Stadium of Domitian became Rome’s
premier venue for athletic competitions and,
later, chariot races. Eventually the stadium
fell out of use, and the city grew up around it.
But as the popes reshaped Rome in the
sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, they
Langdon and the Hassassin come face to face for the
first time in Bernini's Fountain of the Four Rivers.
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42. turned their sights on the stadium ruins,
transforming the area into an elegant piazza.
Bernini’s rival architect, Borromini, built the
church on the piazza, Sant’Agnese in Agone.
While Borromini was building his church,
Bernini was asked to design a fountain for the
piazza. He and the craftsmen in his workshop
created the Fontana dei Quattro Fiumi—the
Fountain of the Four Rivers. The statues on
the fountain depict four continents and rivers:
The horse: Europe and the Danube
The palm and the snake: Asia and the
Ganges
The lion: Africa and the Nile
The armadillo: The Americas and the
Rio de la Plate
Bernini sculpted only the horse; the other
works were completed by artists in his
workshop according to his designs. All the
figures in the fountain shield their eyes from
the sight of Borromini’s church—perhaps a
slight against Bernini’s rival. And luck does
not necessarily come to people who throw
coins in the Fountain of the Four Rivers—
that’s the Trevi Fountain, nearby.
The Fountain of the Four Rivers is topped by
an Egyptian obelisk. This obelisk was moved
to the piazza from the Circus of Maxentius on
the Appian Way and was originally brought to
Rome from Egypt by the Emperor Domitian.
Bernini also designed the Fontana del Moro—
the Fountain of the Moor—at the southern
end of the piazza.
As Robert Langdon wrestles with the
Hassassin in the Fountain of the Four Rivers,
Langdon draws upon his skills as a swimmer
and a water polo player to survive. When the
Hassassin drives away, Langdon discovers
that he has been unsuccessful yet again: He
wasn’t able to save Cardinal Baggia, who
drowned. And the Hassassin still has Vittoria.
Langdon is confused, looking for another
angel to guide him. But instead he sees a
dove, the symbol of Pope Innocent X, the
pope who commissioned the fountain.
The lone dove is the pagan symbol for the
Angel of Peace.
The truth almost lifted Langdon the
rest of the way to the obelisk. Bernini had
chosen the pagan symbol for the angel so
he could disguise it as a pagan fountain.
Let angels guide you on your lofty quest.
The dove is the angel! Langdon could
think of no more lofty perch for the
Illuminati’s final marker than atop this
obelisk. (Chapter 105)
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43. Visiting Piazza Navona
Name: Piazza Navona.
Notes: At Christmas time, Piazza Navona
hosts a market where visitors can purchase
children’s toys, traditional Christmas treats,
and Italian nativity scenes, or presepio. At the
north end of the piazza you can still see the
remains of the Stadium of Domitian. Look for
the museum entrance. The price and entrance
times vary seasonally.
Cost: Free.
Hours: The piazza is always open, but it is
most charming in the evening, when crowds
gather around the fountains and enjoy
espresso and gelato at the cafes on the piazza.
It would be highly unusual to find the piazza
deserted as Langdon does.
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44. The Church of Illumination: Castel Sant’Angelo
On both sides of him now, like a gauntlet
of escorts, a procession of Bernini angels
whipped past, funneling him toward his
final destination. Let angels guide you on
your lofty quest. The castle seemed to rise
as he advanced, an unscalable peak, more
intimidating to him even than St. Peter’s.
(Chapter 106)
Langdon approaches Castel Sant’Angelo the
way most people do: crossing
the Tiber River on the Ponte Sant’Angelo.
The bridge has not always been known as
the Bridge of Angels, however. It was built by
Emperor Hadrian and named
the Aelian Bridge. When Bernini redesigned
the approach to St. Peter’s Basilica and the
piazza in front, he also redesigned the Aelian
Bridge, adding a series of ten sculpted angels,
which line the bridge's walls. After the
addition of these figures, the bridge was
renamed Ponte Sant’Angelo—the Bridge of
the Sainted Angels. The angels resemble the
figures of the saints with which Bernini
crowned St. Peter’s Basilica and replay his
decorative theme.
The Ponte Sant’Angelo ends directly in front
of Castel Sant’Angelo, the Vatican’s fortress.
The fortress started out as a mausoleum in the
days of the Roman empire. Built during the
second century A.D., Hadrian’s Mausoleum
was used as the emperors’ burial place for
almost a century. The structure was originally
covered in marble and travertine, topped with
a mound of earth planted with trees,
surrounded by statues, and crowned with a
statue of Hadrian and a four-horse chariot. In
the sixth century, Pope Gregory the Great
renamed the monument. Rome had fallen to
the plague, and Pope Gregory had a vision:
the angel Michael atop the mausoleum. Thus
he renamed it: the Castle of the Sainted
Angel.
In the Middle Ages, the mausoleum was
transformed into a fortress and altered
significantly to become the Vatican’s
stronghold, prison, and, for a time, treasury.
The statue of Hadrian, removed long ago, was
replaced by an angel. Now a museum, Castel
Sant’Angelo offers a delightful view of the
city as well as a café at the top of the
structure.
Castel Sant’Angelo is a labyrinth of rooms,
chapels, dungeons, and lavish living
quarters—all of which are open to the public.
The building spirals up into the sky and down
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45. into the earth and feels like a rabbit warren
after centuries of adaptation and renovation.
At several points in history, popes have been
forced to flee the Papal Palace through Il
Passetto, taking shelter in the fortress.
In the split second it took Langdon to take
in his surroundings, he realized he was in
a sacred place. The embellishments in the
oblong room, though old and faded, were
replete with familiar symbology.
Pentagram tiles. Planet frescoes. Doves.
Pyramids.
The Church of Illumination. Simple
and pure. He had arrived. (Chapter 107)
s
for
Although the Church of Illumination
is fictional, a visitor can easily
believe that secret chambers exist in
Castel Sant’Angelo, where dark deed
and secret plots have been hatched
centuries. Some Angels & Demons
fans are a little disappointed to find
that the Hassassin would have had a
hard time keeping four cardinals
captive in Castel Sant’Angelo—the
entire building, including the
dungeons and the opening to Il
Passetto, is open to the public as a
museum.
Visiting Castel Sant’Angelo
Names: Castel Sant’Angelo, Hadrian’s
Mausoleum.
Notes: For more information about the
museum at Castel Sant’Angelo, visit the
website, www.castelsantangelo.com.
Cost: €5.
Hours: Tuesday–Sunday, 9:00am–6:00pm;
Monday closed; closed Christmas Day, New
Year's Day, May 1.
Castel Sant'Angelo is the site of the Church of Illumination
in Angels & Demons.
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46. About the Author
Angela K. Nickerson is a freelance writer and
international tour guide. She travels regularly
to a wide variety of countries, often with
groups of her readers. Married to a Roman,
she enjoys visiting Italy as often as possible.
Angela is also the author of A Journey into
Michelangelo’s Rome. She can be reached
through her website
www.michelangelositaly.com or at
aknickerson.blogspot.com.
About Roaring Forties
Press
Roaring Forties Press publishes the highly
acclaimed ArtPlace series. Each book in that
series explores how a renowned artist and a
world-famous city or area helped to define
and inspire each other. ArtPlace volumes are
intended to stimulate both eye and mind,
offering a rich mix of art and photography,
history and biography, ideas and information.
While the books can be used by tourists to
navigate and illuminate their way through
cityscapes and landscapes, the volumes can
also be read by armchair travelers in search of
an engrossing and revealing story. Titles
include A Journey into Dorothy Parker’s New
York, A Journey into Steinbeck’s California,
A Journey into the Transcendentalists’ New
England, A Journey into Matisse’s South of
France, A Journey into Ireland’s Literary
Revival, A Journey into Flaubert’s Normandy,
and A Journey into Michelangelo's Rome.
Visit Roaring Forties Press’s website,
www.roaringfortiespress.com, for details of
these and other titles, as well as to learn about
upcoming author tours, readings, media
appearances, and all kinds of special events
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