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A year in the APS 
and 
d 
The p 
importance of PHYSICS in the 21st 
Century 
Cherry Murray 
APS Past President 
February 14, Washington, DC 
American Physical Society April Meeting
2009 – a year in the APS presidency 
January – Barack Obama takes office and appoints physicists to Cabinet posts 
February – financial crisis, ARRA - “Shovel ready Projects” - APS Washington 
Office works to provide jobs for science in bill / Ridge space task force/ 
Franz announces retirement / search for new Executive Officer/ new 
topical group on energy proposed/ APS copyright agreement with 
authors expanded to derivative works 
March – 3 mo. strategic exercise at APS begins; APS budget cuts to deal with fiscal 
crisis; 2010 US budget maintains science funding 
April – my charge to CISA: how to better serve international members; 
good bye party for Judy Franz, retiring after 15 years as 
APS Executive Officer/ Obama speech at NAS 
May – petition to Council to replace 2007 APS statement on climate change; I 
appoint ad hoc committee to advise Council and presidential line 
American Physical Society April Meeting
2009 – a year in the APS presidency 
June – Executive Board retreat – APS guiding principles across society, new 
APS journal pricing and budget process, Ridge expansion plans 
July – 1st anniversary of Physics - Kate Kirby begins as new Executive Officer; $6.5M 
PhysTec NSF grant awarded/ Phys Rev Letters announces more stringent review 
criteria 
August – Physics Frontline APS Washington Office blog begins; APS and Harvard 
agreement on open source repository at Harvard 
September – launch of NSF funded Minority Bridge 
pilot program 
October – Nobel Prize to APS members – LaserFest plans 
American Physical Society April Meeting
2009 – a year in the APS presidency 
November – Council votes not to change 2007 
climate statement but to have POPA review it for 
“clarity and tone” 
Executive Board requests Constitution and Bylaws 
Committee propose new procedures for future 
APS statements to allow due deliberation by 
Council including member comment period 
CISA report to Executive Board with 
recommendation to increase number of 
international Councilors 
December – Copenhagen talks; presidential line 
discussions on possible APS study on climate 
science; new petition to Council for APS study; 
member emails; OSTP request for open access 
comments; START II talks; POPA report on 
nuclear downsizing 
American Physical Society April Meeting
The importance of PHYSICS in the 21st 
Century 
American Physical Society April Meeting
The Scale of Things –– from the Planck length to the cosmos 
universe The beauty of physics 
Discovering 
and 
y p y 
understanding 
nature 
elementary 
New tools particles 
For scientific 
10-35 
discovery in all 
fields 
American Physical Society April Meeting 
Planck length ~ strings 
Adapted from Astronomy lectures by J. Schombert, U. Oregon, 2005 
e ds
Why should the federal government fund physics R&D? 
 National security 
 Economic security 
 Energy and environmental security 
 New knowledge – discover, understand nature and the cosmos 
 New tools for other sciences and society –– biology, 
environmental sciences, medicine, etc. 
American Physical Society April Meeting
Physics Community Focus Government/Public Rationale 
 National security 
 Economic security 
 Energy and environmental security 
 New knowledge – discover, understand nature and the cosmos 
 New tools for other sciences and society –– biology, 
environmental sciences, medicine, etc. 
American Physical Society April Meeting
Economic Challenges: Globalization & Complacency 
“ … the Committee is deeply concerned that the scientific 
and technological building blocks critical to our economic 
leadership are eroding when many other nations are 
gathering strength… We fear the abruptness with which a 
lead in science and technology can be lost - “ 
RECOMMENDATIONS 
• 10,000 teachers, 10 million minds - K-12 science and mathematics 
education 
• Sowing the Seeds through Science and Engineering Research: 
Strengthen the nation’s commitment to long-term basic research that has 
the potential to be transformational to maintain the flow of ideas that fuel 
the economy, provide security, and enhance the quality of life. 
• Best and Brightest in Science and Engineering Higher Education 
• Incentives for Innovation 
National Research Council, 2005 
American Physical Society April Meeting
Economic driver: science-technology cycle 
Fundamental 
understanding 
transistor 
HEMT 
Invention 
Quantum mechanics, 
band structure of solids, 
semiconductor junction theory... 
Advanced modeling of materials 
Innovation 
of new 
technology 
Microprocessor, 
parallel computation 
& phenomena, new states of 
matter observed in 2D electrons 
Mobile wireless handsets, 
ultra-sensitive detectors 
Observation of cosmic 
bounce in cosmic background 
radiation, spectroscopy of single 
atoms,... 
American Physical Society April Meeting
National Security Challenges 
Irregular Challenges Higher likelihood Catastrophic Challenges 
 Non-state and state actors 
employing “unconventional” 
methods to counter stronger state 
opponents- terrorism, insurgency, 
etc. ( e.g. terrorism, civil war, 
insurgency  Terrorist or Rogue State 
employment of WMD or methods 
producing WMD-like effects against 
American interests. ( e.g. attack on 
homeland, global markets, or key ally 
insurgency, unrestricted warfare ) 
that would generate a state of shock and 
preclude normal behavior ) 
Lower vulnerability Higher vulnerability 
Traditional Challenges Disruptive Challenges 
 States employing military 
forces in well known forms of 
 Competitors employing technology 
or methods that might counter or 
well-military competition and conflict 
( e.g. conventional air, sea and land 
forces, nuclear forces of 
established nuclear powers ) 
o et ods t at g t cou te o 
cancel our current military advantages 
( e.g. technological - bio, cyber, or 
space war, ultra miniaturization, 
directed energy, diplomatic blackmail, 
cultural or economic war ) 
Lower likelihood 
American Physical Society April Meeting 
Source: Quadrennial Defense Review, 2006
Economic Challenges: U.S. Trade Balance 
Biotechnology, life sciences, optoelectronics, information and 
communication equipment, electronics, flexible manufacturing, 
advanced materials aerospace weapons Aerospace, pharmaceuticals, office and computing equipment, 
scientific instruments 
American Physical Society April Meeting 
materials, aerospace, weapons, nuclear technology
Energy Security Challenges 
World Energy Consumption Top ten countries with oil reserves World energy consumption 
900.0 
800.0 
700.0 
600.0 
500.0 
llion BTU 
Other Central and S. America 
Africa 
Middle 
Other Asia 
India 
China 
Other Europe and Eurasia 
400.0 
300.0 
200.0 
100.0 
Quadril 
p 
Russia 
Australia/New Zealand 
South Korea 
Japan 
Mexico 
Canada 
US petroleum production and United States 
0.0 
1980 
2002 
2003 
2010 
2015 
2020 
2025 
2030 
2035 
2040 
2050 
consumption 
Source: Energy Information Administration Annual Energy Review, 2007 
American Physical Society April Meeting
Global Climate Challenges and Concerns 
CO2 emissions growth vs IPCC 2001 Projections 
10 50 
50-year 
constant 
growth rates to 
2050 
1 11% 
) 1 
9 
8 
Actual emissions: CDIAC 
Actual emissions: EIA 
450ppm stabilisation 
650ppm stabilisation 
A1FI 
A1B 
2006 
2005 
Observed 
2000-2006 
3.3% 
B1 1.1%, 
A1B 1.7%, 
A2 1.8% 
A1FI 2.4% 
2 
E i 
7 
6 
A1T 
A2 
B1 
B2 
IPCC 2007 Projections 
1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 
COi (GtC 
5 
Raupach et al. 2007, PNAS 
American Physical Society April Meeting
US Funding Challenges and Concerns 
American Physical Society April Meeting
Global R&D Environment 
U.S. Total R&D Spending is about 2.5 % of GDP 
American Physical Society April Meeting
Decline in U.S. Industrial basic research 
New partnerships between academia, national labs, industry need to take on a 
leadership role in the spectrum of goal - oriented, multidisciplinary basic - long 
term applied R&D to meet the nation’s biggest challenges 
American Physical Society April Meeting
Economic Challenges: U.S. Discretionary Spending 
Federal Spending 
3 000 
Net Interest 
3,000 
2,500 
2,000 
1 500 
07 $B 
Nondefense 
Discretionary 
Defense 
Discretionary 
Mandatory 
1,500 
1,000 
500 
BY 200 
0 
1962 
1966 
1970 
1974 
1978 
1982 
1986 
1990 
1994 
1998 
2002 
2006 
2010 
Source: OMB FY200 Budget History 
Aging population; complex social security and health care system – financial bailout, 
International trade deficit 
American Physical Society April Meeting
Defense vs non-defense federal R&D trends 
American Physical Society April Meeting
Federal non-defense R&D spending balance 
American Physical Society April Meeting
Physics Community Focus & Government/Public Rationale 
“At such a difficult moment, there are those who say we 
cannot afford to invest in science. That support 
for research is somehow a luxury at a moment defined by 
necessities. I fundamentally disagree. Science 
is more essential for our prosperity, our security, our 
health, our environment, and our quality of life than 
it has ever been.” 
President Barack Obama 
April 27, 2009 
National Academy of Sciences 
American Physical Society April Meeting
“Physics is what physicists do” ( Brian Pippard ) 
Physics is a way of looking at the world, parsing and solving 
model problems as a way of gaining understanding of the 
essentials of the actual problem. 
This kind of thinking is necessary in order to further the frontiers 
of knowledge AND to address societal challenges. 
The 21st century research enterprise – and addressing 21st 
century global challenges such as a sustainable global energy 
supply, food and good health for all, international security – 
also require teamwork and multidisciplinary thinking. 
Physicists are needed as part of the team! Think about training of 
bachelors, grad students, and those who will not replicate you 
as physics profs. 
American Physical Society April Meeting
A 21st century physicist - “Physics is what physicists do” 
 International 
 Interdisciplinary – biophysics, geophysics, laser physics, … 
 Works anywhere from fundamental to near-term applications 
 Degree obtained and job content – BS, MS, PhD,……student, 
teaching, research, R&D, operations, management 
 Sectors –– education, academic, industry, national 
labs/government 
 Diverse gender ethnic 
American Physical Society April Meeting 
– gender, ethnic, …
PHYSICS is as important in the 21st 
Century as it was in the 20th! 
American Physical Society April Meeting

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Importance of physics in 21st

  • 1. A year in the APS and d The p importance of PHYSICS in the 21st Century Cherry Murray APS Past President February 14, Washington, DC American Physical Society April Meeting
  • 2. 2009 – a year in the APS presidency January – Barack Obama takes office and appoints physicists to Cabinet posts February – financial crisis, ARRA - “Shovel ready Projects” - APS Washington Office works to provide jobs for science in bill / Ridge space task force/ Franz announces retirement / search for new Executive Officer/ new topical group on energy proposed/ APS copyright agreement with authors expanded to derivative works March – 3 mo. strategic exercise at APS begins; APS budget cuts to deal with fiscal crisis; 2010 US budget maintains science funding April – my charge to CISA: how to better serve international members; good bye party for Judy Franz, retiring after 15 years as APS Executive Officer/ Obama speech at NAS May – petition to Council to replace 2007 APS statement on climate change; I appoint ad hoc committee to advise Council and presidential line American Physical Society April Meeting
  • 3. 2009 – a year in the APS presidency June – Executive Board retreat – APS guiding principles across society, new APS journal pricing and budget process, Ridge expansion plans July – 1st anniversary of Physics - Kate Kirby begins as new Executive Officer; $6.5M PhysTec NSF grant awarded/ Phys Rev Letters announces more stringent review criteria August – Physics Frontline APS Washington Office blog begins; APS and Harvard agreement on open source repository at Harvard September – launch of NSF funded Minority Bridge pilot program October – Nobel Prize to APS members – LaserFest plans American Physical Society April Meeting
  • 4. 2009 – a year in the APS presidency November – Council votes not to change 2007 climate statement but to have POPA review it for “clarity and tone” Executive Board requests Constitution and Bylaws Committee propose new procedures for future APS statements to allow due deliberation by Council including member comment period CISA report to Executive Board with recommendation to increase number of international Councilors December – Copenhagen talks; presidential line discussions on possible APS study on climate science; new petition to Council for APS study; member emails; OSTP request for open access comments; START II talks; POPA report on nuclear downsizing American Physical Society April Meeting
  • 5. The importance of PHYSICS in the 21st Century American Physical Society April Meeting
  • 6. The Scale of Things –– from the Planck length to the cosmos universe The beauty of physics Discovering and y p y understanding nature elementary New tools particles For scientific 10-35 discovery in all fields American Physical Society April Meeting Planck length ~ strings Adapted from Astronomy lectures by J. Schombert, U. Oregon, 2005 e ds
  • 7. Why should the federal government fund physics R&D?  National security  Economic security  Energy and environmental security  New knowledge – discover, understand nature and the cosmos  New tools for other sciences and society –– biology, environmental sciences, medicine, etc. American Physical Society April Meeting
  • 8. Physics Community Focus Government/Public Rationale  National security  Economic security  Energy and environmental security  New knowledge – discover, understand nature and the cosmos  New tools for other sciences and society –– biology, environmental sciences, medicine, etc. American Physical Society April Meeting
  • 9. Economic Challenges: Globalization & Complacency “ … the Committee is deeply concerned that the scientific and technological building blocks critical to our economic leadership are eroding when many other nations are gathering strength… We fear the abruptness with which a lead in science and technology can be lost - “ RECOMMENDATIONS • 10,000 teachers, 10 million minds - K-12 science and mathematics education • Sowing the Seeds through Science and Engineering Research: Strengthen the nation’s commitment to long-term basic research that has the potential to be transformational to maintain the flow of ideas that fuel the economy, provide security, and enhance the quality of life. • Best and Brightest in Science and Engineering Higher Education • Incentives for Innovation National Research Council, 2005 American Physical Society April Meeting
  • 10. Economic driver: science-technology cycle Fundamental understanding transistor HEMT Invention Quantum mechanics, band structure of solids, semiconductor junction theory... Advanced modeling of materials Innovation of new technology Microprocessor, parallel computation & phenomena, new states of matter observed in 2D electrons Mobile wireless handsets, ultra-sensitive detectors Observation of cosmic bounce in cosmic background radiation, spectroscopy of single atoms,... American Physical Society April Meeting
  • 11. National Security Challenges Irregular Challenges Higher likelihood Catastrophic Challenges  Non-state and state actors employing “unconventional” methods to counter stronger state opponents- terrorism, insurgency, etc. ( e.g. terrorism, civil war, insurgency  Terrorist or Rogue State employment of WMD or methods producing WMD-like effects against American interests. ( e.g. attack on homeland, global markets, or key ally insurgency, unrestricted warfare ) that would generate a state of shock and preclude normal behavior ) Lower vulnerability Higher vulnerability Traditional Challenges Disruptive Challenges  States employing military forces in well known forms of  Competitors employing technology or methods that might counter or well-military competition and conflict ( e.g. conventional air, sea and land forces, nuclear forces of established nuclear powers ) o et ods t at g t cou te o cancel our current military advantages ( e.g. technological - bio, cyber, or space war, ultra miniaturization, directed energy, diplomatic blackmail, cultural or economic war ) Lower likelihood American Physical Society April Meeting Source: Quadrennial Defense Review, 2006
  • 12. Economic Challenges: U.S. Trade Balance Biotechnology, life sciences, optoelectronics, information and communication equipment, electronics, flexible manufacturing, advanced materials aerospace weapons Aerospace, pharmaceuticals, office and computing equipment, scientific instruments American Physical Society April Meeting materials, aerospace, weapons, nuclear technology
  • 13. Energy Security Challenges World Energy Consumption Top ten countries with oil reserves World energy consumption 900.0 800.0 700.0 600.0 500.0 llion BTU Other Central and S. America Africa Middle Other Asia India China Other Europe and Eurasia 400.0 300.0 200.0 100.0 Quadril p Russia Australia/New Zealand South Korea Japan Mexico Canada US petroleum production and United States 0.0 1980 2002 2003 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035 2040 2050 consumption Source: Energy Information Administration Annual Energy Review, 2007 American Physical Society April Meeting
  • 14. Global Climate Challenges and Concerns CO2 emissions growth vs IPCC 2001 Projections 10 50 50-year constant growth rates to 2050 1 11% ) 1 9 8 Actual emissions: CDIAC Actual emissions: EIA 450ppm stabilisation 650ppm stabilisation A1FI A1B 2006 2005 Observed 2000-2006 3.3% B1 1.1%, A1B 1.7%, A2 1.8% A1FI 2.4% 2 E i 7 6 A1T A2 B1 B2 IPCC 2007 Projections 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 COi (GtC 5 Raupach et al. 2007, PNAS American Physical Society April Meeting
  • 15. US Funding Challenges and Concerns American Physical Society April Meeting
  • 16. Global R&D Environment U.S. Total R&D Spending is about 2.5 % of GDP American Physical Society April Meeting
  • 17. Decline in U.S. Industrial basic research New partnerships between academia, national labs, industry need to take on a leadership role in the spectrum of goal - oriented, multidisciplinary basic - long term applied R&D to meet the nation’s biggest challenges American Physical Society April Meeting
  • 18. Economic Challenges: U.S. Discretionary Spending Federal Spending 3 000 Net Interest 3,000 2,500 2,000 1 500 07 $B Nondefense Discretionary Defense Discretionary Mandatory 1,500 1,000 500 BY 200 0 1962 1966 1970 1974 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2010 Source: OMB FY200 Budget History Aging population; complex social security and health care system – financial bailout, International trade deficit American Physical Society April Meeting
  • 19. Defense vs non-defense federal R&D trends American Physical Society April Meeting
  • 20. Federal non-defense R&D spending balance American Physical Society April Meeting
  • 21. Physics Community Focus & Government/Public Rationale “At such a difficult moment, there are those who say we cannot afford to invest in science. That support for research is somehow a luxury at a moment defined by necessities. I fundamentally disagree. Science is more essential for our prosperity, our security, our health, our environment, and our quality of life than it has ever been.” President Barack Obama April 27, 2009 National Academy of Sciences American Physical Society April Meeting
  • 22. “Physics is what physicists do” ( Brian Pippard ) Physics is a way of looking at the world, parsing and solving model problems as a way of gaining understanding of the essentials of the actual problem. This kind of thinking is necessary in order to further the frontiers of knowledge AND to address societal challenges. The 21st century research enterprise – and addressing 21st century global challenges such as a sustainable global energy supply, food and good health for all, international security – also require teamwork and multidisciplinary thinking. Physicists are needed as part of the team! Think about training of bachelors, grad students, and those who will not replicate you as physics profs. American Physical Society April Meeting
  • 23. A 21st century physicist - “Physics is what physicists do”  International  Interdisciplinary – biophysics, geophysics, laser physics, …  Works anywhere from fundamental to near-term applications  Degree obtained and job content – BS, MS, PhD,……student, teaching, research, R&D, operations, management  Sectors –– education, academic, industry, national labs/government  Diverse gender ethnic American Physical Society April Meeting – gender, ethnic, …
  • 24. PHYSICS is as important in the 21st Century as it was in the 20th! American Physical Society April Meeting